[Event "Crakow"]
[Site "Crakow"]
[Date "1942.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "Junge"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C86"]
[Annotator "01: Active Bishop"]
[PlyCount "57"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The active Bishop puts White in a position to start a Kingside attack} 1. e4
e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Qe2 b5 7. Bb3 O-O 8. c3 8...
d5 9. d3 $1 {An excellent reply, avoiding the complications arising from 9.
exd5 and ensuring White a positional advantage since the opening of the d-file
is in his favour (as he can immediately occupy it) - Alekhine    } (9. exd5
Nxd5 (9... Bg4 10. dxc6 e4 11. h3) 10. Nxe5) 9... dxe4 (9... d4 10. cxd4 Nxd4
11. Nxd4 Qxd4 12. Be3 Qd6 13. f4) (9... Bg4 10. h3 (10. exd5 Nxd5 11. Qe4 Be6
12. Nxe5 Nxe5 13. Qxe5 Bd6) 10... Bh5 11. Bg5 dxe4 12. dxe4) (9... Qd6 10. Bg5)
10. dxe4 Bg4 11. h3 Bh5 12. Bg5 Ne8 (12... Na5 13. g4 Bg6 14. Nxe5 Bxe4 15.
Bxf6 gxf6 16. Nxf7) 13. Bxe7 Bxf3 (13... Qxe7 14. g4 Bg6 15. Bd5 Qd7 16. Nbd2)
(13... Nxe7 14. g4) 14. Qxf3 Nxe7 15. Rd1 Nd6 16. Nd2 c6 (16... Kh8 17. Nf1 (
17. Bc2 c6) 17... f5) 17. Nf1 Qc7 18. a4 Rad8 19. Ng3 Nec8 (19... -- 20. Qe3 --
(20... c5 21. Bd5) 21. axb5 axb5 22. Ra7) 20. axb5 axb5 21. Nf5 Nb6 (21... Nxf5
22. exf5) 22. Qe3 Nxf5 (22... -- 23. Qg5 Nxf5 24. exf5 Nd7 25. Rxd7 Rxd7 26. f6
g6 27. Qh6) (22... -- 23. Nxd6 Rxd6 24. Rxd6 Qxd6 25. Qxb6) (22... Nbc4) (22...
Ndc4 23. Bxc4 Nxc4 24. Qc5 Nxb2 25. Rxd8 Rxd8 26. Ne7+ Kh8 27. Nxc6 Rc8 28. Ra7
) 23. exf5 c5 (23... Nd5 24. Qf3 Nf6 25. g4) (23... Nd5 24. Bxd5 Rxd5 (24...
cxd5 25. Ra7 d4 26. Rxc7 dxe3 27. Rxd8 exf2+ (27... e2 28. Rcc8 e1=Q+ 29. Kh2
g5 30. f6 h5 31. Rxf8+ Kh7 32. Rg8) 28. Kxf2 Rxd8 29. Rb7) 25. Rxd5 cxd5 26.
Ra7 Qd6 (26... Qb8 27. Qg5 Kh8 28. Qe7) 27. Rb7 Rb8 28. Qa7 Rxb7 29. Qxb7) 24.
f6 gxf6 25. Qh6 f5 26. Bxf7+ Qxf7 (26... Kxf7 27. Qxh7+) (26... Rxf7 27. Qg5+)
(26... Kh8 27. Qf6#) 27. Rxd8 Na4 (27... Rxd8 28. Qg5+) 28. b3 Nxc3 (28... Rxd8
29. Qg5+) (28... Qxb3 29. Rxf8#) (28... Nb2 29. Raa8) 29. Raa8 1-0

[Event "Amsterdam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Pilnik"]
[Black "Kramer"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "01: Active Bishop"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r1bq1rk1/4bppp/p1n2n2/1pppp3/4P3/2PP1N2/PPB2PPP/R1BQRNK1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "27"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{An active bishop obtained at the cost of a backward pawn  With his last move .
.. Pd5, Black has taken the initiative in the centre, and now threatens either
to gain space and freedom by ... Pd4 or else release tension by ... Pdxe4.  
 Although after exchanges on e4 Black will have a weak point at d5, which
White may exploit by Ne3-d5, but under the circumstances this is less
important} 1. exd5 (1. -- dxe4 2. dxe4 -- 3. Bb3 3... c4 {
White's bishop isn't active}) 1... Qxd5 2. Qe2 2... Bb7 3. Bg5 $1 (3. Nxe5 Nxe5
4. Qxe5 Qxg2#) (3. Bb3 {threat to win the pawn} 3... Qd7 4. Nxe5 Nxe5 5. Qxe5
5... Bd6 $44 {a strong attack}) 3... Rfe8 4. Bh4 {
threatening to win the e-pawn with Bg3 as well as making room for Ng5 with Bb3}
4... Rad8 {Apparently Black still stands very well. His pressure on the d-pawn
seems to condemn the Bishop to passivity} 5. Bb3 $3 {
This deep moves demonstrates otherwise} (5. Red1 {
relieves Black's chief worry of protecting the e-pawn}) (5. Rad1 Qxa2) 5...
Qxd3 6. Qxd3 Rxd3 7. Nxe5 Nxe5 8. Rxe5 8... c4 $2 {The Black pieces are
awkardly ties up, while the White ones have developed great activity. With the
text move Black hopes to persuade the dangerous bishop to be more modest, but
he doesn't succeed} (8... Bd6 $2 {the point of Bb3} 9. Rxe8+ Nxe8 10. Bc2 Rd5
11. Be4 11... Rh5 12. Bxb7 Rxh4 13. Bxa6 $16 {winning ending}) (8... Rdd8 $1 {
best defence} 9. Rae1 Kf8) 9. Bc2 Rdd8 (9... Rd7 10. Rae1 Nd5 11. Bf5 Rc7 12.
Bg3 $18 {Rippis
}) 10. Rae1 10... Kf8 11. Bxh7 $1 11... Bd6 (11... Nxh7 12.
Bxe7+ $16) (11... g6 12. Bg5 12... Ng8 13. Bc1 (13. Bxg8 Bxg5 14. Rxe8+ Rxe8
15. Rxe8+ 15... Kxe8 $19) 13... -- {there is no avoiding Bxg8.
} (13... Nf6
14. Bh6#) 14. Bxg8) 12. Rxe8+ Rxe8 13. Rxe8+ Nxe8 14. Bc2 $18 1-0

[Event "Hastings"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1934.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Euwe"]
[Black "Thomas"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "01: Active Bishop"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r1b2rk1/pp2qppp/2p5/5P2/2B5/2R1P3/PP4PP/3Q1RK1 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "20"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A well-known position from the orthodox Queen's gambit declined. This
position, which has occured hundred of times in practise, provides an
excellent exmple of an active bishop. The problems facing both players are
clear-cut. White must play for a direct attack, to make the most from his
temporary advantage. Black still has to solve the problem of how to put his
Bishop to work.} 1... b5 {Black sets about it by force} 2. Bb3 2... b4 3. f6 {
An unpleasant intermediate move which breaks open the King's position.} (3. --
3... Ba6 {solving the problem of developing the bishop}) (3. Rxc6 Qxe3+ 4. Kh1
4... Bb7 {offers White less}) 3... gxf6 4. Rxc6 Qxe3+ 5. Kh1 5... Bb7 {
The most consequent continuation by which the Black bishop also assumes an
active role. But the weakening of the King's position now begins to bearfruit}
(5... Be6 6. Bxe6 fxe6 7. Qg4+ Qg5 8. Qxe6+ Kh8 9. Rxf6 Rg8 (9... Rfe8 10. Qf7
$1) 10. Rf2 $1) (5... f5 6. Qh5 {winning attack} (6. Rf3)) 6. Rcxf6 Qe4 7. Qd2
7... Kh8 (7... Rad8 $2 8. Qg5+ Kh8 9. Rxf7 $18) 8. Bxf7 8... Rac8 (8... Rad8 9.
Qg5 (9. Qf2 Qe7 10. Bb3 Rxf6 11. Qxf6+ Qxf6 12. Rxf6 12... Bd5 $1) 9... Rg8 10.
Bxg8 Rxg8 11. Rf8 11... Qxg2+ $11 12. Qxg2 Bxg2+ 13. Kg1 Bxf1+ 14. Rxg8+ Kxg8
15. Kxf1 {draw}) 9. R6f2 $1 (9. Bb3 $2 9... Rxf6 10. Rxf6 Qxg2+ 11. Qxg2 Rc1+
12. Rf1 Rxf1#) 9... Rcd8 (9... Qg4) 10. Qg5 Rd6 (10... Qd4 11. Bd5 Qg7 (11...
Rxf2 12. Qxd8+ Kg7 13. Qg5+ Kf8 14. Qg8+ Ke7 15. Re1+ Kd6 16. Bxb7 $18) 12.
Rxf8+ Rxf8 13. Rxf8+ Qxf8 14. Qe5+ Qg7 15. Qe8+ Qg8 16. Qxg8#) 11. Bd5 $1 {
The activity of the Bishop has reached its high point} 1-0

[Event "Amsterdam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1951.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Stahlberg"]
[Black "Trifunovic"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[Annotator "01: Active Bishop"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r1b2rk1/pp3ppp/2p2q2/5P2/2B5/2R1P3/PP4PP/3Q1RK1 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "20"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{How the active bishop in the orthodox Queen's gambit declined can be rendered
harmless by Black  The position is nearly identical to the previous one, but
the one small difference is very important. Black has retreated his Queen to
f6 instead of e7. Thus the possibility of his Kingside being broken up by f6
does not arise for the time being, and he can attend peacefully to the problem
of his Bishop.} 1... a5 {Preparing ... Pb5.} 2. a4 (2. Bb3 2... a4 {
First advantage: White is driven from the the a2-g8 diagonal}) (2. -- b5 3. Bd3
3... Ba6 {Black has solved the problem of his bishop}) (2. a3 b5 3. Ba2 b4 4.
Rc5 4... Ba6 5. Re1 5... Bb5 {
Black has definitely solved teh problem of the Bishop}) 2... Rb8 3. Qc2 Bd7 (
3... b5 $2 4. axb5 cxb5 5. Bxb5 Rxb5 6. Rxc8) 4. Rd3 Rbd8 5. Qd2 {
Seemingly very strong, attacking the Bishop and the a-pawn simultaneously} 5...
b5 $1 (5... Bc8 6. Qxa5 $1 6... Rxd3 7. Bxd3 Qxb2 8. f6 $1 {
And suddenly White has a strong attack}) 6. axb5 (6. Rd6 $2 6... Bc8 $1) (6.
Bxb5 cxb5 7. Rxd7 Rxd7 8. Qxd7 Qxb2 9. axb5 9... Rb8 {meagre winning chances
}
) 6... cxb5 7. Bd5 Bc6 8. e4 (8. Bxc6 Rxd3 9. Qxd3 9... Qxc6 {
Black's pawn majority is more dangerous}) 8... Bxd5 9. exd5 Qb6+ 10. Qf2 Qxf2+
11. Kxf2 $11 1/2-1/2

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1951.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Poletayev"]
[Black "Flohr"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "01: Active Bishop"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "8/k1q2pp1/pp1rp3/3n4/P7/1R4PP/2P1Q1B1/6K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "17"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A position in which an active Bishop proves too strong for a knight  Both
king positions are seriously weakened, and but for the presence of minor
pieces on the board Black would have the better chances, due to his extra pawn.
Yet in the present circumstances the White bishop is so much stronger than the
Black knight that White has a won game. The bishop not only shields the
weakness of White's king position, but also lends decisive strength to the
attack which follows.  } 1. c4 {
First of all, the hostile Knight must be dislodged from his strong position.}
1... Ne7 2. Qf3 2... Qc6 3. Qxf7 Qc5+ 4. Kh2 4... Rd1 {Black suddenly produced
the counterthreat of Qg1 mate, a threat not easily parried.} 5. Re3 $1 (5. g4
Qd6+ 6. Rg3 6... Rd3 $132) (5. h4 5... g5 $1) 5... b5 {
since defence is useless, Black makes one last desparate attempt} (5... Qxe3 6.
Qxe7+ Kb8 7. Qb7#) (5... Rd7 6. Qxe6 (6. Qf3)) 6. Qxe6 Nc8 7. a5 $1 {
Preventing the escape of the King via b6} 7... Qc7 (7... -- 8. Qf7+) 8. Qe4
8... Qb8 9. Qg4 1-0

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1947.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Zvetkov"]
[Black "Smyslov"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "01: Bad Bishop"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "2b2rk1/p3q2p/1p1p2p1/2pP1r2/2B5/6QP/PPP2RP1/5RK1 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "73"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The bad Bishop inside the pawn chain, and with no support-point  The White
Bishop is inferior to the Black one because of the blocked pawn on d5. The
inferiority is not yet decisive, since only one pawn is fixed on the wrong
colour. We shall now see how Black strives to increase his advantage.} 1...
Rxf2 2. Rxf2 Qe1+ 3. Bf1 Rxf2 4. Qxf2 4... Qe5 {The intention of the text is
plain: Black hopes to force Pc5 and make the White Bishop less effective} ({
By exchanging Queens at this point, Black could already have brought about a
pure Bishop ending, but his advantage would have been too slight to lead to a
win} 4... Qxf2+ 5. Kxf2 Kf7 6. Ke3 Kf6 7. g3 Ke5 8. c4 Bf5 9. h4 $11 {
And white can hold out}) 5. Qe2 5... Qd4+ (5... Qxd5 $4 6. Qe8+ $18) 6. Kh2 Kf8
7. c4 $2 {Such pawn moves should be made only if no other possibility remains.}
(7. Qf3+ Kg7 8. c3 Qe5+ 9. Kg1 Bb7 10. Bc4) 7... Bf5 8. g4 $2 {
Another pawn on the wrong colout!} (8. g3 {giving White the opportunity to
chase the Black bishop with offers to exchange by Bh3 and Bg2. After the text
move Black's advantage is of decisive signifance}) 8... Bb1 9. a3 (9. b3 Qe5+
10. Qxe5 10... dxe5 $17 11. a3 Bc2 12. b4 cxb4 13. axb4 a5 14. bxa5 bxa5 15. c5
a4 16. Bc4 16... Bb3 $1 $19) 9... Be4 $1 10. Kg3 (10. Bg2 Bd3 11. Qe6 Qe5+ 12.
Qxe5 dxe5 13. b3 13... Ke7) 10... Qe5+ 11. Kf2 Qf4+ 12. Ke1 Kg7 13. Qd2 Qe5 14.
Qc3 {A common occurence in such positions. White's bad bishop keeps him on the
defensive, and to put an ent to the continual threats he seizes the
opportunity of exchanging Queens. But thereby he only jumps from the
frying-pan into the fire, for the endgame is lost.} (14. Qe3 g5 15. Kd1 Qd4+
16. Qxd4+ cxd4 17. b4 17... Kf6 $19) 14... Qxc3+ 15. bxc3 {Afull treatment of
this ending would be out of place in a work on the middlegame, but we give the
moves to show that the handicap of the bad bishop really is decisive.} 15... g5
$1 {fixing the white pawns on white squares} 16. Kf2 Kf6 17. Ke3 Ke5 18. Be2
Bc2 19. Kd2 Bb1 20. Ke3 h6 21. Bf3 Bc2 22. Be2 22... a6 $1 23. Kd2 Ba4 24. Ke3
24... b5 25. cxb5 25... axb5 26. Bf3 Bb3 27. Be2 Bc4 28. Bxc4 bxc4 29. a4 Kxd5
30. a5 Kc6 31. Ke4 d5+ 32. Ke5 d4 33. cxd4 33... c3 34. d5+ Kd7 35. a6 c2 36.
a7 c1=Q 37. a8=Q Qf4# 0-1

[Event "Leningrad"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1939.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Botvinnik"]
[Black "Kan"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E21"]
[Annotator "01: Bad Bishop"]
[PlyCount "81"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The bad bishop outside the pawn chain and in possession of a support-point} 1.
d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Nf3 c5 5. a3 Bxc3+ 6. bxc3 Qa5 7. Bd2 Ne4 8. Qc2
Nxd2 9. Nxd2 d6 10. e3 10... e5 11. dxe5 11... dxe5 12. Bd3 12... h6 13. O-O
O-O 14. f4 14... Nd7 15. f5 15... Nf6 16. Ne4 16... Qd8 17. Nxf6+ Qxf6 18. Be4
18... Rb8 19. Rad1 19... b6 20. h3 Ba6 21. Bd5 21... b5 22. cxb5 Rxb5 23. c4
23... Rb6 24. Rb1 24... Rd8 25. Rxb6 axb6 26. e4 26... Bc8 {The White bishop
is very bad, since three of his pawns are fixed on his own colour. But thanks
to the fact that the Bishop is outside the pawn chain and posted on a square
from which it rakes both wings of the enemy position, it is precisely this
"bad" bishop which is White's winnning trump!} 27. Qa4 27... Bd7 28. Qa7 {
Under the circumstances White has no thought of exchanging his bad Bishop for
Black's good one.} 28... Be8 (28... Bc6 29. Qxb6) 29. Rb1 29... Rd6 30. a4
30... Kh7 (30... Qd8 31. a5 bxa5 32. Rb8 $18) 31. a5 bxa5 32. Qxa5 (32. Qxc5
32... a4 $132) 32... Ra6 33. Qxc5 33... Ra2 34. Qe3 $1 34... Qa6 35. Rb8 Qa4
36. Kh2 Ra3 (36... Qc2 37. Qg3 Ra1 (37... Ba4 38. Bxf7 $18) 38. Rxe8 Qc1 39.
Qg6+ fxg6 40. Bg8+ Kh8 41. Bf7+ Kh7 42. Bxg6# {Botvinnik}) 37. Qc5 Ra2 38. Ra8
38... Qxa8 (38... Qc2 39. Rxa2 Qxa2 40. Qe7 Qd2 41. Qxe5 $18 (41. Qxe8 Qf4+ 42.
Kg1 Qe3+ 43. Kf1 Qc1+ 44. Kf2 Qd2+ 45. Kf3 Qd3+ 46. Kg4 46... Qe2+ $11)) 39.
Bxa8 Rxa8 40. Qxe5 Bc6 41. Qc7 1-0

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1948.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Keres"]
[Black "Konstantinopolsky"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "01: Bad Bishop"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r1bq1rk1/p6p/2p1p3/2PpPpp1/8/P1Q5/1P3PPP/R1B2RK1 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "69"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The struggle between a bad bishop outside the pawn chain and a bad bishop
within the chain  While Black's bad Bishop has an open diagaonal at his
disposal, the White bad bishop is condemned to a very passive role. it is
plain that Black's advantage in mobility can be exploited only in the
middlegame. An endgame may well be drawn, since the Bishops control
opposite-coloured squares. It usual to speak of "unlike Bishops", or "Bishops
of opposite colours", although these expressions are not litereally correct. 
 Many players have a holy dread of such bishops, since in an ending it can
happen that an advantage of two or even three pawns may not suffice to force a
win. But before an ending the Gods have placed the middlegame as Dr. Tarrasch
often remarked. And this really is quite logical; the fact that the Bishops
work on opposite colours means that one can never defend what the other
attacks.    Black has attacking chances on the Kingside, and we see that
through the presence of the unlike Bishops the pressure on the White position
steadily increases.} 1... f4 {Prevents the development of the Bishop to e3 and
at the same time obstructs the natural protection of the e-pawn with Pf4. the
onus of guarding this pawn now falls on the Bishop which is thereby doomed by
passivity.} 2. Bd2 Ba6 3. Rfe1 Rb8 4. Qd4 4... Bc4 {
The bad bishop was already begue to show alarming activity} 5. Bc3 Qe8 6. Qd1
6... Rb7 {it is evident that 7. Pb4 and 8. Pa4 would be quite useless , since
the advance Pb5 could never be forced through} 7. a4 7... Qg6 8. Ra3 g4 9. Bd4
9... Rg7 10. f3 (10. -- Rf5 11. -- Rh5 12. -- Qh6) 10... h5 11. Rc3 Rf5 12. Kh1
(12. Qc2 gxf3 13. Rxf3 {undefended piece tactic} 13... Rxe5 14. Qxg6 Rxe1+ 15.
Rf1 Rxf1#) 12... Rg5 13. b3 13... Ba6 {Black is now fully prepared to attack.
He has been able to post every piece splendidly, while White for his part can
only adopt a waiting attitude.} 14. Rg1 gxf3 15. Qxf3 15... Qe4 {
very awkward for White since the Bishop cannot abadon protection of the e-pawn}
16. Qf2 (16. Rd1 Rxg2) (16. Qxe4 16... dxe4 {
Easy win for Black's pieces control the board}) 16... Bd3 {The bishop heads
for the magnificent post e4 from where it will decisively reinforce the attack
against g2} 17. b4 (17. Re1 Rxg2 18. Rxe4 Rxf2 (18... Bxe4) 19. Rxd3 (19. Re1
Be4+ 20. Rf3 Bxf3#) 19... Rf1+ 20. Bg1 Rfxg1#) 17... Qf5 18. b5 18... Be4 19.
bxc6 Rxg2 20. Rxg2 Rxg2 21. Qxg2+ Bxg2+ 22. Kxg2 Qe4+ 23. Kf1 23... f3 (23...
Qxd4 $2 24. c7 $1) 24. Be3 Qg6 25. Ke1 Qb1+ 26. Kd2 (26. Rc1 Qd3) (26. Kf2
26... Qh1 $19) 26... Qb2+ 27. Rc2 (27. Kd3 Qe2+ 28. Kd4 f2 29. c7 29... Qg4+
$19) 27... Qxe5 28. c7 Qxh2+ 29. Kd1 Qxc7 30. c6 e5 31. Bxa7 31... d4 {
The beginning of an exactly calculated final combination} 32. Bb6 32... d3 33.
Rc1 (33. Bxc7 dxc2+ 34. Kxc2 34... f2 $19) 33... Qxb6 34. c7 Qxc7 35. Rxc7
35... f2 0-1

[Event "Groningen"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Guimard"]
[Black "Euwe"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "02: The Knight"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r4r2/2p2p1k/1p1p2pp/1PnPp1q1/p1P1P1P1/P3NPR1/3Q3P/4R2K b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "19"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The Knight has several support-points  The Black Knight on c5 already stands
very well, but if need be it can move via b3 to d4, where under certain
circumstances it may be even more active.  By contrast, the White Knight has
no prospect of improving its position. It could go to b4 to c6, but there it
would be virtually out of play, since the pawn position would not allow the
other White pieces to cooperate with it.} 1... Rh8 {
with the intention of opening a file for the Rooks} 2. Qe2 Kg7 3. Ng2 (3. Nf5+
3... Kf8 {loses time as the knight must retreat}) 3... h5 4. h4 4... hxg4 {
An important intermediate move, which prevents White from closing the position
by Pg5} 5. fxg4 {Gives Black the opportunity for a decisive combination} (5.
Rxg4) 5... Rxh4+ $1 6. Nxh4 6... Rh8 (6... Qxh4+ 7. Qh2) 7. Kg2 (7. Rh3 Rxh4 8.
Rxh4 (8. Qh2 Rxg4 9. Rh7+ Kf8 10. Rf1 Rf4) 8... Qxh4+ 9. Kg2 9... Nd3 $1) 7...
Qxh4 8. g5 Nb3 9. Rg1 9... Nd2 {
The point of the final combination. The square f1 is guarded.} 10. Kf2 (10.
Qxd2 Qh2+ 11. Kf3 Qxd2) 10... Nxe4+ 0-1

[Event "Beverwijk"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1951.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Rossolimo"]
[Black "Kramer"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "02: The Knight"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "7r/5pk1/p3p1p1/1p1nP1q1/3Q4/6P1/PP2BP2/3R2K1 w - - 0 2"]
[PlyCount "26"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Knight with support point against good bishop  White is handicapped here by
his weak e-pawn, and is in no position to render the Knight harmless} 2. Bf3
2... Rd8 3. a3 Rd7 4. b4 {White has fixed enemy pawn on light squares so that
in a B vs N ending he would have good chances. The snag is that the Knight now
has a second support point at c4} 4... Qd8 5. Rc1 {To be able to exchange the
dangerous Knight at last; but this piece now jumps across to its second
outpost} 5... Nb6 6. Qc5 Nc4 7. Rxc4 {nothing better} (7. a4 Nd2 8. Bd1 Ne4 9.
Qc2 Nxf2 10. Qxf2 10... Rxd1+ $19) (7. Rc3 7... Rd3 $1) (7. Be2 Rd5 8. Qa7 Rxe5
9. Bxc4 9... Qd2 $1 10. Rf1 bxc4 11. Qxa6 c3) 7... bxc4 8. Qxc4 Qb6 (8... Rd3 {
quicker
} 9. Bb7 Rxa3 10. Bxa6 Qd2) 9. Be2 a5 10. Qf4 axb4 11. axb4 Rd5 12.
Bf3 (12. b5 Qb8 13. Qf6+ Kg8 14. f4 14... Qb6+ $19) 12... Rd4 13. Qf6+ Kg8 14.
Bg2 Qxb4 0-1

[Event "Dubrovnik"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "O'Kelly"]
[Black "Najdorf"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "02: The Knight"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r1q1r1k1/1ppb1pb1/3p1np1/1NnN3p/p1P1P3/4B1PP/PPQ2PBK/R2R4 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "43"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Knight with support point against bishop without support point  With this
last move Nd4-b2, White gave his opponent the opportunity for the following
transaction} 1... Nxd5 2. exd5 2... Bxb5 3. cxb5 3... a3 4. Bd4 (4. Bxc5 axb2
5. Rab1 dxc5 6. Qxc5 6... Rxa2 $17) 4... Bxd4 5. Rxd4 axb2 6. Qxb2 6... b6 {
Now Black has a beautifully posted knight against a bad Bishop - a decisive
advantage. From now on there is little White can do.} 7. Rd2 Qf5 8. Re2 8...
Nd3 {This Knight has no intention of abadoning his strong point for good. With
this foray, Blac achieves maximum activity for his other pieces} 9. Rxe8+ Rxe8
10. Qc2 10... Qe5 11. Rd1 11... Nc5 {Now it becomes clear: Black threatens to
invade the seventh rank, and also start a direct attack by 12. ... h4} 12. h4
12... Qe2 13. Qd2 (13. Qxe2 Rxe2 14. f3 14... Rxa2 $17) 13... Qxb5 14. Re1 Rxe1
15. Qxe1 Qb2 16. f4 (16. Qe8+ Kg7 17. Qc8 Qxf2 18. Qxc7 18... Ne4 {It is remark
able how this powerfully posted Knight influences the whole battlefield}) 16...
Kf8 17. f5 17... Qe5 18. Qf1 Qxf5 19. Qxf5 gxf5 20. Bf3 20... Ne4 21. Bxh5 Nc3
22. Bf3 Nxa2 0-1

[Event "Berne"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1931.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Michell"]
[Black "Nimzowitsch"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "02: The Knight"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r4rk1/pp3ppp/2n1q3/8/8/P7/1P3PPP/R1BQ1RK1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "68"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The struggle of Knight against bishop in an open position} 1. Re1 1... Rfd8 2.
Bd2 Qf5 3. Rc1 3... Ne5 $1 4. Qc2 Nd3 5. Rf1 (5. Re2 $2 5... Nxc1 6. Qxf5 Nxe2+
7. Kf1 7... Rxd2 $19) 5... Qg4 6. Rcd1 6... Qe2 {
This prevents the active placing of the Bishop on c3} 7. Qb1 Rd5 8. Be3 {
In the present circumstances the Bishop stands even better here than on c3,
attacking a7 and defending f2. Yet Black retains a slight pull, thanks to his
space advantage} 8... Rad8 9. Rd2 Qh5 10. Rfd1 {White prefers to dispel the
Knight from its strong position rather than snatch the a-pawn.} (10. Bxa7 Nf4
11. Rxd5 Rxd5 (11... Qxd5 12. f3 Qd2 13. Bf2 $14) 12. -- 12... Ne2+ 13. Kh1
Qxh2+ 14. Kxh2 Rh5#) 10... b6 $1 11. f3 (11. Rxd3 11... Qxd1+ $1 12. Qxd1 12...
Rxd3 $19) 11... Qg6 12. Qc2 h6 13. Kf1 {
The beginning of a complicated Knight maneuver} 13... Kh7 14. Qc3 (14. g3 Qf5
15. Ke2 Nf4+) 14... R8d6 15. b4 h5 16. g3 16... Qf5 17. Ke2 {White has achieved
his object: the Knight must flee and content itself with a more modest role.
Although the Knight is driven out, the results of the work remain visible. The
White King is insecure and Black's heavy pieces are nicely placed} 17... Ne5
18. Bf4 Rxd2+ 19. Rxd2 19... Rc6 {it is important for Black to keep one Rook
on the board, with an eye on the position of White's King. Further exchanges
would only favour White} 20. Qd4 (20. Qxe5 Re6) 20... Ng6 21. Bd6 {The roles ar
e reversed. Now it is the Bishop which enjoys a temporary strong point} 21...
Qh3 22. Ke3 Qf1 23. Rd1 Qg2 24. Qd2 Qh3 25. Qd5 25... Rc2 26. Rd2 (26. Qxf7
26... Qg2 $19) 26... Rc3+ 27. Rd3 Rc1 28. Qxf7 Qxh2 29. Qf5 29... Rc4 30. Rd1
Rc3+ 31. Kd4 (31. Rd3 Qg1+ 32. Ke4 Rxd3 33. Qxh5+ Kg8 34. Kxd3 Qd1+ 35. Kc4
35... Qxd6 $19) 31... Rxa3 32. Kd5 Rc3 33. Ke6 {
A serious blunder, which puts an untimely end to the struggle.} (33. Kd4 Qb2
34. Qxh5+ Kg8 35. Qxg6 Rc1+ 36. Ke3 Rxd1 37. Qe8+ 37... Kh7 $11) 33... Qe2+ 34.
Kf7 34... Rc7+ 0-1

[Event "USSR Ch"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1949.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Flohr"]
[Black "Goldberg"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "A90"]
[Annotator "02: The Knight"]
[PlyCount "95"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A difference of opinoun concerning the Knight and the bad Bishop} 1. d4 e6 2.
Nf3 f5 3. g3 Nf6 4. Bg2 d5 5. O-O Bd6 6. c4 c6 7. b3 Qe7 8. Bb2 O-O 9. Qc2 Bd7
10. Ne5 Na6 11. Nxd7 (11. Nd2 11... Be8 {Kotov-Goldberg. In the post mortem
Flohr contended that White should have exchanged on d7, but the other masters
thought it would have been wrong to exchange the Knight for the bad Bishop})
11... Qxd7 {In view of the weak pawn skeleton c6-d5-e6-f5, it would seem
important for Black to preserve his light squared Bishop for the defence, and
according to Flohr, it's absence from d7 will weigh decisively in White's
favour as soon as he succeeds in opening some lines} 12. Nd2 12... g5 13. Nf3
Qg7 14. Qc1 14... g4 $2 {Flohr supposed this to be forced, but it tips the
balance in White's favour.  White's Knight now gets a support-point of the
utmost importance on f4, from which it can blunt the coming Kingside attack.} (
14... Ne4) 15. Ne5 15... Nb8 16. Ba3 {Exchanging Black's good bishop} 16...
Bxa3 17. Qxa3 Nbd7 18. Nd3 18... Rfe8 19. Rac1 Nf8 20. Qb2 h5 21. b4 h4 22. b5
hxg3 23. fxg3 Qh6 24. Nf4 24... Re7 25. e3 Rh7 26. Bh1 26... Nh5 {Thus far the
game has followed clear-cut line: Black presses on the Kingside, but White is
poised ready to open files on the Queenside} 27. Qf2 (27. -- Nxg3 28. hxg3
Qxh1+ 29. Kf2 Rh2+ 30. Ng2 Qxg2+ 31. Ke1 31... Qxb2 $19) 27... Nd7 28. bxc6 (
28. Nd3) 28... bxc6 29. cxd5 Nxf4 (29... exd5 30. Rxc6 (30. Nxd5)) 30. exf4
exd5 (30... cxd5 31. Rc6 Nb6 32. Re1 $16) 31. Rfe1 31... Nb6 32. Re5 32... Nc4
{sacrificing a pawn} (32... Rf8 33. Qe2 {meagre prospects}) 33. Rxf5 $2 (33.
Rxd5 Rb8 34. Rc5 Rb2 35. Rxc6 Qh5 36. R1xc4 Rxf2 37. Rc8+ Kg7 38. Kxf2 Qxh2+
39. Bg2 $16) 33... Re8 34. Rg5+ Rg7 35. Re1 $2 35... Rxe1+ 36. Qxe1 Rxg5 37.
Qe8+ Qf8 38. Qe6+ Qf7 39. Qxf7+ Kxf7 40. fxg5 Ne3 41. Bg2 Nf5 42. Kf2 Nxd4 43.
h4 gxh3 44. Bxh3 Ne6 45. g6+ Kf6 46. Ke3 Ke5 47. Kd3 c5 48. Bg4 1/2-1/2

[Event "Baarn"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1949.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Henneberke"]
[Black "Kramer"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "02: The Knight"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r4rk1/1pp1qp2/p2p2pp/2bPp3/4PP2/2PQ4/PP1N2PP/R4R1K b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "18"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A borderline case with bad Bishop outside the pawn chain, against Knight 
 White has just played 1. Pf4, evidently forestalling Black from taking the
initiative with ... Pf5. We saw that a Bad Bishop outside the pawn chain can
be a full-strength piece, provided that the other pieces can cooperate well
with it.} 1... f6 (1... exf4 {open up the game} 2. Rxf4 f5 3. exf5 $2 (3. Raf1
fxe4 4. Nxe4 Rxf4 5. Rxf4 Rf8 6. Rxf8+ Kxf8 7. h3 7... Bb6 $11) 3... Qe3 $17)
2. Rf3 Kg7 3. f5 $1 3... g5 4. Rh3 4... Qf7 5. g4 {This is a very difference
situation. The Bishop is out of play, and suddenly the Knight is much strong.
White has a positionally won game  } 5... -- 6. Rh5 -- 7. Nf3 -- 8. Kg2 -- 9.
Rh1 -- 10. h4 1-0

[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1933.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Botvinnik"]
[Black "Flohr"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[Annotator "02: The Knight"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "5k2/2q2npp/1ppp1p2/5P2/2P2P2/1P2Q1P1/6BP/6K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "20"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Another borderline case with Knight against Bishop  The game was adjourned in
this position, and it was thought that 1. Bf3 might win.} 1. b4 1... d5 $3 {
A pretty sacrifice which kills two birds with one stone: the White Bishop
becomes bad, as it must now keep an eye on the d-pawn, while the Black Knight
becomes veryactive} 2. cxd5 2... c5 3. bxc5 bxc5 4. Bf1 4... Nd6 {The Knight
an ideal piece for stopping passed pawn. The d6 square is the so-called
"blockaded square" in this position. It is only in recent times that the
importance of the blockade has been fully realized} 5. Qa3 Kf7 6. Bd3 c4 7. Bc2
c3 (7... Qb6+ 8. Kf1 Ke7) 8. Qb4 Nc4 9. Qxc3 Qc5+ 10. Kh1 10... Qxd5+ $11
1/2-1/2

[Event "Amsterdam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Trifunovic"]
[Black "Van Scheltinga"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C49"]
[Annotator "03: Two Bishops V Bishop and Knight"]
[PlyCount "81"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The Bishop pair employed to weaken the enemy pawn position} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3
Nc6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bb5 Bb4 5. O-O O-O 6. d3 d6 7. Bg5 Bxc3 8. bxc3 Qe7 9. Re1 {
Since the position is half close, and since, moreover, the White pawns are
somewhat weakned by the doubling on the c-file, Black has some compensation
for White's Bishop pair.} 9... Nd8 {First of all, Black must get rid of the
troublesome pin on his Nf6 by dislodging the Bg5} 10. d4 10... Ne6 11. Bc1 {
This strange looking move is the best. on c1 the Bishop is well placed, not
exposed to exchange, and free to operage not only from c1-h6 but also on the
a3-f8 diagonal} 11... c5 {
Black means to force White to clear up the central situation} 12. Bf1 (12. dxe5
dxe5 13. Nxe5 $2 13... Nc7 $19) (12. d5 Nc7 13. Bf1 13... b5 $132 {
counterplay on the Queenside}) 12... Rd8 (12... cxd4 13. cxd4 Qc7 14. Bb2 {
giving good chances, even if it meant losing a pawn}) 13. d5 13... Nf8 {
Hoping to bring the Knight into active play at g6.} (13... Nc7 {more flexible})
14. c4 Ne8 15. g3 {White's plan is clear: he intends after necessary
preparation, to force the advance of Pf4 and so to open lines for his Bishop}
15... f5 $2 {Playing White's game} (15... Ng6 16. h4 Bg4 17. Qd3 17... Bxf3 18.
Qxf3) 16. exf5 16... Bxf5 17. Nh4 $1 {
Thus in any case White gets an open diaganol for his Bishop} 17... Qd7 18. f4 {
Always the same aim: open the position} 18... exf4 19. Bxf4 19... Ng6 {
Giving White the chance of a favourable liquidation} (19... Bg4 20. Qd2) 20.
Nxf5 Qxf5 21. Bd3 21... Qf6 22. Bxg6 $1 {A characteristic turn; White
relinquishes the Bishop pair but obtains in return either a weakening of the
hostile pawn structure or else an inroad into the seventh rank} 22... hxg6 (
22... Qxg6 23. Re7 {one advantage transformed into another}) 23. Rb1 23... g5 (
23... b6 24. Re6 24... Qd4+ 25. Qxd4 cxd4 26. Rd1 Rac8 27. Rxd4 $18) 24. Be3
Rd7 25. Qg4 25... Rf7 26. Rf1 26... Qg6 27. Rxf7 Qxf7 28. Bxg5 $18 {With a soun
d extra pawn, a good Bishop and some advantage in development White now stands
to win} 28... Nc7 29. Bf4 Qf6 30. Qd1 b6 31. Qd3 Re8 32. Rf1 b5 33. cxb5 Qd4+
34. Qxd4 cxd4 35. Bxd6 Nxb5 36. Bb4 a5 37. Bxa5 Ra8 38. Bb4 Rxa2 39. d6 Ra8 40.
d7 Nc7 41. Rf8+ $18 1-0

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1948.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Smyslov"]
[Black "Botvinnik"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "B62"]
[Annotator "03: Two Bishops V Bishop and Knight"]
[PlyCount "80"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Be2 Be7 8.
O-O O-O 9. Ndb5 a6 10. Bxf6 gxf6 11. Nd4 11... Kh8 {The strategic situation
here is not unlike that of the previous example - two Bishops accompanied by a
weakned pawn position. in what follows we shall see White working logically
against eh pawn complex, while Black aims at opening lines. Remarkably enought,
these plans do not cut across one another. black seems to play right into his
opponent's hands; his pawns are badly doubled and isolated. Then, just when
White seems to have realized his aims, suddenly it emerges that Black has also
achieved his. The Bishops control the board and the resulting attack gives
Black a decisive advantage.} 12. Kh1 12... Rg8 13. f4 Bd7 14. Bf3 14... Rc8 15.
Nxc6 $2 {This strengthens the Black centre.} (15. Nce2 Na5 16. b3) 15... bxc6
16. Ne2 16... d5 {
If Black deffered this one more move White could have played Pc4} 17. f5 $2 {
In accordance with White's plan, which is to ruin the enemy pawn formation.} (
17. b3) (17. Qd2) 17... Qc7 18. c4 dxc4 19. Qd4 19... c5 20. Qxc4 20... Bd6 21.
g3 21... Bb5 22. Qc2 exf5 23. exf5 {
White has achieved what he wanted: all the Black pawns are weak.} 23... Rce8
24. Rf2 (24. Qd2 Bxe2 (24... Be5) 25. Bxe2 Bxg3 26. Bf3) 24... Re3 25. Bg2 (25.
Nc3 Bc6 26. Bxc6 (26. Bg2 26... Qb7 {every Black piece in active play}) 26...
Qxc6+ 27. Kg1 27... Bxg3 $1 $19) 25... Qe7 26. Ng1 $8 26... Bd3 27. Qd2 27...
c4 {Thus one bishops secures a splendid strong-point on d3, while a new line
is opened for his colleague.} 28. Rf3 (28. -- Bb4 29. Qd1 29... Re1 $19) 28...
Re8 29. Rd1 (29. Rxe3 Qxe3 30. Qxe3 30... Rxe3 $17) 29... Bc5 30. b3 (30. Rxe3
Bxe3 31. Qc3 Qe5 32. Qxe5 Rxe5 33. b3 Rxf5 34. bxc4 34... Bxc4 $19) 30... Re1
31. bxc4 Bxc4 (31... Bxg1 $2 32. Qxd3 Bf2+ 33. Rxe1 Qxe1+ 34. Qf1) 32. Bf1 Rxd1
33. Qxd1 33... Rd8 34. Qc2 Bd5 35. Qc3 35... Bd4 36. Qd3 36... Qe3 37. Qxe3
Bxe3 38. Bg2 Bxf3 39. Bxf3 Rd2 40. Ne2 (40. a4 Ra2 41. Bc6 41... Ra1) 40...
Rxa2 0-1

[Event "Amsterdam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Reshevsky"]
[Black "Van der Berg"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E46"]
[Annotator "03: Two Bishops V Bishop and Knight"]
[PlyCount "57"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e3 O-O 5. Nge2 d5 6. a3 Bxc3+ 7. Nxc3 b6 8. b4
8... c5 {It often happens in the Nimzo Indian that Black has to concede the
Bishop pair to his opponent. In return he usually has the (temporary) control
of the crucial square e4, and so can give a half-closed character to the
position. In the present game, Black lacks this compensation, and this is why
White can rapidly go over to the attack} 9. dxc5 bxc5 10. cxd5 (10. bxc5 Ba6
11. Nb5 Ne4) 10... cxb4 $2 (10... Nxd5 $2 11. Nxd5 exd5 12. bxc5 Qa5+ 13. Bd2
Qxc5 14. Bb4) (10... exd5 11. bxc5 11... Ba6 {making the bishop pair harmless})
11. axb4 exd5 12. Be2 Nc6 13. b5 13... Na5 14. Ba3 {
For the time being White is content to get his pieces into play.} (14. Qa4 Nc4
15. Bxc4 dxc4 16. Qxc4 16... Bb7 {even though this line wins a pawn, quite
rightly White prefers the Bishop pair in full cry}) 14... Re8 15. O-O Bf5 (
15... Be6 {too quite}) 16. Bc5 16... Ne4 17. Bb4 Nxc3 18. Bxc3 Nc4 19. Qd4
19... Qg5 20. Qxd5 $1 (20. Rxa7 Rxa7 21. Qxa7 21... Be4 $132) 20... Nxe3 21.
fxe3 Qxe3+ 22. Kh1 Bg6 (22... Qxc3 23. Qxf5 Rxe2 24. Qxf7+ Kh8 25. Qf8+) 23.
Bh5 Rad8 (23... Bxh5 24. Qxh5 Qxc3 25. b6 axb6 26. Rxa8 Rxa8 27. Qxf7+ Kh8 28.
Qf8+) (23... Qxc3 24. Bxg6 hxg6 25. Qxf7+ Kh7 26. Ra4 $1 26... Re5 (26... g5 $1
) 27. Rh4+ Rh5 28. Rxh5+ gxh5 29. Qxh5+ Kg8 30. Qd5+) 24. Bxg6 (24. Qf3) 24...
Rxd5 25. Bxf7+ Kh8 26. Bxe8 26... Qxe8 27. Rxa7 Qc8 (27... Rg5 28. Rfa1 (28. b6
)) 28. Rc7 $1 (28. Bxg7+ Kg8 29. Rf8+ $2 29... Qxf8 30. Bxf8 Rd1#) 28... Qf5 (
28... Qa8 29. Rxg7 $18) 29. Kg1 1-0

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1935.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lilienthal"]
[Black "Botvinnik"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "E24"]
[Annotator "03: Two Bishops V Bishop and Knight"]
[PlyCount "64"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. a3 Bxc3+ 5. bxc3 c5 6. f3 d5 7. e3 O-O 8. cxd5
8... Nxd5 {In this Nimzo-Indian position Black has some compensation for
White's Bishop pair in the form of a slight lead in development. Such a lead
can always be best utilized by opening the position. It follows that it is
usually very difficult to make use of a lead in development as compensation
for Bishop pair, since they also carry most weight in an open position.} 9. Bd2
(9. c4 Ne7 10. Bd3 cxd4 11. exd4 Nf5 12. Bxf5 12... Qa5+ {
with good play for Black since White's centre is vulnerable}) 9... Nc6 10. Bd3
cxd4 11. cxd4 11... e5 12. dxe5 (12. e4 Nf4 13. Bxf4 exf4 14. d5 Qh4+ 15. Kf1
15... Ne5 $36) (12. Ne2 12... exd4 13. exd4 Nxd4 14. Nxd4 Qh4+ 15. g3 Qxd4)
12... Nxe5 13. Be4 13... Nc4 $2 {Forcing the exchange of one of the White
bishops, but at the same time showing how difficult it is to weigh up
positional advantages against the other.} (13... Nf6 $1 14. Bb4 (14. Bc3 Qc7
15. Qd4 Nxe4 16. fxe4 16... f6) (14. Bc2 Nd3+) 14... Nxe4 15. Bxf8 Nd3+ 16. Kf1
Nef2 17. Qc2 17... Nxh1 $17) 14. Qc1 Nxd2 15. Qxd2 Nf6 16. Bd3 {White no longer
has the bishop pair, but neither has Black any lead in development. The game
is level. For our purpose no discussion of the rest of the game is called for}
16... Re8 17. Ne2 Qb6 18. Nd4 Nd5 (18... Qxd4 $4 19. Bxh7+ Kxh7 20. Qxd4 $18)
19. Be4 Nxe3 20. Qxe3 f5 21. O-O fxe4 22. fxe4 Rd8 23. Nf5 Qxe3+ 24. Nxe3 Be6
25. Rad1 Rxd1 26. Rxd1 Rc8 27. Nf5 Kf8 28. Nd6 Rc3 29. Nxb7 Rxa3 30. Nc5 Ke7
31. Nxe6 Kxe6 32. Kf2 g6 1/2-1/2

[Event "Vienna"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1873.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Rosenthal"]
[Black "Steinitz"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "03: Two Bishops V Bishop and Knight"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r1br2k1/ppp2pbp/6p1/8/2qN1P2/2P1B3/PP3QPP/R4RK1 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "35"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Systematic use of the Bishop pair. Steinitz was the first to show a method
for the best utilization of the two Bishops. So far as is know, it was in the
present game that he first applied his system.  The theory of Steinitz applies
to positions which are not close, but which, on the other hand, are not yet
completely open in character. White still has support points at d4 and e5. The
cornerstone of the Steinitz system is to deprive the opponent of such support
points by means of pawn advances. The hostile pieces will thus be doomed to
passivity, and the owner of the bishop pair should not find it difficult to
set a decisive attack in motion. His contemporaries pointed out the weakness
which these pawn advances must necessarily creat. Only through the games of
Steinitz was it realized that such weaknesses are not so serious because two
bishops can cover all the squares, being in this way much more useful for
neutralizing weaknesses than two Knights or Knight and Bishop would be} 1... c5
2. Nf3 2... b6 {Puts an end to any Bishop activity on the g1-a7 diagonal} 3.
Ne5 Qe6 4. Qf3 Ba6 5. Rfe1 5... f6 {deprives the Knight also of the e5 square}
6. Ng4 6... h5 {Drives the Knight further back} 7. Nf2 7... Qf7 {
intending Bb7 inducing weaknesses on this diagonal} 8. f5 {It is understandable
that white should strive for some counterplay, but in so doing he only weakens
his position.} (8. b3) 8... g5 9. Rad1 Bb7 (9... Qxa2 10. Qxh5) 10. Qg3 10...
Rd5 $1 {
This is the positional refutation of 8. Pf5. The f-pawn is now incurably weak}
(10... Qxa2 11. Qc7 Rxd1 12. Rxd1 Bd5 13. Qd7 $132) 11. Rxd5 Qxd5 12. Rd1 (12.
Qh3 $2 12... g4) 12... Qxf5 13. Qc7 Bd5 14. b3 14... Re8 15. c4 Bf7 16. Bc1
16... Re2 17. Rf1 17... Qc2 18. Qg3 (18. -- Rxf2 19. Rxf2 Qxc1+) 18... Qxa2 0-1

[Event "Teplits-Schonau"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1922.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Wolf"]
[Black "Rubinstein"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "03: Two Bishops V Two Knights"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r2n1r2/ppp1q1pk/3p1n1p/4p1p1/2BPP1P1/2P3BP/P1P2P2/R2QR1K1 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "87"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The Knights in a closed position  It is evident that in a struggle against
the Bishop pair the two Knights will do best in a closed position such as this
one. Moreover, in this case the presence of the support point at f4 is a
factor which strongly favours the Knights. The practical outcome of such a
position is that White will have to look for a favourable moment to exchange
one of his Bishops for a knight, bringing about a Bishop versus Knight
struggle} 1... Nf7 2. Qf3 Rae8 (2... -- {White has the choice of three schemes:
  1. He can exchange on Bishop at once (Bxf7) and then undertake the fight
with good Bishop (3. Pf3!) against Knight  2. He can exchange the other Bishop
for a Knight as soon as it appears on f4, but then he will have a Bad Bishop
against Knight.  3. he can leave things as they are and keep both Bishops; but
in this case he must work out some way of getting them into action.   Scheme 1
is White's best choice} 3. Bxf7 Rxf7 4. dxe5 dxe5 5. Qf5+) 3. Qe3 b6 (3... --
4. dxe5 dxe5 5. Qxa7) (3... exd4 4. cxd4 Nxe4 5. Qxe4+ Qxe4 6. Rxe4 Rxe4 7. Bd3
Rfe8 8. f3 $18) 4. Bb5 {Abadoning the possibility of scheme 1.} 4... Rd8 5. a4
5... Nh8 $1 {
Black doesn't fear the opening of the a-file else he would have played Pa5} 6.
a5 Ng6 7. f3 Nf4 8. Bf1 8... Kh8 $1 9. Bxf4 {So White chooses scheme 3 and the
chances swing definitely in Black's favour.  If White puts his bishop on g1-a7,
it is obstructed by Black's b-pawn. If he works it round to a3-f8, Black will
play ... Pc5. In either case the Bishop bites on granite} (9. -- 9... Rf7 10.
-- Nh7 11. -- Nf8 12. -- N8g6 13. -- Rdf8) 9... gxf4 10. Qf2 {Closes up the
position still more, and fixes yet another pawn on the same colour as his own
bishop} 10... g5 11. d5 (11. axb6 $2 11... cxb6) (11. Bc4) 11... h5 12. Bg2
12... Kg7 13. Qe2 13... Rh8 14. Kf2 (14. Qa6 Kg6 15. Qxa7 Ra8 16. Qb7 Rhb8 17.
Qc6 bxa5) 14... Ra8 15. Reb1 15... Nd7 16. Qb5 hxg4 17. hxg4 Nc5 18. Rh1 18...
Rh4 $1 19. Rxh4 19... gxh4 20. Bh3 (20. -- h3 21. Bxh3 Qh4+ 22. Kg2 22... Qg3+
$19) 20... bxa5 {Getting a passed pawn on the a-file as well} 21. Qxa5 (21.
Rxa5 a6 22. Qb1 22... Qd8 $17) 21... Qd8 22. Rb1 Rb8 23. Rb4 a6 24. Ke2 Rb6 25.
Qa1 Kg6 26. Kd2 26... Kg5 {
protects the h-pawn and an eventual Pg5 depriving White of any counterplay} 27.
Rb1 (27. Qa5 Qb8 28. Qa3 (28. Ke2 Qa7 29. -- Nb7 30. Qa4 Rxb4 31. cxb4 Qe3+)
28... Qa7 29. Qa5 Nb7 30. Qa4 Rxb4 31. cxb4 Qf2+) 27... Qb8 28. Rh1 (28. Kc1
Rxb1+ 29. Qxb1 Qxb1+ 30. Kxb1 {lossed ending due to passed pawns on both flanks
} 30... Na4 31. c4 Nc3+ 32. Kc1 Ne2+ 33. Kd2 Ng1 34. Bg2 h3 35. Bh1 35... a5
$19) 28... a5 $3 29. Bg2 (29. Qxa5 29... Rb2 30. Qa3 Nb3+ 31. Kd3 Qb5+ 32. c4
32... Qb6) 29... a4 30. Qe1 Qh8 31. Qc1 31... Ra6 32. Bf1 Ra8 33. Bc4 a3 34.
Ba2 Qh7 35. Rh3 Nd7 36. Qf1 Qh8 37. Rh1 Nc5 38. Qc1 38... Rb8 $3 {Black sacrifi
ces both his passed pawns in order to force his pieces into the enemy position}
39. Qxa3 Ra8 40. Qb2 40... h3 41. Bc4 41... Qh4 42. Be2 42... Qf2 43. Rxh3 Qe3+
44. Ke1 44... Na4 {
The Knight gives the final blow. This game was honoured with a brilliancy prize
} 0-1

[Event "Margate"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Capablanca"]
[Black "Milner-Barry"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "03: Two Bishops V Two Knights"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r1r5/ppq2k2/2pp2pp/4nn2/1PPBB2P/6P1/P2Q1P2/1RR3K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "23"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The Knights in an open position. The undermining of support points  In this
position we see two centrally placed Bishops facing two centrally placed
Knights. The contrast is obvious. The Bishops would still sweep the centre of
the board if they stood on h1 and a1, but the Knights must have support points
if they are to maintain themselves in play. The support points here are
insecure, and are speedily undermined.} 1. Ba1 {
Preserving the the Bishop from exchange} (1. Bxf5 $4 1... Nf3+) 1... Rg8 (1...
h5 2. Bxe5 dxe5 3. Bxf5 gxf5 4. Qg5 $16) 2. h5 $1 2... Raf8 3. c5 {
Undercutting the other Knight as well} 3... d5 {Permits a decisive combination;
but in any case the Bishops will now control the whole board} 4. Bxd5+ 4...
cxd5 5. Qxd5+ Kf6 6. f4 6... Qc6 7. Bxe5+ Ke7 8. Bd6+ Nxd6 9. cxd6+ Qxd6 10.
Re1+ 10... Kd7 11. Qxb7+ Qc7 12. Rbd1# 1-0

[Event "Baden-Baden"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1925.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "Colle"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D07"]
[Annotator "03: Two Bishops V Two Knights"]
[PlyCount "115"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 d5 2. c4 Nc6 3. Nf3 Bg4 4. Qa4 Bxf3 5. exf3 e6 6. Nc3 Bb4 7. a3 Bxc3+ 8.
bxc3 Nge7 9. Rb1 9... Rb8 {
This position occured twice between Alekhine and Colle} 10. Bd3 $1 {
(improvement according to Alekhine)} (10. cxd5 Qxd5 11. Bd3 O-O 12. O-O Qd6 13.
Qc2 Ng6 14. f4 Nce7 15. g3 Rfd8 16. Rd1 b6 17. a4 Nd5 18. Bd2 18... c5 {
Alekhine-Colle, Paris 1925}) 10... dxc4 $2 (10... O-O {Black should try to
keep a pawn on d5 to prevent the opening of the long dark diagonal. It would
then be by no means easy for White to get any play for this dark squared
bishop. An eventual Pa4 and Ba3 would have the disadvantage that the a-pawn
would become a target.}) 11. Bxc4 O-O 12. O-O Nd5 13. Qc2 (13. Qb3 Na5 14. Qa2
Nxc4 15. Qxc4) 13... Nce7 14. Bd3 14... h6 15. c4 15... Nb6 16. Rd1 Nbc8 17. f4
{Here White is employing the Steinitz method, which consists of advancing ones
own pawns to deny the opposing pieces any support points.  In this case White
must go to work cautiously, in view of his own vulnerable centre. The advance
Pc5 for instance would not be considered because it would give an unassailable
strong point at d5 for Black. White's tactics must be based on an eventual
advance of Pd5 or Pf5, giving up a pawn if need be. Notice the Black has to
maintain a completely passive attitude since his only freeing move ... Pc5,
would lead to an opening ot the position which would favour the Bishop pair.}
17... b6 18. Bb2 18... c6 {
The breakthrough squares, d5 and f5 are now protected as well as possible} 19.
Qe2 Nd6 20. Qe5 20... Ne8 21. a4 Rb7 22. Re1 Nf6 23. Rbd1 23... Rd7 24. Bc2 a6
(24... Qc7 25. Qe2 Qxf4 (25... Rfd8 26. d5 cxd5 27. Bxf6 gxf6 28. Qg4+ 28...
Kf8 {Black now has this f8 flight square}) 26. Qe5 Qxe5 27. dxe5 Rxd1 28. Rxd1
Nh7 29. Rd7) 25. Qe2 25... Qb8 (25... Re8) 26. d5 $1 {
The long waitied breakthrough} 26... cxd5 27. Bxf6 gxf6 28. Qg4+ 28... Kh8 {
The end of the game is not apposite to our theme; nevertheless, it isinstructiv
e to see how the advantage obtained is converted into a win.} 29. f5 $1 29...
Nxf5 (29... -- 30. Qh4 Kg7 31. Re3) 30. Bxf5 exf5 31. Qxf5 31... Qd8 32. cxd5 {
The balance sheet can now be drawn up. White has a passed pawn which limites
the activity of the Black pieces; moreover Black's Kingside is irreperably
weak. The Bishop pair has paid good dividends. In what follows we shall see
how White utlilizes every detail of the position to increase his advantage.}
32... Rd6 33. Qf4 33... Kh7 34. Qe4+ Kh8 35. Qe3 35... Kg7 36. Qd3 {Forces the
pawn move, which considerably devalues Black's Queenside pawn majority.} 36...
a5 37. Re3 Rg8 38. Rh3 Qd7 39. Qe3 39... f5 {A new weakness} (39... Rh8 40. Qf4
40... Rxd5 41. Rg3+ Kf8 (41... Kh7 42. Qe4+) 42. Qb8+) 40. Rg3+ Kh7 41. Rxg8
Kxg8 42. Qg3+ Kh7 43. Qb3 Kg7 44. h3 {Before White undertakes the decisive
action, it is necessary to provide the king with a flight square.} 44... Qd8
45. Qg3+ Kh7 46. Qe5 Qd7 47. Rd3 47... f6 {Yet another weakening, which was
hardly to be avoided since Black is more or less in Zugzwang.} (47... Kg8 48.
Rg3+ Rg6 49. d6 Rxg3 50. fxg3 Qxa4 51. Qe7 $18) 48. Qd4 Qd8 49. Qc4 Qd7 50. Rd4
Kg7 51. Qd3 Kf7 (51... Qc8 52. Qg3+) (51... Qe7 52. Qxf5 Qe1+ 53. Kh2 Qe5+ 54.
Qxe5 fxe5 55. Rd1 Kf6 56. Kg3 $16) (51... Kh7 52. g4 Kg6 53. gxf5+ Qxf5 54.
Rg4+ $18) (51... Kh8 52. Qe3 Rxd5 53. Qxh6+ Kg8 54. Qg6+ Kf8 55. Qxf6+) (51...
Kf8 52. Qe3 Kg7 (52... Rxd5 53. Qxh6+ Ke7 54. Qg7+ Ke6 55. Qg8+) 53. Rh4) 52.
g4 52... Kf8 (52... fxg4 53. Qh7+ Kf8 54. Qxh6+ Kf7 55. Rxg4 $18) 53. gxf5 Qe8
54. Re4 Qh5 55. Rg4 Qf7 56. Qe3 56... Qh7 57. Rg6 h5 58. Qc3 1-0

[Event "Utrecht"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1949.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "Thomas"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A00"]
[Annotator "04: Rook against Bishop or Knight"]
[PlyCount "75"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A pawn is not sufficient compensation for the Exchange.} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3.
Nc3 d5 4. Bg5 Be7 5. Nf3 Nbd7 6. e3 Ne4 7. Bxe7 Qxe7 8. Rc1 c6 9. Bd3 f5 10.
O-O O-O 11. Ne5 Nxe5 12. dxe5 Bd7 13. Ne2 Be8 14. Qc2 Qc7 15. f4 Qe7 16. cxd5
exd5 17. Nd4 17... Rc8 $2 18. Bxe4 fxe4 19. Nb5 19... Rd8 20. Nd6 Rxd6 21. exd6
21... Qxd6 {White wins the Exchange in a familiar manner, by managing to post
a Knight on the sixth rank  Apart from the pawn, Black has no compensation for
the Exchange, his Bishop being on the wrong colour} 22. Qc3 $1 {Preparing on
the one hand for the following maneuver which fixes the Black pawns on the
same colour as their Bishop, and on the other hand for the direct attack
Pf5-f6} (22. Qc5 {on the principle that a material advantage is best utilized
by heading for the endgame} 22... Qxc5 23. Rxc5 b6 24. Rc3 24... c5 {the positi
onal state of affairs is very different. The Black bishop has become "good"
and comes into powerful play via b5 to d3. Moreover, Black will now have the
possibility of ... Pd4, while will make his central majority very dangerous. 
 White will be unable to prevent him from estabilishing either unitied passed
pawns (if he exchagnes on d4) or else a protected passed pawn (... Pd3). In
either case, Black will have more than enough compensation for the Exchange.})
22... Bd7 23. b4 23... a6 {This suits White's plans admirably} (23... b6 24. f5
Bxf5 25. Qxc6) 24. Qd4 h6 25. Rfd1 25... Qe7 (25... -- 26. Qxe4) 26. a4 Kh7 27.
b5 $1 {Rooks need open files to show their full strength} 27... axb5 28. axb5
Ra8 29. bxc6 Bxc6 (29... bxc6 30. Ra1) 30. Ra1 Ra3 31. Rxa3 Qxa3 32. Ra1 Qb3
33. h3 Qd3 34. Qc5 (34. Qxd3 $13 34... exd3 35. Kf2 35... Bb5 {
the Black passed pawn paralyzes the White pieces}) 34... Kg6 35. Ra8 Kh5 (35...
Kh7 36. f5 Qe2 37. Kh2) 36. Kh2 Qe2 (36... -- 37. Qd6 Qxe3 38. g4+ Kh4 39. Qe7+
g5 40. Qxg5+ hxg5 41. Rh8#) 37. Rg8 Kg6 (37... g5 38. Qd6 {
the Black bishop is useless}) 38. Qd4 1-0

[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1909.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lasker"]
[Black "Janowsky"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "04: Rook against Bishop or Knight"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "6k1/2p4q/p1Pp1r2/1p1PpP1p/1P1n4/3R2PQ/P7/3R3K w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "54"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A pawn and a strong Knight position for the Exchagne  A Knight in the middle
of the board protected by a pawn and out of range of any enemy pawn, is
stronger than a Bishop and nearly as strong as a Rook (Dr. Tarrasch).  Here
Black can soon win the f-pawn, while the d-pawn is also a weakling. All this
combined outweighs the Exchange, as the sequence shows.} 1. Rf1 1... Qf7 {
Black's best policy is to keep the Queens on the board.} (1... Nxf5 2. Rdf3) (
1... Rxf5 2. Rxf5 Nxf5 (2... Qxf5 3. Qxf5 Nxf5 4. Rf3 Nd4 5. Rf6 5... Kg7 6.
Rxd6 cxd6 7. c7) 3. Rf3) 2. Qg2 $2 (2. Kh2 Qxd5 3. Qxh5) 2... Rxf5 3. Rxf5 Qxf5
4. Re3 {costs another pawn, but White has no good continuations} (4. Ra3 e4 5.
Rxa6 e3 6. Ra3 6... e2 $19) (4. Rd1 Nf3 5. Rf1 5... e4 $17) 4... Qb1+ 5. Kh2
Qxb4 6. g4 6... h4 {Black's program reads: push on with the Queenside pawns,
but don't let the opponent become active} 7. Kh3 (7. Rh3 Qe1) 7... Qc4 8. Qe4 (
8. Kxh4 8... Nf5+) 8... Kg7 9. Kxh4 9... Qf1 $1 {
Before he can bring the Queenside pawns forawrd Black must prevent Kg5.} 10. a3
(10. Kg5 Qf6+ 11. Kh5 Qh6#) 10... a5 11. Kg3 11... Qg1+ $1 (11... -- 12. Re1
Qc4 13. Rh1 $132) 12. Kh3 (12. Kh4 Qf2+ 13. Rg3 Ne2) 12... Qf2 {
Imobolizes the Rook} 13. g5 (13. Rc3 13... Ne2) (13. Re1 13... Nf3) 13... b4
14. axb4 axb4 15. Kg4 Qg1+ (15... b3 16. Rh3 Qg1+ 17. Rg3 Qd1+ 18. Kh4 {
blocking the h-file}) 16. Kh5 Qh2+ 17. Kg4 b3 18. Re1 18... Qc2 19. Kh5 (19.
Qxc2 bxc2 20. Rc1 Kg6 21. Kh4 e4 22. Kg4 22... e3 $19) 19... Qxe4 20. Rxe4
20... Nc2 $1 {
Thanks to this fine move, Black ensures that his opponent cannot stop the pawn}
21. Rxe5 (21. Rh4 b2 22. Rh1 Na3) 21... b2 (21... dxe5 22. d6 b2 23. dxc7 b1=Q
24. c8=Q Qh1+ 25. Kg4 Ne3+ 26. Kg3 Qg2+ 27. Kh4 Qf2+ 28. Kh3 Qf3+ 29. Kh4 Ng2#)
22. Re7+ Kf8 23. Rxc7 b1=Q 24. Rc8+ Ke7 25. Rc7+ Kd8 26. Rd7+ Ke8 27. Rxd6 Nd4
0-1

[Event "Triberg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1921.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Selesniev"]
[Black "Alekhine"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "04: Rook against Bishop or Knight"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "1r3rk1/2qnppb1/b2p2pp/p1pP4/P1P5/3B1NP1/2QBPP1P/1R3RK1 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "109"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The Exchange counterbalanced by two positional advantages: two Bishops plus
protected passed pawns} 1... Rb4 $1 2. Bxb4 2... cxb4 {For the exchange Black
now has a whole string of advantages:  a) A protected passed pawn  b) Bishop
pair  c) White weak a and c-pawn  d) the c5 square  According to Alekhine,
these advantages add up to more than the value of the Exchange} 3. Nd2 3... Nc5
$2 {An inexactitude, of which White makes excellent use} (3... Rc8) 4. Nb3 {
Black supposed this to be impossible because of the undefended a-pawn} 4... Nd7
(4... Nxa4 5. Ra1 Nc5 6. Nxa5 Bxa1 7. Rxa1 7... Kg7 (7... -- 8. Bxg6 fxg6 9.
Qxg6+) 8. Nc6 $16) (4... Rc8 5. Nxc5 Qxc5 6. Rfc1 Bc3 7. Qb3 Qd4 8. Rxc3 bxc3
9. Rc1 {White would have succeded in restoring the balance}) 5. c5 $1 {
This pawn was only obstructing the Bishop} 5... Bxd3 6. exd3 $1 6... dxc5 7.
Rfe1 (7. Qc4 Qd6 8. Nxa5 Ne5 9. Qb3 Ra8) 7... Ne5 8. Re3 (8. Qxc5 Nf3+ 9. Kf1 (
9. Kg2 Nxe1+ 10. Rxe1 Qxc5 (10... Rc8 11. Qxc7 Rxc7 12. Nxa5 Ra7 13. Nc6) 11.
Nxc5 Rc8 12. Nb3 {Euwe}) 9... Qxc5 10. Nxc5 Nd2+ 11. Kg2 Nxb1 12. Rxb1 12...
Rd8 $17 {Alekhine}) 8... Rc8 9. Rc1 Qd7 10. d4 Ng4 11. Re4 (11. dxc5 Nxe3 12.
fxe3 12... Qxa4) 11... c4 12. Nc5 (12. Nxa5 Qxd5 13. Nxc4 Rxc4 14. Qxc4 Qxe4
15. Qxb4 15... Bxd4 $19) 12... Qf5 13. Qe2 13... b3 $3 {
A decidedly unexpected advance} 14. Rxg4 (14. Qxg4 b2 15. Rb1 Qxg4 16. Rxg4 c3
17. Nd3 Rc4 18. Nxb2 Rb4 19. Re4 Kf8 20. Rc1 f5 21. Nd3 fxe4 22. Nxb4 axb4 23.
a5 Bxd4 24. a6 24... Kf7 $19 (24... b3 25. Rxc3 Bxc3 26. a7)) (14. Rf4 Qh5 15.
Rxg4 b2) 14... b2 15. Qxb2 Qxg4 16. Rxc4 {Apparently things have worked out
well enough for White. True, he has relinquished the Exchange, but he has teh
initiative on the Queenside, and rejoices in the possession of an extra pawn.}
16... h5 $1 {But this move reveals a different side to the picture. Black
opens a sharp attack on the King, and the sequel clearly shows that his
chances are to be preferred.} 17. Qc2 h4 18. Qd3 Rd8 19. f3 Qh5 20. Qe4 hxg3
21. hxg3 Qg5 22. Kg2 Qd2+ 23. Kh3 Bf6 24. Rc2 Qh6+ 25. Kg2 Kg7 26. g4 Rh8 27.
Kf2 Rb8 28. Ke2 Rb4 29. Rd2 Qh2+ 30. Ke3 Qg1+ 31. Ke2 Bxd4 32. Nd3 Rb1 33. Nc1
Bc3 34. Qxb1 Qg2+ 35. Kd3 Qxd2+ 36. Kc4 Qd4+ 37. Kb3 Ba1 38. Ka3 Qc5+ 39. Ka2
Bf6 40. g5 Qxd5+ 41. Nb3 Qxg5 42. Qe1 Qg2+ 43. Qd2 Qxf3 44. Qxa5 g5 45. Qe1 Qc3
46. Qxc3 Bxc3 47. a5 Bxa5 48. Nxa5 g4 49. Nc4 g3 50. Nd2 Kg6 51. Kb2 Kf5 52.
Nf3 Kf4 53. Ng1 Ke3 54. Kc2 Kf2 55. Nh3+ Kf1 0-1

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1943.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lyublinsky"]
[Black "Botvinnik"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "04: Rook against Bishop or Knight"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "1r1r2k1/2b1qp1p/b1p3p1/p1p1p3/2P1P3/1PN1BP2/P1Q3PP/R2R2K1 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "57"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The placeing of a Rook at a strongly supported point on an open file gives
winning chances, especially if the Bishop pair is retained. In the present
case this possibility is in fact Black's only chance, in view of his seriously
weakened pawn position} 1... Rd4 $1 2. Ne2 $2 (2. Bxd4 cxd4 3. Na4 3... c5)
2... Bc8 3. Nxd4 cxd4 4. Bf2 (4. Bd2 {covering two diagonals and in a position
to support either Queenside operations by Pa3, Pb4 or advance Pf4}) 4... c5 5.
Rf1 5... f5 6. Bg3 {to provoke ... Pf4} 6... Bd7 7. Rae1 (7. f4 7... Bc6 {
securing united passed pawns} 8. exf5 8... e4 $1) 7... f4 8. Bf2 g5 9. g4 $2 {
The White Rooks have no open files so can not make their weight felt. The best
plan consists in opening a file on the Queenside, the natural method being Pa3,
Pb4. It is possible that this was White's intention, but that he wished to see
the Kingside closed first. This was false reason. Black does not permit the
closing, and it transpires that the move played only provided more targets for
attack} 9... fxg3 10. Bxg3 (10. hxg3 Bh3 11. g4 Bxf1 12. Rxf1 {Now the game
has suddenly become a struggle between White's good Bishop at g3 against
Black's bad one on c7. Nevertheless, Black still has the better of it, with
more freedom of movement and with a choice of attacking lines ( ... Pa5 or ...
Ph5)}) 10... Bh3 11. Rf2 11... h5 12. Rd2 12... h4 {The Steinitz method for
making the best of two Bishops is in operation here: depriving the enemy
pieces of all their best squares} 13. Bf2 Rf8 14. Rd3 Rf4 15. Kh1 Kh7 16. Rg1
16... Bd8 17. Qe2 17... Qf7 18. Qd1 (18. Be1 g4 19. fxg4 Bxg4 20. Rxg4 Rxg4 21.
Qxg4 Qf1+ 22. Qg1 22... Qxd3 $17) 18... Qh5 (18... g4 19. fxg4 Rxf2 20. Rxh3)
19. Be3 Qxf3+ 20. Qxf3 Rxf3 21. Bxg5 Rxd3 22. Bxd8 22... Re3 {Destroying
s last hope, which was based on the opposite coloured Bishops. After this move
Black gets connected passed pawns, which will care little about the colour of
bishops} 23. Bb6 Rxe4 24. Bxc5 Re2 25. Rd1 Bg4 26. h3 Bxh3 27. b4 Bf5 28. Bd6
d3 29. bxa5 29... h3 0-1

[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1949.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Najdorf"]
[Black "Trifunovic"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "04: Rook against Bishop or Knight"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "1r3r1k/2p3q1/p2pRp1p/2bQ1Pn1/P6B/2P5/B4PP1/R5K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "26"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{When the enemy King's position has been weakened, the type of exchange
sacrifice we have been discussing in the last two examples can be rapidly
decisive, especially if the outpost on the open file is still deeper inside
enemy territory.  Invasion point on the sixth rank} 1. Rae1 $1 1... Nxe6 2.
fxe6 Rbe8 3. Qf5 3... d5 4. Bxd5 Be7 5. Be4 Rd8 6. f4 (6. Re3 Rd1+ 7. Kh2 Bd6+)
6... c6 7. Kh2 Rd5 8. Bxd5 cxd5 9. Re3 9... Rg8 10. Rg3 Qf8 11. Qxd5 Rxg3 12.
Bxg3 f5 13. Bf2 13... Kh7 1-0

[Event "Mar del Plata"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1949.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Guimard"]
[Black "Michel"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "04: Rook against Bishop or Knight"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "4rrk1/2n2qpp/3p4/pppP1PB1/2b3P1/P1P1R2P/3Q1PB1/3R2K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "15"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Invasion point again in the sixth rank} 1. Re6 1... Nxe6 2. dxe6 Qc7 3. Bf4
3... Qa7 4. Bxd6 Bb3 5. Bxf8 Kxf8 6. Qd6+ Qe7 7. Qxe7+ Rxe7 8. Rd8+ 1-0

[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Bronstein"]
[Black "Boleslavsky"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D89"]
[Annotator "04: Rook against Bishop or Knight"]
[PlyCount "63"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. cxd5 Nxd5 5. e4 Nxc3 6. bxc3 c5 7. Bc4 Bg7 8.
Ne2 O-O 9. O-O cxd4 10. cxd4 Nc6 11. Be3 Bg4 12. f3 Na5 13. Bd3 13... Be6 {
In this well known position the offer of the exchange by 14. Pd5 is very
strong. The reason to be found in the following considerations:  I) White gets
the Bishop pair  II) With the disappearance of the Bishop from g7, Black's ...
Pg6 is only a weakening  III) White pawn majority in the centre, and this
always favours the attacker. Black's Queenside majority will have more
significance in theendgame} 14. d5 $1 14... Bxa1 15. Qxa1 15... f6 {A further w
eakening, which, however, is unavoidable, as White is threatening to regain
the exchange with Bh6, leaving Black with no compensation for his weakened
Kingside} 16. Bh6 16... Qb6+ (16... Re8 17. Nf4 (17. Bb5 $4 17... Qb6+) 17...
Bf7) 17. Kh1 $1 {
White values his positional advantages higher than the Exchange} (17. Nd4 Bd7 (
17... -- 18. Rb1 Qc5 19. Rc1 Qa3 20. dxe6) 18. Rb1 Qc5 19. Rc1 Qb6 20. Bxf8
Rxf8 21. h4 Qd6) 17... Rfd8 {
The only way to save the Exchange, but it doesn't improve Black's chances.} (
17... Bf7) 18. Rb1 18... Qc5 $1 (18... Qf2 19. Qc3 Qh4 20. Bf4 $16) (18... Qd6
19. Qc3 b6 20. Bf4 Qd7 (20... Qc5 21. Qxc5 bxc5 22. Bc7) 21. Bb5 $18) (18...
Qc7 19. Bf4 Qc8 20. Rc1) 19. Bd2 (19. Rb5 Qa3 20. Bc2 Bd7 (20... Rac8 $3 {Flohr
} 21. Bc1 (21. Qb1 Bd7 22. Bc1 Qd6 23. Rxa5 23... Qc7) (21. Nd4 Rxc2 22. Nxc2
Qa4 23. Rxa5 (23. Qb2) (23. Nd4) 23... Qxa5 24. dxe6 Qxa2) 21... Qd6 22. Rxa5
Rxc2 23. dxe6 Qd1+ 24. Ng1 Qxg1+ 25. Kxg1 Rd1#) 21. Bc1 Qxc1+ 22. Qxc1 Bxb5 23.
Nd4 Bd7 24. Qa3) 19... b6 20. Bb4 Qc7 21. Rc1 Qb7 (21... Qd7 22. Nd4 Bf7 23.
Bb5 Qb7 24. Bxa5 bxa5 25. Bc6 $16) 22. Qb1 22... Rab8 (22... Bc8 23. Nf4 {
rapidly winning attack}) 23. dxe6 {A rook is no match for two Bishops,
especially when the position leaves something to be desired in other respects}
23... Nc6 24. Bc3 Ne5 25. Bb5 Rbc8 26. Bxe5 Rxc1+ 27. Qxc1 fxe5 28. Bd7 Qa6 29.
Ng3 Qxa2 30. h4 Rf8 31. Qg5 Rf6 32. Qxf6 $1 1-0

[Event "Budapest"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "1"]
[White "Bronstein"]
[Black "Stahlberg"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C93"]
[Annotator "04: Rook against Bishop or Knight"]
[PlyCount "92"]
[EventDate "1968.??.??"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The exchange offset by a pawn and a preponderance in the centre} 1. e4 e6 2.
d4 d5 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bg5 Be7 5. e5 Nfd7 6. h4 c5 7. Bxe7 Qxe7 8. Nb5 8... O-O 9.
Nc7 cxd4 10. Nxa8 f6 11. Qxd4 11... Nc6 12. Qd2 fxe5 13. O-O-O Nf6 14. f3 Qd6
15. Ne2 Bd7 16. Nc3 16... Rxa8 {It is a well know fact that the owner of a
strong pawn centre often gets automatic attacking chaces. The attempt to
achieve such a centre by an Exchange sacrifice is nothing new, and in practise
it has been repeatedly successful. Nevertheless, its correctness must be
questioned as we shall show in the further course of this game.} 17. Ne4 {
Logical and strong. To give the opponent no attacking chacens, White is aiming
to exchange minor pieces.} 17... Qe7 18. Nxf6+ Qxf6 19. Bb5 19... Nb8 $1 {
Understandably Black prefers to exchange a bad Bishop rather than a Knight} 20.
Qb4 Bxb5 21. Qxb5 Qf7 22. c4 {The pawn centre is demolished. White's last move
has weakend d4, and his King's position is too open for hims to achieve his
aims} (22. c3) 22... Nc6 $1 (22... Qc7 23. Qe8#) (22... dxc4 23. Rd8+) 23. cxd5
23... Nd4 24. Qd3 (24. dxe6 $4 24... Qf4+) (24. Rxd4 exd4 25. dxe6 Qxe6 26. Kb1
26... Qg6+ $17) 24... exd5 25. Rhf1 {The only possibility of undermining the
position of the Knight consists of the pawn advance Pf4} 25... Qf4+ 26. Kb1 Rd8
27. g3 $1 {With this pawn offer, White succeds in carrying out his plan} 27...
Qxg3 28. f4 28... Qxd3+ 29. Rxd3 Nc6 30. fxe5 Nxe5 31. Rd4 Nc6 32. Rdf4 32...
Ne5 {Black can not allow the invasion at f7. In material, Black has not done
badly, with two pawns for the Exchange; but positionally things are not so
good for him, with the White rooks connected, and the open files at their
disposal. White is justified in playing for a wing} 33. Rf5 $2 (33. Rd4 Nc6 34.
Rd2 d4 35. Rdf2 Ne5) 33... Nc4 34. R1f2 $2 (34. R5f2 d4 35. b3 Ne3 36. Re1 d3
37. Rd2) 34... d4 35. b3 $2 (35. Rc5 $1 35... d3 36. Rxc4 d2 37. Rxd2 Rxd2 38.
Rc8+ Kf7 39. Rc7+ Ke6 40. Rxb7 Rh2 41. Rb4 $11) 35... d3 $1 36. bxc4 d2 37.
Rxd2 Rxd2 38. Rb5 b6 39. Re5 Rd4 40. c5 Rxh4 41. Re8+ Kf7 42. Ra8 Rb4+ 43. Ka1
bxc5 44. Rxa7+ Kf6 45. Ra5 g5 46. Rxc5 g4 0-1

[Event "Buenos"]
[Site "Buenos"]
[Date "1927.??.??"]
[Round "3"]
[White "Capablanca"]
[Black "Alekhine"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A47"]
[Annotator "04: Rook against Two Minor pieces"]
[PlyCount "83"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. Nf3 b6 3. g3 Bb7 4. Bg2 c5 5. O-O cxd4 6. Nxd4 Bxg2 7. Kxg2 d5 8.
c4 e6 9. Qa4+ Qd7 10. Nb5 Nc6 11. cxd5 (11. Bf4 e5) 11... exd5 12. Bf4 Rc8 13.
Rc1 13... Bc5 $2 14. b4 $1 14... Bxb4 (14... Nxb4 15. Nd6+ Bxd6 16. Rxc8+) (
14... Be7 15. Nd4) 15. Rxc6 15... Rxc6 16. Qxb4 Ne4 17. Nd2 Nxd2 18. Qxd2 $2
18... O-O {Black has a pawn as well as a Rook against two minor piece, but in
practise this is seldom enough. It is certain that the minor-piece player must
go for the attack, for in that way he will make most of his advantage. The
Rook player will genereally welcome  exchanges, since it is in an endgame that
he will have drawing chances} 19. Rd1 19... Rc5 20. Nd4 Re8 21. Nb3 Rcc8 22. e3
(22. Qxd5 Qxd5+ 23. Rxd5 Rxe2 24. Rd2 Rxd2 25. Bxd2 25... Rc2 $17) 22... Qa4
23. Qxd5 {White, being committed to the attack, can allow Black two unitied
passed pawns on the Queenside. From now on Black's attention will be divided
between the two winge, and he will be unable to organize the defence of his
King} 23... Rc2 (23... Qxa2 24. Ra1) 24. Rd2 24... Rxa2 {The best chance} (
24... Qxa2 25. Qd7 Rf8 26. Rxc2 Qxc2 27. Nd4 Qc5 28. Nf5 -- 29. Ne7+ Kh8 30.
Bd6 -- 31. Ng6+) 25. Rxa2 Qxa2 26. Qc6 Rf8 27. Nd4 Kh8 (27... Qa5 28. Bd6 Rd8
29. e4 29... g6 30. Be7 Rxd4 31. Qc8+ Kg7 32. Qf8#) (27... Rd8 28. e4 h6 29.
Be5 f6 30. Ne6 $18) (27... h6 28. Bd6 Rd8 29. e4 Qd2 30. Nf5 g6 31. Bf4 Qd7 32.
Qf6 gxf5 33. Bxh6 Qd4 34. e5 Qe4+ 35. f3 Qe2+ 36. Kh3 Qf1+ 37. Kh4 Rd4+ 38. Kg5
) 28. Be5 28... f6 {This weakening should be avoided if possible} (28... Rg8
29. Bxg7+ (29. e4 29... f6 (29... Qb2 30. Nf3 Qb3 31. Ng5 f6 32. Qb5 32... Qa2
33. Qa4 $18) (29... Qa5 30. Nf3 f6 (30... Qc5 31. Ng5 31... Qe7 32. Qh6 $1) 31.
Bd4 Rf8 (31... h6 32. e5 fxe5 33. Bxe5 33... Kh7 34. Qc2+ Kh8 35. Qg6) 32. Qd6
Kg8 33. Qe6+ Kh8 34. e5 fxe5 35. Nxe5 $18) 30. Bxf6 gxf6 31. Qxf6+ Rg7 32. Ne6
$18) 29... Rxg7 30. Qe8+ Rg8 31. Qe5+ Rg7 32. Nf5 f6 33. Qxf6 Qd5+ 34. Kh3
34... Qd7 $11 35. Qf8+) 29. Ne6 29... Rg8 30. Bd4 h6 (30... a5 31. Nxg7 Rxg7
32. Qxf6 Qg8 33. h4) 31. h4 Qb1 32. Nxg7 {The decisive combination. White has
carried out his plan with great singleness of purpose} 32... Qg6 (32... Kxg7
33. Qxf6+ Kh7 34. Qf7+) (32... Rxg7 33. Qxf6 Qe4+ 34. Kg1 (34. Kh2 {
Further away from the a-pawns}) 34... Qb7 (34... Qb1+ 35. Kh2 Qh7 36. Qf8+) 35.
Qxh6+ Kg8 36. Qxg7+ Qxg7 37. Bxg7 37... Kxg7 $18) 33. h5 33... Qf7 34. Nf5 Kh7
35. Qe4 35... Re8 36. Qf4 36... Qf8 37. Nd6 Re7 38. Bxf6 Qa8+ 39. e4 Rg7 40.
Bxg7 Kxg7 41. Nf5+ 41... Kf7 42. Qc7+ {mate in two} 1-0

[Event "Bled"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1931.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tartakower"]
[Black "Bogolyubov"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D13"]
[Annotator "04: Rook against Two Minor pieces"]
[PlyCount "112"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The minor piece side posses two Bishops} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 c6 3. cxd5 cxd5 4. Nc3
Nf6 5. Nf3 Nc6 6. Bf4 e6 7. e3 Be7 8. Bd3 O-O 9. a3 Nh5 10. Be5 f6 11. Ng5
11... g6 12. Nxh7 12... fxe5 (12... Kxh7 13. Qxh5+ Kg8 14. Qxg6+ Kh8 15. Qh7#)
13. Nxf8 Bxf8 14. Bxg6 14... Nf6 {White has a Rook and two pawns against two
minor pieces; moreover, Black's Kingside is completely demolished. One would
think that White must hace more than sufficient compensation. There is
nevertheless one factor in the position which will make White's game very
difficult - namely, Black's two Bishops} 15. g4 15... Nh7 16. h4 16... Bg7 17.
Bxh7+ {White is compelled by the pressure on d4 to take this drastic measure} (
17. dxe5 Nxe5 18. Bc2 Nc4 19. Qd3 Nf8 20. O-O-O 20... Bd7 {strong attack})
17... Kxh7 18. Qc2+ Kh8 19. dxe5 Nxe5 20. O-O-O 20... Bd7 21. h5 21... Rc8 22.
h6 Bf8 23. g5 {Black is not interested in winning the g-pawn, thereby giving
the White Rooks an opportunity of showing their paces on the g-file. Rather he
concentrates all his strength against White's King position, the two Bishops
giving invaluable service} 23... Be8 24. f4 Bg6 25. e4 25... Nc4 (25... Bxe4
26. Qxe4 dxe4 27. Rxd8 Rxd8 28. fxe5) 26. Qd3 26... Qb6 {
Forcing White to simplify} (26... Bxe4 27. Qd4+ e5 28. Qxe4 dxe4 29. Rxd8 Rxd8
30. f5 $13) 27. Qd4+ Qxd4 28. Rxd4 Bc5 29. f5 $1 {White's best counterchance} (
29. Rdd1 29... Be3+ $19) 29... exf5 {Black prefers to keep his Bishop pair} (
29... Bxd4 30. fxg6 30... Be3+ $2 (30... Nxa3 31. bxa3 Bxc3) 31. Kb1 Nxa3+ 32.
bxa3 Rxc3 33. g7+ Kh7 34. g6+ $18) 30. Rxd5 fxe4 31. Kb1 {
The Knight must be unpinned} (31. Kd1 $4 31... Ne3+) 31... e3+ 32. Ka1 32...
Nb6 33. Re5 33... Bd4 34. Re6 34... Bf5 (34... Rxc3 35. Rxg6 $1 (35. bxc3 Bxc3+
36. Ka2 Bf7) (35. Rxb6 axb6 36. bxc3 Bxc3+ 37. Ka2 e2)) 35. Re7 Nc4 36. Rh4
36... Nxa3 $1 {Notice how Black is always careful to keep his two bishop,
making no use of the chance of winning White's c-pawn} 37. bxa3 Bxc3+ 38. Ka2
Bd2 39. Rf4 Bh7 40. Rd4 (40. Rff7 Bg8) 40... Bg8+ 41. Kb1 Bh7+ 42. Ka2 Rg8 43.
Rdd7 Bf5 44. Rxb7 a5 45. a4 (45. Rb3 Bc2) 45... Bd3 46. Rbd7 e2 47. Rxd3 e1=Q
48. Rxe1 Bxe1 49. Rd5 Kh7 50. Kb3 Kg6 51. Kc4 Rb8 52. Rb5 Re8 53. Rd5 Re4+ 54.
Rd4 Rxd4+ 55. Kxd4 Bd2 56. Kc4 Bxg5 0-1

[Event "Goetborg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1920.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Spielmann"]
[Black "Moller"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C33"]
[Annotator "05: Queen against Two Minor pieces"]
[PlyCount "55"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The minor pieces have an attack on the king} 1. e4 e5 2. f4 exf4 3. Qf3 Nc6 4.
c3 Nf6 5. d4 d5 6. e5 Ne4 7. Bb5 $2 7... Qh4+ 8. Kf1 g5 9. Nd2 Bg4 10. Nxe4
Bxf3 11. Nxf3 Qh6 12. Nf6+ 12... Kd8 {Under normal circumstances the two minor
pieces will clearly get the worst of it against the Queen; but the purpose of
this example is to show that given favourable conditions the minor pieces can
make things very difficult - say difficult, indeed, that the Queen may even
have to pay the piper.   Here White has some lead in development, while the
Black king must stay in the middle for the time being. To make use of these
factors, White must attack at once.} 13. h4 $1 13... Be7 (13... g4 14. Ng5
14... Qg6 15. Bxf4) 14. Nxg5 Qg6 15. Nxd5 15... Bxg5 16. hxg5 16... Qc2 {
Queen is not well placed} (16... Qxg5 {stronger}) 17. Be2 17... Ne7 (17... Kd7
18. Bg4+) 18. Nxf4 18... c5 {Black takes his task to lightly} (18... c6) 19.
Rh3 $1 19... cxd4 $2 (19... Kc7 20. d5) (19... Qf5 20. g4 Qd7 21. d5 $13) 20.
Rd3 20... Kc7 (20... Qa4 21. Rxd4+) 21. Bd1 21... Qxd3+ 22. Nxd3 dxc3 23. bxc3
Rad8 24. Be2 Nf5 25. Bf4 Kb8 26. Rb1 b6 27. e6+ Kc8 28. Ne5 1-0

[Event "New York"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1941.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Marshall"]
[Black "Halper"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C44"]
[Annotator "05: Queen against Two Minor pieces"]
[PlyCount "55"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 exd4 4. c3 dxc3 5. Bc4 d6 6. Qb3 Qd7 7. Qxc3 $2 7...
d5 8. exd5 Bb4 9. dxc6 Bxc3+ 10. Nxc3 bxc6 11. O-O {The game is open, so that
the Bishops come into their own all the better. For Black it is now essential
to finish development} 11... Ne7 $2 (11... Qf5 12. Re1+ Be6) (11... Nf6 12.
Re1+ Kf8 13. Be3 13... h6 14. Bc5+ Kg8 15. Re7 {winning attack}) 12. Bxf7+
12... Kf8 (12... Kxf7 13. Ne5+ {
White has a better pawn structure and hence endgame}) 13. Bb3 Bb7 14. Be3 14...
Nf5 (14... Nd5 15. Bc5+ Kg8 16. Ne5 Qe6 17. Rae1 {
Black is at a loss for a good continuation} 17... Re8 (17... Rd8 18. f4 18...
h6 19. f5 Qf6 20. Ng6 Kh7 21. Ne4 {wins the queen}) 18. Nxc6 {R. Fine}) 15.
Bc5+ 15... Nd6 16. Nd4 {Black can not get his Rooks into play} 16... Re8 17.
Rfe1 17... h5 {This loses the Exchange, so that White already has Rook and
bishop for the Queen} (17... Rxe1+ 18. Rxe1 h5 19. Ne6+ Kf7 20. Nxc7+) 18. Ne6+
18... Rxe6 (18... Kf7 19. Nxc7+) 19. Bxe6 Qd8 20. Re5 20... Rh6 {
At last the Rook puts in an appearance, but it is far too late now} 21. Rae1
21... Bc8 22. Bb3 Bd7 23. Be3 23... Nf5 (23... Rh8 24. Bg5) (23... Rg6 24. Rxh5
Nf7 25. Bc5+ Kg8 26. Re7 Rf6 27. Ne4) 24. Bxh6 gxh6 25. Ne4 25... Kg7 26. Nc5
Kf6 (26... Bc8 27. Re8 27... Qd4 28. Rxc8) 27. Nxd7+ 27... Qxd7 28. Be6 1-0

[Event "Amsterdam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "????.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kmoch"]
[Black "Prins"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D97"]
[Annotator "05: Queen against three minor pieces"]
[PlyCount "35"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A well known position in the Grunfeld Defence} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4.
Nf3 Bg7 5. Qb3 dxc4 6. Qxc4 O-O 7. e4 7... b6 $2 8. e5 8... Be6 9. exf6 9...
Bxc4 10. fxg7 Kxg7 11. Bxc4 {White dominats the game. An examination of the
position revelas that Black can undertake nothing, while hiw own position is
beset with perils.  It is noteworthy that it is the weakening produced by the
fianchetto which particularly hampers him. If only the b-pawn were unmoved,
his game might get be tenable.} 11... Nc6 12. Be3 Nb4 (12... Na5) 13. O-O Nc2
14. Rad1 Nxe3 15. fxe3 15... c5 {A blunder which puts an untimely end to the
fight. Even with best play the game could not have been saved in the long run.}
16. Ng5 $1 16... e6 17. Rxf7+ $1 17... Rxf7 (17... Kh6 18. Rxh7+ Kxg5 19. h4+
19... Kg4 20. Be2+ Rf3 (20... Kg3 21. Ne4#) 21. Bxf3+ Kf5 22. Rf7+ Qf6 23. g4#)
18. Nxe6+ 1-0

[Event "Amsterdam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Fine"]
[Black "Grunfeld"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D39"]
[Annotator "05: Queen against three minor pieces"]
[PlyCount "103"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 d5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. c4 e6 4. Nc3 dxc4 5. e4 5... Bb4 6. Bg5 6... c5 7. e5
cxd4 8. Qa4+ Nc6 9. O-O-O Bd7 10. Ne4 Be7 11. exf6 gxf6 12. Bh4 Nb4 13. Qxb4
13... Bxb4 14. Nxf6+ Kf8 15. Rxd4 15... Qa5 16. Nxd7+ Ke8 17. Nf6+ 17... Kf8 {
Due to the insecure Black King, the minor-piece player here has a very
favourable game, if not an outrightwin} 18. Bxc4 (18. Ne5 h5 19. Ned7+ (19.
Bxc4 Rc8 20. Kb1 Be7 21. Rhd1 Kg7 22. Ned7) 19... Kg7 20. Bxc4 Rhc8 21. Kb1 Bc3
22. Re4 Bxb2 23. Kxb2 Qd2+ 24. Kb1 b5 25. Bb3 Qd3+ 26. Ka1 26... Qc3+ $11 {
Gereben-de Groot, Munich 1936}) 18... Rc8 19. Kb1 h5 20. Rhd1 Be7 21. Nd7+ {
White parries the threat easily, still strengthening his position} (21. -- Bxf6
22. Bxf6 Qf5+) (21. -- Kg7 22. -- Rhd8) 21... Ke8 22. Bg3 {
maintaining the pressure} (22. Bxe7 22... Kxe7 {
only helping Black's development}) 22... Rg8 23. h3 23... Rg7 24. a3 {
An innocent looking move, but in reality a good one. The explanation is that
Fine intends to estabilsh a Knight or Bishop on f6, and must first move his
King to a2 to avoidQf5+} 24... b5 {seeking counterplay} 25. Bb3 b4 (25... Qa6
26. Be5 Rxg2 27. Nf6+ Kf8 28. Nxh5 {some counterplay for Black}) 26. axb4 Bxb4
27. Be5 Rxg2 28. Rxb4 $1 {diagonals} 28... Qxb4 29. Nf6+ 29... Ke7 30. Rd7+
30... Kf8 31. Bd6+ 31... Qxd6 32. Rxd6 Rxf2 33. Rd3 {
With three pieces against Rook and three pawns, White has an easily won game}
33... Ke7 34. Nxh5 Rf1+ 35. Bd1 Rg8 36. Nd4 e5 37. Nc6+ Ke6 38. Ka2 Rxd1 39.
Rxd1 Rg5 40. Nf4+ exf4 41. Nd4+ Kf6 42. Rf1 Ra5+ 43. Kb1 Ra4 44. Nf3 Re4 45.
Re1 Re6 46. Rxe6+ fxe6 47. Kc2 e5 48. Kd3 Kf5 49. Nd2 Kg5 50. Ke4 Kh4 51. Kxe5
Kxh3 52. Kxf4 1-0

[Event "Saltsjobaden"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1948.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Najdorf"]
[Black "Ragozin"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D98"]
[Annotator "05: Queen Against Rook and Bishop/Knight"]
[PlyCount "100"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Nf3 Bg7 5. Qb3 dxc4 6. Qxc4 O-O 7. e4 Bg4 8.
Ng5 Nc6 9. d5 Ne8 10. h3 (10. dxc6 10... Bxc3+ 11. Qxc3 Qd1#) 10... Ne5 11. Qb3
Bc8 12. Be2 12... c6 13. O-O cxd5 14. Nxd5 Nc6 15. Nf3 Nd6 16. Rd1 Be6 17. Qa3
Nxe4 18. Nf6+ Nxf6 19. Rxd8 19... Rfxd8 {Rook, Knight and pawn generally mean
full compensation for the Queen. In the present case there is a little
positional advantage as well, consisting of a lead in development sufficient
at least to ensure the advance of Black's centre pawn. The extra freeedom of
movement which must result from this gives Black the better chances} 20. Bd2 $2
{This enables Black to improve the placement of his Knight with gain of tempo.}
(20. Bg5) (20. Be3) 20... Ne4 21. Be3 Nd6 22. Rc1 (22. Re1 Nf5 (22... Nc4 23.
Bxc4 Bxc4 24. b3 24... Bd5 {Two bishops would being to pull their weight}) 23.
Bc1) 22... Nf5 23. Bf4 {This allows Black to advance his centre pawn with gain
of tempo. White however has not enough points of contact for forming a sound
plan since he exerts so little influence in the centre} (23. Bc4 {Pirc} 23...
Bxc4 24. Rxc4 e5) (23. Bc5 b6 24. Be3 Bd5) (23. Ng5 23... Nxe3 (23... Bd5 24.
Bf3 Nxe3 25. Qxe3 Bxb2 26. Rb1 Bd4 27. Qf4 $132) 24. Nxe6 Rd6 25. Nxg7 Nd5 26.
Nh5 26... gxh5 {White reagins his pawn, attaining a material advantage}) 23...
Bd5 24. Bc4 Bxc4 25. Rxc4 25... e5 26. Bg5 (26. Bd2 {
rather than drive the Rook to a better square
}) 26... Rd1+ 27. Kh2 h6 28. Rc1
Rd7 29. Be3 29... e4 {opens the diagonal for the Bishop, and sets up a
splendid strongpoint at d3 for the other pieces} 30. Ne1 Rad8 31. Bc5 (31. Bf4
g5 32. Be3 Be5+ 33. g3 Nxe3 34. Qxe3 34... f5) 31... Be5+ 32. g3 (32. Kg1 32...
Rd2 33. Rb1 (33. Rc2 Rxc2 34. Nxc2 Rd1+ 35. Ne1 Rxe1#) 33... Re2) 32... Rd2 {
Wins a pawn} 33. Rc2 33... Bxg3+ 34. Kg2 {a cunning trap} 34... Be5 (34... Bxf2
35. Bxf2 e3 36. Qc3 exf2 37. Rxd2 fxe1=Q 38. Rxd8+) 35. Kf1 35... Rxc2 {
This is an inexactitude. It was not necessary to relieve White of his poorly
placed Rook by exchange.} (35... Rd1) 36. Nxc2 Rd1+ 37. Ke2 (37. Kg2 Nh4#)
37... Rb1 38. b4 Rb2 39. Kd1 Rb1+ 40. Kd2 40... Bf6 {
initiating the decisive attack} 41. Bxa7 Ne5 42. Qa4 Nf3+ 43. Ke2 Ng1+ 44. Kd2
Nf3+ 45. Ke2 Nd6 46. Qd7 (46. -- b5 47. Qa5 47... Nc4) 46... Ng1+ 47. Ke3 47...
Rd1 48. Nd4 Rd3+ 49. Kf4 49... Ne2+ 50. Kg4 (50. Nxe2 Rf3+ 51. Kg4 h5#) 50...
h5# 0-1

[Event "Zandvoort"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Euwe"]
[Black "Grunfeld"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D28"]
[Annotator "05: Queen Against Rook and Bishop/Knight"]
[PlyCount "55"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The owner of the Queen is on the attack} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 dxc4 3. Nf3 a6 4. e3
e6 5. Bxc4 Nf6 6. O-O c5 7. Qe2 7... Nc6 8. Rd1 8... b5 9. Bb3 c4 10. Bc2 Nb4
11. Nc3 Nxc2 12. Qxc2 Bb7 13. d5 13... exd5 14. e4 14... Be7 15. e5 Nd7 16.
Nxd5 O-O 17. Qf5 Nc5 18. Nf6+ 18... Bxf6 19. Rxd8 19... Bxd8 {In contrast with
the previous examples, the respective chances are sharply defined. White must
attack the King, helped by his pawn on e5; Black must make use of the d-file
and his Queenside pawn majority. His possession of the outpost at d3 is
obviously an important trump} 20. Ng5 {Forcing Black to relinquish the Bishop
pair, for if he should weaken his King's position instead, White's material
advantage would soon be decisive.} 20... Bxg5 21. Bxg5 {The strong position of
this Bishop deprive Black of any opportunity of playing for control of the
d-file. The Bishop can't be repulsed except by pushing up the pawns which
protect the King} 21... Rfe8 (21... Be4 {defending the Kingside}) 22. Re1 {
preventing the manouvre} 22... Re6 23. Re3 23... Rae8 $2 {
This must be considered the decisive mistake} (23... h6 24. Bf6 Nd7) 24. h4
24... h6 25. Bf6 $1 25... g6 (25... -- 26. Rg3 g6 27. Rxg6+) (25... gxf6 26.
exf6) (25... Nd7 26. Rg3 Nxf6 27. exf6 Re1+ 28. Kh2) 26. Qf4 26... Kh7 27. Bg5
$1 27... f5 (27... hxg5 28. Qxf7+ Kh6 (28... Kh8 29. hxg5) 29. hxg5+ Kxg5 30.
Rg3+ Kh6 31. f4) 28. exf6 {Black resigned, helpless against the many threats}
1-0

[Event "Match"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1909.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Janowsky"]
[Black "Lasker"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "05: Queen against Two Rooks"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "4rk2/1ppn1p1p/p2p1P2/8/5P2/1P3Q2/PBP2KPP/4r3 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "19"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The Queen on the attack  It is true enough that two Rooks are generally
stronger than the Queen, but in positions where the player with the Rooks has
his King exposed, so that it can be checked from left and right, things are
different. The Queen's great mobility gives her all sorts of chances. The pawn
on f6 guarantees White a winning advantage.} 1. Qxb7 $2 (1. Qh5 {
would have been decisive} 1... R8e2+ (1... R8e6 2. f5 R6e4 3. Bc3 R1e3 4. Qh6+)
(1... R8e4 2. Qxh7 Ke8 3. h4) (1... R8e3 2. Bc3 {forces transition to an ending
}) 2. Qxe2 Rxe2+ 3. Kxe2 {easy endgame}) 1... R1e2+ 2. Kf3 Rxc2 3. Bd4 a5 4.
Qb5 Nc5 5. Qxa5 Nd3 6. Be3 (6. -- Ne1+ 7. Kg4 Rxg2+) 6... d5 7. Bd2 $1 {
Because White had wandered off on a side track, the Black rooks were suddenly
becoming very active.} (7. -- Ne1+ 8. Qxe1 8... d4 9. Qb4+ c5) 7... c5 8. Kg3
Nc1 (8... d4 9. f5 Nc1 (9... -- 10. Bh6+ Kg8 11. Qb5) (9... Ne5 10. Bh6+ Kg8
11. Qb5 Rd8 12. Qf1 d3 13. Qe1 $1 13... d2 (13... Nc6 14. Qe3) 14. Bxd2 Rcxd2
15. Qxe5) 10. Bh6+ Kg8 11. Qb5 Rd8 12. Qf1 Nxa2 13. Qf4 $18) 9. Bxc1 Rxc1 10.
Qd2 {Black's trump (the passed pawn) is gone} 1-0

[Event "Mahrisch-Ostrau"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1923.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Euwe"]
[Black "Rubinstein"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D05"]
[Annotator "05: Queen against Two Rooks"]
[PlyCount "75"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The Rooks on the attack} 1. Nf3 d5 2. d4 Nf6 3. e3 e6 4. Bd3 c5 5. b3 Nc6 6.
O-O Bd6 7. Bb2 O-O 8. a3 b6 9. Ne5 Bb7 10. Nd2 Qe7 11. f4 Rfd8 12. Rf3 Ne4 13.
Rh3 f5 14. Bxe4 dxe4 15. Qh5 Bxe5 16. Qxh7+ Kf7 17. fxe5 Rh8 18. Qxh8 Rxh8 19.
Rxh8 {To show their full strength, Rooks must cooperate and this cooperation
is not apparent. However, White is threatening to bring it about by bringing
his Queen rook to f4} 19... Ba6 {The best countermove. This not only stops Rf1,
but also prevents the Knight from travelling via c4 to the dominating d6 post}
20. Nf1 20... Qd7 $2 {
After this inferior move, White's advantage is decisively strengthened} (20...
Bxf1 21. Rxf1 21... Qg5 $132 22. Rf4 22... cxd4) 21. Rd1 {
A pawn sacrifice in the interests of better cooperation among White's pieces}
21... Nxe5 22. d5 $1 {
Attacking the Knight so that Black cannot prevent the opening of the d-file!}
22... Ng4 23. dxe6+ Qxe6 24. Rhd8 {
The aim is accomplished, and White now threatens to end the game with R1d7+}
24... Bb5 25. c4 Be8 26. R1d5 26... f4 $1 {Black's best counterchance} (26...
Nf6 27. Re5) 27. h3 (27. exf4 $2 27... e3) 27... fxe3 28. Ng3 28... e2 (28...
Nf6) 29. Nxe2 Ne3 30. Rg5 30... g6 31. Nf4 Qe7 32. Rxg6 $1 32... Nf5 (32...
Qxd8 33. Rg7+ Kf8 34. Ne6#) 33. Rf6+ Kg8 34. Rxe8+ 34... Qxe8 35. Rxf5 e3 36.
Rg5+ Kh7 (36... Kf8 37. Ng6+ Kf7 38. Nh8+ Kf8 39. Re5) 37. Rh5+ Kg8 38. Rh8+
1-0

[Event "Nuremberg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1906.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Chigorin"]
[Black "Forgacs"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C55"]
[Annotator "06: Vanished Centre"]
[PlyCount "73"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The significance of a lead in development (analysis by Dr. Tarrasch)} 1. e4 e5
2. Nc3 Nf6 3. Nf3 Nc6 4. Bc4 Nxe4 5. Nxe4 d5 6. Bd3 dxe4 7. Bxe4 Bd6 8. d4 exd4
9. Nxd4 Nxd4 10. Qxd4 10... O-O {This example shows in striking fashion how a
small advantage can, with exact play, assume decisive significance} 11. Be3 Qe7
12. O-O-O $1 {Now white needs only one more move (Rhe1) to complete his
development. Black needs at least three.} 12... Be5 13. Qd3 13... f5 14. Bd5+
Be6 15. Rhe1 15... Kh8 {
Black is in serious trouble, since he is well behind in development} (15...
Rfd8 16. Bxe6+ Qxe6 17. Qxd8+ Rxd8 18. Rxd8+ $16) 16. Bxe6 Qxe6 17. Kb1 {
By evading the intermediate check from f4, White now threatens Bd4.} (17. Bc5
Rfe8 18. Kb1 Qc6 19. Ba3 Qxg2 20. Qxf5 20... Bxh2 {game continuation}) 17...
Qf6 18. Bd4 18... Bxd4 (18... Rae8 19. Qe2 Bxd4 20. Qxe8) 19. Qxd4 Qxd4 20.
Rxd4 20... Rfe8 $1 (20... Rad8 21. Rxd8 Rxd8 22. Kc1) 21. Re3 $1 21... Rxe3 22.
fxe3 Kg8 23. Rd7 23... Re8 {
In this sort of position, counterattack is always the best form of attack} 24.
Rxc7 (24. Kc1 Rxe3 25. Kd2 {also strong}) 24... Rxe3 25. Kc1 Re2 26. g3 b6 27.
Rxa7 Rxh2 28. Ra6 Rh3 29. Rxb6 29... Rxg3 {The position is still remarkably
symmetrical, but White has nursed his lead in development to decisive
proportions} 30. a4 30... Re3 31. a5 Re8 32. a6 Ra8 33. b4 33... h5 34. b5 h4
35. Rc6 {White is winning due to the threat to} 35... -- (35... h3 36. Rc3) 36.
b6 Rxa6 37. b7 1-0

[Event "Bad Sliac"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1932.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Maroczy"]
[Black "Spielmann"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C01"]
[Annotator "06: Queen's Pawn Centre"]
[PlyCount "81"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The significance of the support point c5} 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. exd5 exd5 4.
Bd3 Nc6 5. c3 Bd6 6. Nf3 Nge7 7. O-O Bg4 8. Re1 Qd7 9. Nbd2 9... O-O-O {
The treatment of this opening is an example of how Black can avoid symmetry.
The sequel shows, however, that he has pursued the idea too far. He should
have castled Kingside.  } 10. b4 $1 {After castling on opposite sides, it
important to seize the initiative as quickly as possible} 10... Ng6 11. Nb3
11... Rde8 12. Be3 Nh4 13. Be2 Bxf3 14. Bxf3 Ne7 15. Be2 Nef5 16. Bg5 16...
Nxg2 $5 {
Spielman embarked on this promising, but ultimately incorrect piece sacrifice}
(16... -- 17. Bxh4 Nxh4 18. Nc5 {winning position}) 17. Kxg2 f6 18. Bd2 Nh4+
19. Kh1 19... h5 20. Bf1 20... Qf5 21. f4 g5 (21... Bxf4 22. Bxf4 Qxf4 23. Qd2
Qf3+ 24. Kg1 Qf5 25. Qf2 Nf3+ 26. Kh1) 22. Qb1 $1 22... Re4 23. Qd3 g4 24. Nc5
Bxc5 25. bxc5 Nf3 26. Re2 Rhe8 27. Rf2 c6 28. Rxf3 $1 {
The easiest way to win. Now White has two powerful Bishops against a rook}
28... gxf3 29. Qxf3 Qd7 30. Bh3 f5 31. Qxh5 Kb8 32. Bxf5 Qe7 33. Qg5 $1 (33.
Bxe4 Qxe4+ 34. Kg1 Rg8+ 35. Kf2 Qg2+ 36. Ke3 Qe4+ 37. Kf2 $11) 33... Re2 34.
Qxe7 R8xe7 35. Rd1 Rg7 36. Bd3 Rf2 37. f5 a5 38. a4 Ka7 39. Be1 Ra2 40. Bg3 Rf7
41. Be5 1-0

[Event "?"]
[Site "GRONINGEN"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tartakower"]
[Black "Botvinnik"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C01"]
[Annotator "06: Queen's Pawn Centre"]
[PlyCount "108"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Breaking the symmetry by advancing the c-pawn} 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. exd5 exd5
4. Nf3 Bd6 5. c4 Nf6 (5... dxc4 {
Isolating White's d-pawn but White's pieces could become active}) 6. c5 Be7 7.
Bd3 7... b6 8. cxb6 (8. b4 8... a5 $1) 8... axb6 9. O-O 9... O-O {In itself the
advance of the c-pawn constitutes a weakening of White's pawn structure. 
 White's d-pawn is vulnerable, but Black's c-pawn is no less so} 10. Nc3 (10.
Bg5 {More solid, now the pin on f3 is annoying}) 10... Bg4 11. h3 Bh5 12. g4 {
An energetic weakening of the Kingside} (12. Be2 12... Ne4 $36 (12... c6 13. --
Bd6 14. -- Nbd7 15. -- Re8)) 12... Bg6 13. Ne5 13... Bxd3 14. Qxd3 c6 15. Bg5
$2 15... Nxg4 $1 16. Nxc6 (16. Bxe7 Nxe5 17. Bxd8 Nxd3 18. Bxb6 Nxb2) (16. hxg4
16... Bxg5 17. Kg2) 16... Nxc6 17. Bxe7 Nxe7 18. hxg4 18... f5 19. Rae1 {
A temporary sacrifice by Which White saves himself from being immediately
overrun on theKingside} 19... fxg4 20. Re5 20... Rf3 21. Qb5 21... Ng6 $1 (
21... -- 22. Rxe7 Qxe7 23. Qxd5+) 22. Rxd5 (22. Qxd5+ Qxd5 23. Rxd5 Nf4 24. Rb5
Rf8 25. Rxb6 g3 26. fxg3 26... Nh3+) 22... Qf6 23. Rg5 Rf8 24. Ne4 Qf4 25. Qd5+
Kh8 26. Rh5 26... Rh3 (26... h6 27. Qe6 27... Re3 $1 28. Qxg6 Rxe4 29. Rh4 Rxd4
30. Qxb6 Rd2) (26... g3 27. Ng5 gxf2+ 28. Kh1 $14) 27. Rxh3 gxh3 28. Ng3 Nh4
29. Qe4 Nf3+ 30. Kh1 Qxe4 31. Nxe4 Rf4 32. Rc1 h6 33. Rc3 g5 34. d5 g4 35. Re3
Rf5 36. Nc3 Rf6 37. Re6 Kg7 38. Rxf6 Kxf6 39. d6 Ke6 40. Nd5 Kxd6 41. Nxb6 h5
42. Nc4+ Kd5 43. Ne3+ Ke4 44. a4 Kd3 45. Nd5 Ke2 46. Nf4+ Kxf2 47. Nxh3+ Kf1
48. Nf4 g3 49. Ng2 Kf2 50. a5 h4 51. Nf4 Kf1 52. Ng2 h3 53. Ne3+ Kf2 54. Ng4+
Ke2 0-1

[Event "AVRO"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1938.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Fine"]
[Black "Alekhine"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C76"]
[Annotator "06: King's Pawn Centre"]
[PlyCount "91"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 d6 5. O-O Bd7 6. c3 g6 7. d4 Bg7 8. dxe5
Nxe5 9. Nxe5 9... dxe5 {
White leads in development; to make use of this fact he presses on with ...}
10. f4 $1 {This looks premature, but is in fact very strong} 10... Bxa4 (10...
Ne7 11. fxe5 Bxe5 12. Bxd7+ Qxd7 13. Qb3 $36) (10... exf4 11. Bxf4 Bxa4 12.
Qxa4+ Qd7 13. Qxd7+ Kxd7 14. Bxc7 $1 14... Kxc7 15. Rxf7+ {
White wins three pawns}) 11. Qxa4+ 11... Qd7 {
This temporary pawn sacrifice is practically forced} (11... b5 12. Qb3) 12.
Qxd7+ Kxd7 13. fxe5 Ke6 14. Bf4 14... Rf8 {Black must hurry to regain the pawn}
(14... Ne7 15. Nd2 Nc6 16. Nf3 {White threatens awful checks at d4 and g5}) 15.
Nd2 15... Bxe5 16. Nb3 {This clearly shows the vulnerability of Black's King}
16... Bxf4 17. Rxf4 (17. Nc5+ Kd6 18. Nxb7+ Kc6 19. Na5+ 19... Kb5 $17) 17...
b6 18. a4 {To take advantage of the forced weakening of the pawns by Pa5} 18...
Ke5 (18... a5) 19. g3 $1 {Simple, but extremely strong; now Black threatens
Rd1, and leaves Black no time to consolidate his Queenside} (19. Raf1 19... f5
$11 20. g4 Ne7) 19... Nf6 (19... g5 20. Rf5+ Kxe4 21. g4) 20. Nd2 20... Nh5 {
Knight is out of play} (20... Nd7) 21. Rf2 Ke6 (21... a5 22. b4) 22. a5 $1
22... Ra8 (22... b5 23. Nb3) 23. Raf1 $1 {White advantage has become decisive}
23... Rad8 (23... Raf8 24. g4 Ng7 25. axb6 cxb6 26. Rf6+ Ke7 27. Rxb6 $16) 24.
Nf3 Ke7 (24... f6 25. Nd4+ Kd7 26. g4 Ng7 27. Rxf6) 25. axb6 cxb6 26. Ng5 h6 (
26... f6 27. Nxh7 Rxh7 28. g4) 27. Rxf7+ Kd6 28. Nf3 g5 29. Nd4 Rhe8 30. Rh7
Rh8 31. Rff7 Rxh7 32. Rxh7 Rf8 33. Rxh6+ Nf6 34. Nf3 Kc5 35. Nd2 g4 36. Rg6 Nd7
37. Rxg4 Ne5 38. Rg5 Kd6 39. Rf5 Rd8 40. Nf3 Nd3 41. Rd5+ Ke7 42. Rxd8 Kxd8 43.
b3 Ke7 44. Nd2 a5 45. Kf1 b5 46. Ke2 1-0

[Event "Hastings <ENG>"]
[Site "Hastings <ENG>"]
[Date "1922.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Thomas"]
[Black "Rubinstein"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C77"]
[Annotator "06: Symmetrical Four Pawns Centre"]
[PlyCount "82"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black prevents the advance of the f-pawn} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4
Nf6 5. Qe2 b5 6. Bb3 Bc5 7. c3 O-O 8. O-O d6 9. d3 Ne7 10. Bg5 Ng6 11. Nh4 {
At move 10 White was wrong to omit the powerful advance d4, but now, at move
11 it would have been less strong since, Black would not have taken the d-pawn,
but could have maintained the centraltension} (11. d4 Bb6 12. Nbd2 h6 13. Be3)
11... Nxh4 12. Bxh4 12... h6 {Well played, Black is going to play ... Pg5,
holding back White's threatened Pf4} 13. Kh1 13... g5 14. Bg3 Kg7 15. Nd2 Qe7
16. Bc2 {Apparently with the intention of Nb3 preparing to advance Pd4. The
Bishop was well placed on b3} (16. Rfe1 {more consistent}) 16... Bd7 17. Rfe1
$2 (17. Nb3 Bb6 18. d4) 17... Rae8 18. a4 $2 {
The a-file holds no prospects for White} 18... Rh8 19. axb5 axb5 20. Nf1 $2 {
Now Black seizes a Kingside initiative} 20... h5 21. f3 h4 22. Bf2 Bxf2 23.
Qxf2 23... g4 24. fxg4 Nxg4 25. Qf3 h3 26. g3 $8 (26. gxh3 Rxh3 27. Qxh3 Nf2+)
(26. -- hxg2+ 27. Qxg2 27... Reg8) 26... Qg5 27. Ne3 27... Ra8 $1 {
now Black vies for control of the a-file, this shows the weak side of 18. Pa4}
28. Nxg4 Bxg4 29. Qf2 Rxa1 30. Rxa1 30... Ra8 $3 31. Rb1 (31. Rxa8 Qc1+ 32. Qg1
Bf3#) (31. Qe1 Rxa1 32. Qxa1 Bf3+ 33. Kg1 Qe3+ 34. Kf1) 31... b4 $1 32. Bb3 (
32. cxb4 32... Rb8 {
the many weaknesses in white's position must mean his downfall}) 32... f6 33.
c4 (33. Bd5 33... bxc3 $3 34. Bxa8 (34. bxc3 Ra3) 34... c2 35. Qxc2 35... Qe3
36. Rf1 Bf3+ 37. Rxf3 Qe1+) 33... f5 34. Kg1 fxe4 35. Rf1 (35. dxe4 Rf8 36. Qe1
Bf3 37. Bc2 Bg2 38. Qe2 Rf3 39. Re1 Rxg3 40. hxg3 40... Qxg3) 35... e3 36. Qf7+
Kh8 37. Qd5 37... c6 {The initiation of a superb climax} 38. Qxc6 38... Rc8 39.
Qe4 e2 40. Re1 40... d5 {Since the White Queen can't leave e4 because} 41. cxd5
(41. Qxd5 Qe3+ 42. Kh1 Bf3+ 43. Qxf3 Qxf3+ 44. Kg1 Qg2#) 41... Rc1 0-1

[Event "Baden-Baden"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1925.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Torre"]
[Black "Yates"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D00"]
[Annotator "06: Symmetrical Four Pawns Centre"]
[PlyCount "65"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. Nf3 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Bf4 c6 5. e3 Bg7 6. Bd3 O-O 7. O-O Nbd7 8. Re1
8... c5 9. Qd2 a6 10. Ne5 Nxe5 11. Bxe5 c4 12. Be2 Bf5 13. Bf3 13... e6 14. Qe2
$1 {Before advancing with Pe4, White forces his opponent to weaken his pawn
structure. Now he threatens 15. Bxf6 and 16. Pg4} 14... g5 (14... -- 15. Bxf6
Bxf6 16. g4 $18) 15. e4 dxe4 16. Nxe4 Nxe4 17. Bxe4 Bxe5 18. dxe5 18... Qc7 19.
Qf3 {As a result Pe4, the Black position has been wrenched at the seems, and
now displays a number of weaknesses (c4, b7, g5, f6, h6, h5). The text pust
pressure on several of these weak points; but direct action by} (19. Bxf5 exf5
20. Qh5 Qe7 21. Re3 {also promising}) 19... Bxe4 20. Rxe4 Rac8 21. h4 $1 {
Decisive} 21... Qe7 (21... gxh4 22. Rg4+ Kh8 23. Qf6#) (21... h6 22. hxg5 hxg5
23. Qh5 (23. Qf6 Qd8) 23... Qe7 24. Rg4 {crushing}) 22. hxg5 Kh8 23. Qe3 23...
Rg8 24. f4 24... b5 25. Rd1 Rcd8 26. Red4 {Thus White also dominates the d-file
} 26... Qc5 27. Kf2 Rc8 28. Rh1 28... Qe7 {
Black overlooks his opponent's threat} (28... Rg7 29. Rd8+ Rg8 30. Qxc5 Rxc5
31. Rd7) 29. Rxh7+ 29... Kxh7 30. Qh3+ Kg6 31. Qh6+ Kf5 32. Qh7+ 32... Rg6 33.
Qh3# 1-0

[Event "The Hague"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1928.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Euwe"]
[Black "Mattison"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A09"]
[Annotator "07: Fixed Formations"]
[PlyCount "45"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. Nf3 d5 2. c4 Nf6 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. d4 e6 5. e4 Nb6 6. Nc3 Be7 7. Bd3 O-O 8.
O-O c5 9. dxc5 Bxc5 10. e5 {An ideal attacking set-up for White. The classic
bishop sacrfice and h7 is threatened} 10... Be7 (10... -- 11. Bxh7+ Kxh7 12.
Ng5+ Kg8 13. Qh5 Qd3) 11. Qe2 11... Nc6 12. Rd1 12... Nd5 {
Other moves also allow White to continue to strengthen his position} (12... Qc7
13. Bg5 {exchange of bishops would eliminate Black's only useful defensive
piece, at the same time leaving his d6 square irreparably weak.}) (12... Bd7
13. Ne4 13... h6 14. Ng3) 13. Be4 $1 13... Nxc3 (13... Ncb4 14. a3 Nxc3 15.
bxc3 Nd5 16. Qc2) 14. Bxh7+ 14... Kh8 (14... Kxh7 15. Qc2+) 15. bxc3 Qa5 16.
Bc2 Qxc3 17. Qe4 17... g6 18. Ng5 18... Qb4 (18... Bxg5 19. Bxg5 19... Qxe5 20.
Qxe5+ Nxe5 21. Bf6+) 19. Nxf7+ 19... Rxf7 20. Qxg6 Rg7 21. Qh5+ Kg8 22. Bh6
22... Bf8 (22... -- 23. Qe8+ Bf8 24. Bxg7 Kxg7 25. Qg6+ Kh8 26. Qh7#) 23. Rd3
1-0

[Event "Kemeri"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1937.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Landau"]
[Black "Reshevsky"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "07: Fixed Formations"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "2r2rk1/1b2qp1p/4p1pQ/p1b1P2n/PpN5/3B1N2/1P3PPP/2RR2K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "20"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A tactical example; Black obtains counterplay by ... Pf6. Looked at from the
strategic point of view, White's chances are definitely better, since Black's
pawn structure on both wings is compromised. Yet tactically it is another
matter, mainly because of the power of Black's two Bishops and the ability to
open the f-file for attack} 1. Ng5 (1. Be2 Bxf3 2. Bxf3 Qh4 3. g3 3... Bxf2+ 4.
Kg2 (4. Kxf2 Qxh2+) 4... Bxg3 $1) (1. Nxa5 Bxf3 2. gxf3 2... Qa7 3. Nc4 Qxa4 (
3... Bxf2+)) (1. Nd6 Bxd6 2. exd6 Rxc1 3. Qxc1 (3. dxe7 Rxd1+ 4. Bf1 Re8 5. Ng5
5... Nf6 $17) 3... Qf6 4. Qe3 Bxf3 5. Qxf3 Qxf3 6. gxf3 Rd8 7. Bb5 Nf6 8. Bc6
Kf8 9. Kf1 Nd5) 1... f6 2. exf6 {The consequence of his previous moves.} (2.
Ne4 fxe5 3. Ncd6 (3. Nxe5 Bxe4 4. Bxe4 Bxf2+ 5. Kh1 5... Qh4) 3... Bxd6 4. Nxd6
Rxc1 5. Qxc1 Qxd6 6. Bxg6 6... Qb6) (2. Bxg6 fxg5 (2... hxg6 3. Qxg6+ Qg7) 3.
Bxh5 Bxf2+ 4. Kh1 Bxg2+ 5. Kxg2 Qb7+ 6. Kf1 Qh1+ 7. Ke2 Qe4+) 2... Bxf2+ $3 {
With this White is awakened from his rosy dreams} 3. Kxf2 (3. Kh1 Rxf6 4. Nxa5
4... Rxc1 5. Rxc1 5... Be3 6. Re1 Bxg5 7. Qxg5 7... Rf1+) 3... Qxf6+ 4. Nf3
Bxf3 5. gxf3 Qxf3+ 6. Kg1 6... Rf4 7. Qxf4 Nxf4 8. Bf1 8... Rc5 9. Rd8+ Kg7 10.
Rd7+ Kh6 0-1

[Event "Vienna"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1898.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tarrasch"]
[Black "Marco"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "07: Fixed Formations"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "1rq2rk1/p1nbbpp1/3p1n1p/1ppP1P2/2P2B2/1PNB1N1P/P1Q3P1/R4RK1 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "32"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The technique of siege warfare  We observe here, not only that the d-pawn
cramps the Black game, but also that the pressure is intensified by the f-pawn
- so that all chance of counterplay by Black is ruled out. Only on the
Queenside has he some chance of increasing the space available to him. Dr
Tarrasch felt especially at home in such positions and he demonstrates the
superiority of White's position with impeccable technique} 1... b4 2. Ne2 2...
a5 3. g4 3... Nh7 4. h4 {The purpose of this move is not so much to play Pg5
as to prevent Black's pieces from using g5, and thus achieving some slight
freedom} 4... Qd8 5. Bg3 a4 6. Kh1 Ra8 7. Rae1 {Typical siege technique; White
is not going to allow an exchange of Rooks. We know already that every
exchange helsp the side with less maneuvering space. In this case we have
clear evidence of this fact, since Black's pieces are cramped and
uncoordinated} 7... Ne8 8. Nf4 8... Bf6 9. Ne6 {The decisive blow. If the
Knight is captured, the f-pawn recaptures and the Knight on h7 as well as the
Bishop on d7 are attacked} 9... axb3 10. axb3 Qb6 11. Nxf8 Kxf8 12. g5 {
Now white blasts open lines to destroy Black's hapless defence} 12... hxg5 13.
hxg5 Nxg5 14. Qh2 14... Kg8 15. Nxg5 Bxg5 16. f6 $1 16... g6 17. Bxg6 1-0

[Event "Berlin"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1928.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Rubinstein"]
[Black "Nimzowitsch"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E32"]
[Annotator "07: Fixed Formations"]
[PlyCount "85"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Rubinstein was another master of the art} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Qc2
d6 5. e3 c5 6. Bd3 Nc6 7. Nge2 e5 8. d5 Bxc3+ 9. Qxc3 Ne7 10. Qc2 O-O 11. O-O
Ng6 12. Ng3 Re8 13. f3 Bd7 14. Bd2 a6 15. h3 b5 16. b3 Qb6 17. Kh2 {White wants
to play Pf4 but observe how he waits for Queenside tension to be released
before he prepares his strike} 17... a5 18. Rab1 b4 19. f4 {now!} 19... exf4
20. exf4 Nf8 21. Bc1 {The only real difference to this position an that of
Tarrasch-Marco is that a pair of minor pieces have been exchanged, hence Black
has more room to maneuver} 21... Qd8 {Momentarily crossing White's plan of
putting his Queen Bishop on the long diagonal} 22. Qf2 (22. Bb2 Ng4+ 23. hxg4
Qh4+ 24. Kg1 Qxg3) 22... a4 23. Bb2 Ng6 24. Rbd1 axb3 25. axb3 25... Ra7 {
Black can only wait} 26. Rde1 {
So as to be able to play Pf5 without giving Black free use of the e5 square}
26... Rxe1 (26... Ra8) 27. Rxe1 27... Nf8 {This allows White to take the
offensive at once, but it is difficult to suggest a good course for Black} (
27... Bc8 28. Bxf6 gxf6 29. Nh5) 28. Bxf6 Qxf6 29. Ne4 29... Qh6 30. f5 30...
Ra3 31. Rb1 Ra6 32. g4 32... f6 (32... -- 33. g5 Qh5 34. Be2 $18 {trapped Queen
}) 33. Kg3 {The King himself takes a hand in restraining the Black Queen} 33...
Bc8 34. Re1 Bb7 (34... Nd7 35. Nxd6 Rxd6 36. Re8+) 35. Qe2 35... Nd7 36. Nxd6
36... Rxd6 37. Qe8+ Nf8 38. Re7 {Black is helpless to stop the coming slaughter
} 38... g6 39. Qf7+ Kh8 40. Re8 Rd8 41. Qxf6+ (41. Rxd8 $2 41... Qe3+ 42. Kg2
Qd2+ 43. Kg1 43... Qe3+ $11) 41... Kg8 42. Qe6+ Kg7 43. f6+ 1-0

[Event "Baden Baden"]
[Site "Baden Baden"]
[Date "1925.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tarrasch"]
[Black "Alekhine"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C53"]
[Annotator "07: Partially Fixed Formations"]
[PlyCount "58"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black gives up the centre at the right moment} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5
4. c3 Bb6 5. d4 Qe7 6. O-O Nf6 7. Re1 d6 8. a4 a6 9. h3 O-O 10. Bg5 h6 11. Be3
11... Qd8 $3 {Alekhine described this as the most difficult move of the whole
game. The intention is twofold: he gets his Queen off the file of the enemy
Rook and prepares to play ... Pd5, preceded by ... Pxd4. Meanwhile, the e-file
is reserved for a Black rook} 12. Bd3 Re8 13. Nbd2 13... Ba7 {Maintaining the
tension. This move robs White of a chance of playing Nc4 later on with gain of
tempo, and also prevents his from eventually breaking up the Black pawns by
capturing first on e5 and then on b6} 14. Qc2 {
Overprotecting his e-pawn in preparation for the maneuver Nf1-g3} 14... exd4 $1
{At the correct moment Black abadons the centre} 15. Nxd4 (15. cxd4 15... Nb4 {
exchanging off White's strong King bishop}) 15... Ne5 16. Bf1 16... d5 $1 17.
Rad1 (17. f4 Ng6 18. e5 18... Nh5 {wins a pawn}) 17... c5 18. N4b3 Qc7 19. Bf4
(19. exd5 Nxd5 20. Nc4 Nxc4 21. Bxc4 Nxe3 22. Rxe3 Rxe3 23. fxe3 {
Black retains the two Bishops under favourable circumstances}) 19... Nf3+ $1
20. Nxf3 Qxf4 21. exd5 (21. e5 {stronger} 21... Bf5 22. Qd2 Qxd2 23. Rxd2 Ne4
24. Rdd1 (24. Rxd5 24... Be6 $1) 24... Rad8 $17 {bishop pair}) 21... Bf5 22.
Bd3 (22. Qd2 Qxa4 23. Nc1 Bc2 24. Rxe8+ Rxe8 25. Re1 Ne4 26. Qf4 c4 27. Nd4
Bxd4 28. cxd4 28... Qb4) 22... Bxh3 23. gxh3 Qxf3 24. Rxe8+ Rxe8 25. Bf1 {
White has avoided the loss of a pawn, but now his King will soon fall} 25...
Re5 26. c4 Rg5+ 27. Kh2 27... Ng4+ 28. hxg4 Rxg4 29. Bh3 Rh4 0-1

[Event "Stockholm"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1928.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Reti"]
[Black "Stolz"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C86"]
[Annotator "07: Partially Fixed Formations"]
[PlyCount "84"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{via Tension form to the Spanish centre} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4
Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Qe2 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3 O-O 9. d4 Bg4 10. Rd1 10... exd4 {
This move was strongly criticised by Dr. Tarrasch. Black not only surrenders
his hold on the centre, but also presents White with the c3 square for his
Knight} 11. cxd4 11... d5 {Nor did this move please Tarrassch} 12. e5 12... Ne4
{This is what we called, in our introduction, the Spanish centre} 13. Nc3 Nxc3
14. bxc3 14... Na5 {In the game, we see Stolz following this plan to exchange
light squared bishops, with transposition of move, and it appears the Black
position is not all that bad at all} (14... f6 $2 15. h3 $1 15... Bh5 16. g4
Bf7 17. e6 {Lasker-Teichmann, Petersburg 1909}) (14... Qd7 15. -- Na5 16. Bc2
16... Bf5 {Exchanging the dangerous Bishop - Tarrasch}) 15. Bc2 Qd7 16. Qd3 {
forcing a weakening of Black's Kingsie} 16... g6 17. Qe3 17... Rfb8 $1 {
An excellent move, vacating f8 for the bishop and simultaneously preparing for
queenside operations} 18. Qh6 18... Bf8 19. Qh4 Bf5 20. Bxf5 Qxf5 21. Re1 21...
Rb6 {Black makes his Rook available for offence or defence. However, this move
is an inexactitued, since it permits White to bring his Rooks into the attack
via e3} (21... Nc4) 22. Bh6 Ba3 23. Bc1 (23. Ng5 -- (23... Be7 24. g4 Qd7 25.
Re3 f5 26. e6 Bxg5 27. exd7) 24. Nxh7 (24. g4 Qd7 25. Bg7 Kxg7 26. Qxh7+ Kf8)
24... Kxh7 25. Bg5+ Kg8 26. g4 Qc8 27. Bf6 Rxf6 28. exf6 Qf8 29. Re3) 23... Bf8
24. Bh6 Ba3 25. Bc1 25... Bxc1 {Black decides to play for a win} 26. Raxc1 Kg7
27. Nd2 Nc4 28. Nb3 {It is clear that White doesn't want to exchange Knight,
opening the b-file for Black's Rooks. He aims to occupy his own support points
at c5} 28... g5 $1 {With White no doubt expecting Queenside operations,
suddenly Black attacks on the Kingside} 29. Qg3 29... h5 30. h4 (30. h3 {
more prudent}) 30... Rg6 31. Nc5 gxh4 32. Qxh4 32... Nd2 {
With this and his next moves, Black throws all his pieces at the White King}
33. Kh2 Kh7 34. Re3 Rag8 35. Rg1 {White has no choice. Now comes a forced
liquidation, the point of which emerges with Black's unexpected 38th move}
35... Rg4 36. Qf6 Qxf6 37. exf6 Rh4+ 38. Rh3 38... Nf3+ 39. gxf3 Rxh3+ 40. Kxh3
Rxg1 41. Nxa6 Rc1 42. Nxc7 b4 0-1

[Event "Budapest"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1940.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Szabo"]
[Black "Euwe"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C87"]
[Annotator "07: Partially Fixed Formations"]
[PlyCount "80"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The dangerous Kingside pawn majority becomes active} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3.
Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O d6 6. Re1 Bd7 7. c3 Be7 8. d4 O-O 9. Nbd2 exd4 10.
cxd4 Nb4 11. Bxd7 (11. Bb3 {sharper} 11... c5 12. Nf1 Bb5 13. Ng3 d5 14. e5 Ne4
15. Nxe4 dxe4 16. Rxe4 Bd3 17. Re3 c4 18. a3 {
lively development (Euwe-Keres, 1939)}) 11... Qxd7 12. Nf1 d5 13. Ne5 $1 {
Before committimg himself to the advance of Pe5, White goes in for a maneuver
to exchange a pair of Knights and thereby be ready to push the f-pawn aswell}
13... Qe8 14. a3 14... Nc6 15. Nxc6 Qxc6 16. e5 Ne4 17. Ne3 Qd7 18. f3 {
The point of White's previous moves is now apparent; his pawn majority on the
Kingside is four against three ... it rolls into action with gain oftempo}
18... Ng5 19. f4 Ne4 20. f5 Rfe8 21. Qf3 {A critical moment. White threatens
to win a pawn with Nxd5, and so compels Black's reply. The result is that
Black's can't obtain counterplay by means of ... Pc5} 21... c6 (21... -- 22.
Nxd5 Qxd5 23. Qxe4) 22. f6 $1 22... Bf8 (22... gxf6 23. Ng4 {
Things would be really serious}) 23. fxg7 Bxg7 24. Nf5 24... Qe6 25. Be3 Qg6
26. Rad1 $2 {The strongly placed Black Knight makes it difficult for White to
attack, but this last move permits Black to get rid of the spearhand of the
White position - the e pawn - and suddenly it is Black who stands better. It
is essential for White to prevent ... Pf6} (26. Rf1 {necessary}) 26... f6 $1
27. Nh4 Qf7 28. Rf1 Qe6 29. exf6 Bxf6 30. Nf5 30... Kh8 {In a few moves the
whole picture has changed. Through the disappearance of the e-pawn, White is
now plagued by the weakness of his isolated d-pawn; moreover, the open g-file
will be favourable to Black.  This is a familiar circumstance in the struggle
for the centre. A central pawn majority lays upon its owner the responsibility
of maintaining it. A pawn centre always has associated weaknesses, which
remain latent so long as the centre is intact. As soon as it becomes
impossible to hold the centre, the drawbacks loom larger} 31. Qh5 Rg8 32. Rf3
Bg5 33. Rdf1 Raf8 34. Nh6 (34. Nh4 Rxf3 35. Nxf3 35... Nf6 $19) 34... Bxe3+ 35.
Rxe3 Rxf1+ 36. Kxf1 Qf6+ 37. Nf5 Rf8 38. g4 Qxd4 39. Qxh7+ $2 (39. Qh6 Qd1+ 40.
Kg2 Qxg4+ 41. Rg3 Qe2+) (39. Rf3 Qd1+ 40. Kg2 Qe2+) 39... Kxh7 40. Rh3+ 40...
Kg8 0-1

[Event "13"]
[Site "Moscow URS ch"]
[Date "1949.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Smyslov"]
[Black "Liublinsky"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C87"]
[Annotator "07: Partially Fixed Formations"]
[PlyCount "65"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The tension protracted as long as possible} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4.
Ba4 d6 5. c3 Bd7 6. d4 Nf6 7. Nbd2 Be7 8. O-O O-O 9. Re1 {This is a fine
example of a position which needs to be played in the "tension" style} 9... Be8
{This strange looking move has a double purpose. Firstly, the Bishop no longer
blocks the action of the Queen down the file, so that the possibility of ...
Pd5 is open to Black  The second point is that it vacates d7 for a Knight. An
eventual ... Nfd7 will allow Black to play ... Nb6, forcing the hostile Bishop
to declare its intentions. It also allows the move ... Pf6, protecting the
e-pawn, and simultaeneously freeing the Bishop for action on the diagonal
e8-h5} 10. Bb3 {This hinders Black's plans.} (10. Nf1 exd4 11. cxd4 d5 12. e5
12... Ne4 {illustrates how careful one must be with tension in the centre}) (
10. -- Nd7 11. -- Nb6 12. Bc2 12... f6) (10. d5 {
transition to a blocked oblique centre gives Black good counterplay} 10... Nb8
11. Bc2 c6 12. c4 cxd5 13. cxd5 13... a5 $132) 10... Nd7 11. Nf1 Bf6 (11... Kh8
12. -- f6) 12. Ne3 Ne7 13. Ng4 {(GM plan)} 13... Ng6 14. g3 {stopping the
Knight from occupying f4 .. the important square in these positions} 14... Be7
15. h4 $1 {GM plan} 15... Nf6 16. Ng5 h6 17. Nxf6+ Bxf6 18. Qh5 {Apparently
according to plan. This powerul move emphasizes White's advantage} 18... Nh8 (
18... hxg5 19. hxg5 Be7 20. Qxg6 Kh8 21. Qh5+ Kg8 22. g6 $18) (18... Ne7 {
The Knight would be in the way} 19. dxe5 dxe5 20. Be3 Nc6 21. Rad1 Qc8 22. Qg6
$1) 19. dxe5 $1 {Putting an end to the tension at exactly the right moment}
19... dxe5 {So we reach a form of the e-pawn centre. Black could also have
played ... Bxe5, running into the Ruy Lopez Centre} 20. Be3 Qe7 (20... hxg5 {
GM combination} 21. hxg5 g6 22. Qh4 Bg7 23. Kg2 23... Bc6 24. Rh1 Re8 25. Qh7+
Kf8 26. Bc5+ Re7 27. Qxh8+ Bxh8 28. Rxh8+ Kg7 29. Rxd8 Rxd8 30. Bxe7 $18) 21.
Bd5 $1 {Forcing a weakening of Black's pawn formation} 21... c6 (21... hxg5 22.
hxg5 g6 23. gxf6 $1) 22. Bb3 Bd7 23. Rad1 Rad8 24. Rd2 Bc8 25. Red1 Rxd2 26.
Rxd2 26... Qc7 {Now White has to again reckon with the possibility of ... hxg5
and ... Rd8 simplifying} 27. Bc5 $1 {very well played} 27... Rd8 (27... hxg5
28. Bxf8 Kxf8 29. Qxh8+) (27... Be7 28. Bxe7 Qxe7 29. Nf3 Re8 30. Qxe5 Qxe5 31.
Nxe5 Rxe5 32. Rd8+ Kh7 33. Rxc8 Rxe4 34. Bc2) 28. Rxd8+ Bxd8 (28... Qxd8 29.
Bxf7+) 29. Nxf7 $1 29... Nxf7 30. Bb6 $3 30... Qd7 (30... Qxb6 31. Qxf7+ Kh7
32. h5) 31. Bxd8 Kh7 32. Bxf7 Qxd8 33. Bg6+ {loses another pawn} 1-0

[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "????.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tartakower"]
[Black "Sultan Khan"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "B12"]
[Annotator "07: Partially Fixed Formations"]
[PlyCount "80"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{An unimportant version of the Tension Form} 1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. f3 e6 4. Be3
4... Nf6 5. Bd3 5... c5 {Strictly speaking we are still in the opening stage;
yet already White is experience some difficulty in maintaining the tension.
The root cause is the weakened diagonal e1-h4} 6. c3 {The fact that this costs
a pawn will not worry white, who in playing this variation is looking for
compensation in play on the f-file} (6. e5 cxd4 7. Bxd4 Nfd7 8. f4 Nc6) 6...
cxd4 7. cxd4 dxe4 8. fxe4 8... Nxe4 9. Nf3 (9. Bxe4 Qh4+) 9... Bb4+ 10. Nbd2 (
10. Ke2 Nf6 11. Qa4+ Nc6 12. Bb5 Bd6 13. Bxc6+ bxc6 14. Qxc6+ Bd7 15. Qxd6 Bb5+
) 10... Nxd2 11. Nxd2 Bxd2+ 12. Qxd2 {For the sacrificed pawn White has the
two bishops and the f-file but these factors are not sufficient compensation.
White is hindered by the weakness of his centre pawn; moreover, Black will
soon play ... Pf5 after which there will be few chances for attack on the
Kingside} 12... Nc6 13. O-O O-O 14. Rf3 f5 15. Bc4 Bd7 16. Raf1 Na5 17. Be2 Rc8
18. d5 18... Nc4 19. Bxc4 Rxc4 20. b3 Rg4 21. Rd1 e5 22. Bxa7 Rf6 23. Rg3 f4
24. Rxg4 Bxg4 25. Re1 b6 26. Rxe5 Qd7 27. h3 27... Bxh3 28. gxh3 Qxh3 29. Qg2
Rg6 30. Qxg6 (30. Rg5 Qe3+ 31. Kf1 f3) 30... hxg6 31. Bxb6 Qg3+ 32. Kf1 Qc3 33.
Re2 Qd3 34. Kf2 Qxd5 35. b4 g5 36. a4 g4 37. a5 g3+ 38. Ke1 f3 39. Rd2 Qe4+ 40.
Kf1 Qb1+ 0-1

[Event "Beverwijk"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1952.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Donner"]
[Black "Van Scheltinga"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E72"]
[Annotator "07: Partially Fixed Formations"]
[PlyCount "65"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{White has a crushing advantage in space} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d6 4. e4
Bg7 5. g3 O-O 6. Bg2 c5 7. Nge2 Nc6 8. d5 Ne5 9. b3 Bg4 10. O-O Nf3+ 11. Kh1
Nd4 12. f3 Nxe2 13. Qxe2 Bd7 14. Bb2 14... a6 {
Black aims for Queenside counterplay by playing ... Pb5} (14... e5 15. dxe6 {
weak d-pawn}) 15. f4 Ne8 16. e5 Rb8 17. Ne4 {White's position is now
overwhelming; anything the opponent attempts must rebound, because of an acute
lack of space} 17... b5 18. Bc3 bxc4 19. bxc4 Qc7 20. Nd2 e6 21. Rfb1 exd5 22.
Rxb8 22... Qxb8 23. Rb1 23... Qc8 24. cxd5 Bb5 25. Qe3 Nc7 26. exd6 Bxc3 27.
Qxc3 Ne8 28. Ne4 c4 29. Qe5 Qd7 30. a4 30... Bxa4 31. Nc5 Qxd6 32. Nxa4 Qa3 33.
Ra1 1-0

[Event "Nuremberg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1896.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Pillsbury"]
[Black "Lasker"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "07: Partially Fixed Formations"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r2qk2r/1p1bbp2/1P2p1p1/p2pP2p/n2N1P2/P2PB3/4NQPP/1R3RK1 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "60"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Support point at d4  In this position White will not even consider playing d4
as his Knight is very well placed there. This is instrumental for the
following spectacular breakthrough} 1... Bxa3 {Apparrently the gift can be
accepted, as White needs to make thre more moves on the Kingside (g3, h3 and
Pg4) before he can threaten Pf5. Now coms a suprising irruption} 2. f5 $3 2...
gxf5 3. Nf4 3... h4 4. Ra1 Be7 (4... Qe7 5. Nxf5 exf5 6. Nxd5 $16) (4... Bc5 5.
Nxf5) (4... Bb2 5. Rxa4 Bxd4 6. Rxd4) 5. Rxa4 {This pretty exchange sacrifice
serves to make the Bishop at d7 give up its defence of the e-pawn} 5... Bxa4 6.
Nfxe6 $1 6... fxe6 7. Nxe6 Bd7 (7... Qc8 8. Qxf5 Qc6 9. Bg5 Qxb6+ 10. d4 Qb4
11. Qf7+ Kd7 12. Bxe7 Qxe7 13. Nc5+ Kd8 14. Nxb7+ Kd7 15. Nc5+ Kd8 16. Qxd5+
16... Kc7 17. Qb7+ Kd8) 8. Nxd8 8... Rxd8 {
In view of the exposed position of Black's king, White now has a won game} 9.
Bc5 Rc8 10. Bxe7 Kxe7 11. Qe3 Rc6 12. Qg5+ Kf7 13. Rc1 Rxc1+ 14. Qxc1 Rc8 15.
Qe1 h3 16. gxh3 Rg8+ 17. Kf2 a4 18. Qb4 Rg6 19. Kf3 a3 20. Qxa3 Rxb6 21. Qc5
Re6 22. Qc7 Ke7 23. Kf4 b6 24. h4 Rc6 25. Qb8 Be8 26. Kxf5 Rh6 27. Qc7+ Kf8 28.
Qd8 b5 29. e6 Rh7 30. Ke5 b4 31. Qd6+ 1-0

[Event "Carlsbad"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1929.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Colle"]
[Black "Capablanca"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "07: Partially Fixed Formations"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r4rk1/pb1p1p1p/1pq1p1p1/3nP3/3P1P2/7R/PPB2QPP/R1B3K1 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "27"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The breakthrough systematically prepared  The difference between this
partially fixed formation and the normal blocked oblique centre is that the
Black d-pawn stands on d7 instead of d5, and this improves Black's chances as
d5 is a splendid support-point for his Knight. For the time being White
retains some chances of Kingside attack, and his two Bishops may play a useful
part; but sooner or later the tide must turn. Black's strategy includes the
opening of the f-file by ... Pf6} 1... Rac8 (1... f6 2. Qh4 Rf7 3. Bxg6) 2. Bd1
(2. Qh4 2... Nf6 3. Be4 Qxc1+ 4. Rxc1 Rxc1+ 5. Kf2 Nxe4+ 6. Ke3 h5) 2... f6 3.
Qh4 {now White's position falls apart like a house of cards} (3. Bd2 Nxf4 4.
Bxf4 fxe5 5. Bf3 (5. Rf3) 5... e4 6. Be2 e3 7. Rxe3 Rxf4) 3... Rf7 4. Bf3 Qc4
5. Be3 (5. Qf2 Qxc1+) 5... Nxe3 6. Bxb7 6... Nf5 7. Qe1 Rc7 8. Be4 Qxd4+ 9. Kh1
fxe5 10. Bxf5 exf5 11. fxe5 Re7 12. Re3 Qxb2 13. e6 dxe6 14. Rxe6 14... Kf7 0-1

[Event "Amsterdam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "????.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Reshevsky"]
[Black "Rossolimo"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E39"]
[Annotator "07: Partially Fixed Formations"]
[PlyCount "61"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Qc2 c5 5. dxc5 O-O 6. e3 Bxc5 7. Nf3 Nc6 8.
Be2 d5 9. O-O dxc4 10. Bxc4 10... e5 {
Black's wants to seize the initiative by pushing this pawn to e4} 11. a3 Qe7
12. Ng5 $1 {Crossing Black's plans} (12. b4 Bd6 13. e4 {helps Black}) 12... g6
13. b4 Bb6 (13... Bd6 14. Nge4 {gain of tempo}) 14. Bb2 14... Bf5 {
Black is not giving up his idea yet} 15. Bd3 $1 {
Keeping the vital e4 square under control} (15. Qb3 15... e4 {
despite some dangers on the long diagonal, he has good counterchances}) 15...
Bxd3 16. Qxd3 Rfd8 17. Qc2 Rac8 18. Rfd1 Rxd1+ 19. Rxd1 Rd8 20. h3 {Black, with
his next move, decides to simplify, possibly expecting a quick draw, but soon
realizes he has played into White's hands} 20... Rxd1+ 21. Qxd1 21... a6 {
Black should give up all thoughts of ... Pe4 now, for with the removal of the
heavy pieces there is little chance fo an attack, while on the other hand the
resulting weaknesses would be serious (long diagonal from a1-h8 and the
squares d4 and f4)} (21... e4 22. Nd5 Nxd5 23. Qxd5 {e-pawn falls}) 22. Nge4
Nxe4 23. Nxe4 23... Bc7 (23... Qd8 24. Qxd8+ Bxd8 25. Nc5) 24. Qd5 24... Bb6
25. Qd6 25... Kf8 {This loses a pawn} 26. Bxe5 $1 26... Bxe3 $1 (26... Nxe5 27.
Qxb6 {Black has no counterplay}) 27. Qxe7+ Kxe7 28. Bf6+ Ke6 29. fxe3 Kf5 30.
Nd6+ Kxf6 31. Nxb7 $16 1-0

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1948.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Euwe"]
[Black "Reshevsky"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "E33"]
[Annotator "07: Mobil Centre Formations"]
[PlyCount "84"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The brighter side of the e-pawn advance} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Qc2
Nc6 5. Nf3 d6 6. Bd2 O-O 7. a3 Bxc3 8. Bxc3 a5 9. e3 Qe7 10. Bd3 e5 11. dxe5
dxe5 12. O-O (12. Ng5 12... h6 13. Ne4 {Black could only force ... Pe4 with
the help of his f-pawn and this would have involved him in greater obligations}
13... Ne8 (13... Nxe4 14. Bxe4 f5 15. Bd5+ Kh8 16. O-O {
White threatens dangerous activity for his two Bishop with Pf4}) 14. Ng3 {
keeping control of the important e4 and f5 squares}) 12... Re8 (12... e4 13.
Bxf6 exd3 14. Bxe7 dxc2 15. Bxf8) 13. Bf5 (13. Ng5 e4 14. Bxf6 exd3 15. Bxe7
dxc2 16. Bc5 16... Re5 $19) (13. Nd2 e4 14. Bxf6 exd3 15. Bxe7 dxc2 16. Bh4
16... Bf5 $17) 13... Bxf5 14. Qxf5 Qe6 15. Qxe6 15... Rxe6 {Black stands
better in this ending, mainly due to his control of e4. Not only can he play ..
. Pe4 whenever the moment is right, but meanwhile this square can be used by
the Knight} 16. b4 (16. Rfd1 a4) (16. Ng5 Re7 17. f3 h6 18. Nh3 {
fighting against Black's e4}) 16... Ne4 17. Bb2 17... f6 {
threatening to win a pawn} 18. b5 Ne7 19. Rfd1 19... Rd6 20. Kf1 (20. Rxd6
20... cxd6 {Black can target the c-pawn}) 20... Nc8 21. Rdc1 21... c5 22. Bc3 (
22. bxc6 Rxc6) (22. Ke2 22... Nb6 $17) 22... Nxc3 23. Rxc3 23... e4 {White this
long-expected advance, Black takes up the advanced fixed single-pawn centre
under favourable conditions. he control the open d-file, with its obvious
outpost on d3, and has read targets in White's c and a-pawns} 24. Ng1 Nb6 25.
Ne2 f5 26. Ke1 Rad8 27. Rc2 Kf7 28. Ng3 Ke6 29. Nf1 29... Rd3 30. Ng3 g5 31.
Ne2 Na4 32. Ng3 Ke5 33. Nf1 h5 34. f3 Rb3 35. fxe4 fxe4 36. Rf2 Nb2 37. Rc2
Nd3+ 38. Ke2 38... Rf8 39. Nd2 Rf2+ 40. Kd1 Rb2 41. Rxb2 Nxb2+ 42. Kc1 Rxg2 0-1

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Konstantinopolsky"]
[Black "Panov"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B03"]
[Annotator "07: Mobil Centre Formations"]
[PlyCount "55"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 Nf6 2. e5 Nd5 3. d4 d6 4. c4 Nb6 5. exd6 exd6 6. Nc3 Be7 7. Be3 Nc6 8.
Be2 O-O 9. Nf3 {In this well known variation of Alekhine's Defence Black
suffers from lack of elbow room, his pieces tending to obtruct each other. The
Knight on b6 in particular has to play a very modest role} 9... Bg4 (9... Bf5
10. d5 -- 11. Nd4) 10. b3 Re8 11. O-O Bf6 (11... Bxf3 12. Bxf3 Bg5 13. d5 $1
$14) 12. Rc1 12... d5 {Completing the d-pawn center, but under the
circumstances unfavourable to Black. However, Black was understandably uneasy
abot the possibility of Pd5 as well as Ne4 or Nd5} (12... Ne7 13. Ne4) (12...
Nd7 13. Nd5) 13. c5 Nc8 14. h3 Bh5 (14... Be6) 15. Qd2 h6 (15... N8e7 16. g4
Bg6 17. g5) 16. Rfe1 a6 17. Rcd1 17... g5 $2 {This move produces a serious
weakening of Black's Kingside which White exploits immediately} (17... N8e7 18.
g4 Bg6 19. h4 Nc8 20. g5 $40) (17... Bg6) 18. Nxg5 $1 18... Bxe2 19. Nxf7 {
Demolishing Black's shaky fortress} 19... Kxf7 20. Qxe2 20... N8e7 {
else the d-pawn falls} 21. Qh5+ Kg8 22. Bxh6 Qd7 (22... Bxd4 23. Rxd4) (22...
Nxd4 23. Bg5 Bg7 24. Rxd4 Bxd4 25. Qg4 Bg7 26. Bf6) 23. Re3 23... Nf5 24. Nxd5
24... Qxd5 25. Rg3+ 25... Nxg3 26. Qg6+ $1 26... Kh8 27. Qxf6+ Kh7 28. Qg7# 1-0

[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1932.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Eliskases"]
[Black "Spielmann"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D55"]
[Annotator "08: Absolute Centre"]
[PlyCount "75"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Illustrating the well-know rule that a flank attack has little chance of
success if one exercises no influence in the centre} 1. d4 e6 2. c4 Nf6 3. Nc3
d5 4. Bg5 Be7 5. e3 O-O 6. Nf3 Ne4 7. Bxe7 Qxe7 8. cxd5 Nxc3 9. bxc3 exd5 10.
Qb3 Rd8 11. c4 11... Nc6 12. cxd5 Na5 13. Qc3 Rxd5 14. Bd3 b6 15. O-O Rh5 16.
Rac1 c6 17. e4 {In this position Black can exert no pressure on White's centre;
his pieces - especially the Rook and Knight on the Rook files - are very
poorly placed. To justify the position of Rh5, Black will have to attempt a
direct attack on White's King, but this is problematic as White's central
dominance allows him to maneuver his pieces rapidly, whether for attack or
defence of any threatened sector.} 17... Be6 18. Rc2 g5 19. Re1 Rd8 20. e5 g4
21. Nd2 21... Qh4 {By this attack, Black forestalls Ne4-f6+} 22. Nf1 22... g3 {
This is refuted in suprising fashion} (22... f5 23. exf6 Qxf6 24. Re4 {
Black's king is feeling the pressure}) 23. Re4 $1 23... gxh2+ 24. Kh1 Qe7 25.
f4 25... c5 (25... Bf5 26. Ng3 Bxe4 27. Nxh5 Bxd3 28. Qxd3) (25... f5) 26. Ng3
Rh6 27. f5 Bd5 28. Rg4+ Kh8 29. Qd2 Qf8 30. f6 30... Rg6 31. Bxg6 fxg6 32. Ne4
Nc6 (32... Be6 33. Rh4 Rxd4 34. Ng5 Rxd2 35. Rxh7+ Kg8 36. Rxd2 $18) 33. Nd6
cxd4 34. Rxd4 Nxd4 35. Qxd4 Be6 36. Rc7 Rd7 37. Rxd7 Bxd7 38. e6 1-0

[Event "Stuttgart"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1939.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Bogolyubov"]
[Black "Eliskases"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "D57"]
[Annotator "08: Absolute Centre"]
[PlyCount "108"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The centre under pressure} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bg5 Be7 5. e3 O-O
6. Nf3 h6 7. Bh4 Ne4 8. Bxe7 Qxe7 9. cxd5 Nxc3 10. bxc3 exd5 11. Qb3 Qd6 12. c4
12... dxc4 13. Bxc4 Nc6 14. O-O Na5 15. Qc3 Nxc4 16. Qxc4 Be6 17. Qc3 17... Bd5
{By exerting pressure on e4, the Black bishop restraing the mobility of the
White centre pawns} 18. Ne5 Rfe8 19. Rfe1 {A fine move, by which White not
only prepares Pe4, but at the same time renders Black's intended ... Pc5} (19.
f3 19... c5 $1) 19... f6 (19... c5 20. Qa3 Qe7 21. e4) 20. Nd3 Rad8 21. a4
21... b6 {This has the advantage that under some circumstances ... Pc5 may be
possible, but also the potential disadvantage of giving White a target for his
Queenside activities} 22. a5 (22. f3 22... Bf7 {
White can't continues with Pe4 due to pressure on Pd4}) 22... Be4 23. Nf4 23...
c5 {So far the White centre has only been held in check, but with this
energetic move it is disrupted. Although in the long run Black loses a pawn,
the material remaining on the board is such that no serious disadvantage
results} 24. axb6 axb6 25. dxc5 Qxc5 26. Qxc5 bxc5 27. Rec1 Re5 28. h4 Rc8 29.
Ra7 c4 30. Rc3 Rb5 31. Ra4 Rbc5 32. f3 Bf5 33. e4 Bd7 34. Ra7 R8c7 35. Rxc7
Rxc7 36. g4 Ba4 37. Nd5 Rc5 38. h5 Bb3 39. Kf2 Ra5 40. Ke3 Kf7 41. Nb6 41... g6
$1 42. hxg6+ Kxg6 43. Nd5 Ra2 44. Kf4 Rd2 45. Re3 Rd3 46. Rxd3 cxd3 47. Ke3 Bc2
48. Nf4+ Kg5 49. Nxd3 h5 50. gxh5 Kxh5 51. Nb4 Bd1 52. Nc6 Kg6 53. Ne7+ Kf7 54.
Nf5 Ke6 1/2-1/2

[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1931.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Stolz"]
[Black "Flohr"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C11"]
[Annotator "08: Hanging Centre"]
[PlyCount "61"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{By occupying e5, White is able to build up a winning attack} 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5
3. Nc3 Nf6 4. e5 Nfd7 5. Qg4 $2 5... c5 6. Nf3 Nc6 7. dxc5 f5 8. exf6 Nxf6 9.
Qg3 Bxc5 10. Bg5 O-O 11. Bd3 11... Nb4 $2 {This allows Black the two Bishops,
but, more important, removes the Knight from control of e5.} (11... Bd6 12. Qh4
h6 13. Bxf6 Qxf6 14. Qxf6 14... gxf6 {
Black not only gets the strong centre but two Bishops to boot}) 12. O-O-O Nxd3+
13. Rxd3 Bd7 14. Ne5 Be8 15. Qh4 Qc7 16. Re1 Rc8 17. Re2 {
extra protection to c2} 17... d4 (17... Bd6 {the key concept is control of e5}
18. f4 Bxe5 19. fxe5 Ne4 20. Nxe4 Rf1+ 21. Rd1 Rxd1+ 22. Kxd1 22... dxe4 {
White's king is exposed to attack}) 18. Ne4 (18. Bxf6 gxf6 19. Rg3+ 19... Kh8)
18... Nxe4 19. Qxe4 $1 19... Bb5 20. Rh3 {
White now has a strong attack, thanks to the dominating position of the Knight}
20... Rf5 (20... h6 21. Qg6 21... Bxe2 22. Qxe6+ Kh8 23. Bxh6) (20... g6 21.
Ng4 21... Bxe2 22. Qxe6+ Kh8 23. Bf6+ Rxf6 24. Nxf6 Bh5 25. Nd5 Qc6 26. Qe5+
Kg8 27. Nf6+ Kf7 28. Nxh5 gxh5 29. Rf3+ Kg8 30. Rg3+ Kf8 31. Qh8+ Ke7 32. Rg7+
Kd6 33. Qxh7 $18) 21. g4 $1 21... Bxe2 (21... Rxg5 22. Qxh7+ Kf8 23. Rf3+ Rf5 (
23... Ke8 24. Qh8+ 24... Ke7 25. Qh4) 24. gxf5 Bxe2 25. fxe6+ Bxf3 26. Ng6+)
22. gxf5 d3 23. c3 23... Ba3 {A last desparate attempt to turn the tables} 24.
Bd2 $1 24... Bxb2+ 25. Kxb2 Qb6+ 26. Ka1 26... Qxf2 27. Qxb7 $1 (27. fxe6 Qf1+
28. Kb2 Qxh3) 27... Qg1+ 28. Kb2 Qb6+ 29. Qxb6 axb6 30. fxe6 Re8 31. Nxd3 1-0

[Event "Carlsbad"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1911.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Nimzowitsch"]
[Black "Salwe"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C02"]
[Annotator "08: Hanging Centre"]
[PlyCount "77"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. e5 c5 4. c3 Nc6 5. Nf3 Qb6 6. Bd3 Bd7 7. dxc5 Bxc5 8. O-O
f6 9. b4 Be7 10. Bf4 fxe5 11. Nxe5 Nxe5 12. Bxe5 12... Nf6 {Nimzowitsch
understood better than anyone the art of blockading an enemy position; he
wrote a book on the subject. here we see him putting his theory of the
blockade into practise} 13. Nd2 O-O (13... Bb5 {
Preferable, trading off White's strong Bishop}) 14. Nf3 14... Bd6 (14... Bb5
15. Bd4 Qa6 16. Bxb5 Qxb5 17. Ng5 Qc6 18. Re1 $16) 15. Qe2 15... Rac8 16. Bd4 {
clearing the e5 square for the Knight} 16... Qc7 17. Ne5 Be8 18. Rae1 Bxe5 19.
Bxe5 Qc6 20. Bd4 Bd7 21. Qc2 {
Now that the Black centre is fixed White can head directly for attack} 21...
Rf7 22. Re3 22... b6 23. Rg3 23... Kh8 24. Bxh7 $1 24... e5 (24... Nxh7 25. Qg6
(25. Rh3 Rf5 26. g4 e5) 25... Kg8 26. Bxg7 $18) 25. Bg6 Re7 26. Re1 Qd6 27. Be3
27... d4 {The blockade of the pawns is over, but the two Bishops and extra
pawn give White an easy win} 28. Bg5 Rxc3 29. Rxc3 dxc3 30. Qxc3 Kg8 31. a3 Kf8
32. Bh4 Be8 33. Bf5 Qd4 34. Qxd4 exd4 35. Rxe7 Kxe7 36. Bd3 Kd6 37. Bxf6 gxf6
38. Kf1 Bc6 39. h4 1-0

[Event "Leeuwarden"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Van Scheltinga"]
[Black "Van der Tol"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C02"]
[Annotator "08: Hanging Centre"]
[PlyCount "40"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. e5 c5 4. dxc5 Nc6 5. Nf3 Bxc5 6. Bd3 f5 7. exf6 Nxf6 8.
O-O 8... O-O {Black has a slight lead in development but it is still not
enough to alter the picture. He is already threatening to push ... Pe5 and in
addition is exerting troublesome pressue against f2} 9. c4 (9. Bf4 9... Ne4 10.
Bxe4 dxe4 11. Qxd8 11... Nxd8 $19) (9. Qe2 9... e5 10. Nxe5 Nxe5 11. Qxe5 11...
Re8 $17 {winning attack}) 9... e5 {sharp and very effective
} 10. cxd5 10...
e4 (10... Qxd5 11. Nc3) (10... Nxd5 11. Bc4) 11. dxc6 11... Qxd3 $1 (11... exd3
12. Qb3+ Rf7 (12... Kh8 13. cxb7 $18) 13. Ne5) 12. Qxd3 (12. Ne5 Qxd1 13. Rxd1
Bxf2+ 14. Kxf2 Ng4+) 12... exd3 13. Ne5 $2 (13. Nc3 bxc6 14. Na4 Bd6 15. Be3
$132) 13... bxc6 14. Nxd3 14... Bd4 $1 {
White has won a pawn but Black has an overwhelming position} 15. Be3 (15. --
Ba6 16. Rd1 Rad8) (15. Nc3 Ba6 16. Rd1 Rad8 17. Ne2 Bxd3 18. Rxd3 Bxf2+) 15...
Bxe3 16. fxe3 16... Ba6 17. Rd1 17... Rad8 18. Nf2 Rxd1+ 19. Nxd1 19... Ne4 20.
Nf2 Nxf2 0-1

[Event "Carlsbad"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1911.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Leonhardt"]
[Black "Burn"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C53"]
[Annotator "08: Classic Centre"]
[PlyCount "83"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5 4. c3 d6 5. d4 exd4 6. cxd4 Bb6 7. Nc3 Nf6 8.
O-O O-O 9. Bb3 $1 {We already know that the first obligation of the owner of a
classical  centre is to maintain it. The text move agrees with this principle
for Black was threatening to blow up the centre with the pseudo sac ... Nxe4} (
9. -- Nxe4 10. Nxe4 d5 11. Bd3) 9... Bg4 10. Be3 10... h6 {The weakening of
White's pawn structure, which Black could have forced here would have helped
White} (10... Bxf3 11. gxf3 {helping White's e4 square. The square e4 would
always be reliably protected and the open g-file would be useful at the right
moment}) (10... Re8 11. Qd3 Bxf3 (11... Bh5 $1 12. Nd2 12... Bg6 13. d5 Ne5 14.
Qe2 $14) 12. gxf3 Nh5 13. Ne2 Qf6 14. Kg2 Qg6+ 15. Kh1 Qf6 16. f4 $1 {
followed by doubling on the g-file .. White is clearly on top}) 11. Qd3 Re8 12.
Nd2 Qe7 13. Rae1 Rad8 14. a3 {
White is in control and can quietly strengthen his position} 14... Qf8 15. f4
$1 {This is serious, the immediate threat is to win the bishop} 15... Bc8 (
15... -- 16. f5 -- 17. h3 Bh5 18. g4 {trapping the bishop}) 16. h3 Kh8 17. g4
$1 {With the centre fully secure, White proceeds to storm the enemy Kingside.
Black's lack of space leaves him unable to find counterplay} 17... Ne7 18. Kh1
18... d5 {A belated and ineffective counter thrust in the centre} 19. e5 19...
Nh7 20. f5 20... f6 {Black closes the position, but the protected passed pawn
at e6 cripples Black's game} 21. e6 21... c6 22. Bf4 Ng8 23. Na4 {
The scene of the action switches to the Queenside} 23... Ba5 (23... -- 24. Nxb6
axb6 25. Bc7) 24. Bc2 Qe7 25. Qg3 25... b5 (25... -- 26. b4 Bb6 27. Nxb6 axb6
28. Bc7) 26. Nc5 Bb6 27. b4 Nf8 28. a4 {All very logical} 28... a5 (28... --
29. a5 Bxc5 30. bxc5 {Bc7 can't be prevented}) 29. Ndb3 bxa4 (29... axb4 30. a5
Ba7 31. Bc7) 30. Nxa5 Bxc5 31. Nxc6 $1 31... Bxd4 32. Nxe7 Rxe7 33. Bc7 Be5 34.
Rxe5 34... Rxc7 35. Rxd5 Bb7 36. Qxc7 Bxd5+ 37. Kg1 Re8 38. Bxa4 Re7 39. Qb8
Nh7 40. Rd1 Rb7 41. Qxb7 41... Bxb7 42. Rd8 1-0

[Event "01"]
[Site "Ostende  (11.04.37)"]
[Date "1937.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Keres"]
[Black "Fine"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D41"]
[Annotator "08: Neo-Classic Centre"]
[PlyCount "65"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. Nf3 d5 2. d4 Nf6 3. c4 e6 4. Nc3 c5 5. cxd5 Nxd5 6. e4 Nxc3 7. bxc3 cxd4 8.
cxd4 Bb4+ 9. Bd2 Bxd2+ 10. Qxd2 O-O 11. Bc4 Nd7 12. O-O b6 13. Rad1 Bb7 14.
Rfe1 Rc8 15. Bb3 Nf6 16. Qf4 16... Qc7 {Exchange of Queens would, of course,
suit Black very well. He could put pressure on the White centre, meanwhile
setting his Queenside majority in motion, since his King would be in no danger
of attack} 17. Qh4 17... Rfd8 18. Re3 (18. e5 $1 18... Bxf3 (18... Nd5 19. Ng5
h6 20. Ne4) (18... Ne8 19. Ng5 h6 20. Ne4) 19. exf6 Bxd1 20. Qg5 20... Kf8 21.
Qxg7+ Ke8 22. Rxe6+ 22... fxe6 23. Qg8+ 23... Kd7 24. Qxe6# {Keres}) 18... b5
$1 19. Rde1 a5 20. a4 20... b4 {
White can achieve a  breakthrough with a powerful attack} (20... bxa4 21. Bxa4
h6) 21. d5 exd5 22. e5 {The suprising point} 22... Nd7 $2 (22... Ne4 23. e6
23... fxe6 24. Rxe4 24... dxe4 25. Ng5 Qc3 (25... Qe5 26. Qxh7+ Kf8 27. Nxe6+
Ke7 28. Qh4+ Qf6 29. Qg4) 26. Bxe6+ Kf8 27. Qf4+ Ke7 28. Qf7+ Kd6 29. Qf4+
29... Ke7 $11) 23. Ng5 23... Nf8 (23... h6 24. e6 24... hxg5 25. exf7+ Kxf7 26.
Re7+ $18) 24. Nxh7 24... Nxh7 25. Rh3 25... Qc1 26. Qxh7+ Kf8 27. Rhe3 27... d4
{A desparate lunge} 28. Qh8+ Ke7 29. Qxg7 Rf8 (29... Bd5 30. Qf6+ Ke8 31. e6
$18) 30. Qf6+ Ke8 31. e6 31... dxe3 32. exf7+ Kd7 (32... Rxf7 33. Bxf7+ Kd7 34.
Be6+ Kd6) 33. Be6+ 1-0

[Event "match-tournament"]
[Site "Ch World , Hague/Moscow (Neth"]
[Date "1948.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Botvinnik"]
[Black "Smyslov"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "D98"]
[Annotator "08: Neo-Classic Centre"]
[PlyCount "158"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Nf3 Bg7 5. Qb3 dxc4 6. Qxc4 O-O 7. e4 Bg4 8.
Be3 Nfd7 9. Nd2 Nb6 10. Qd3 c6 11. f3 11... Be6 {A comparison with the
previous position favours Black in some respects; the Bg7 is very well placed
striking directly through the centre d4-e5 square. However, there are more
minor pieces on the board, therefore White's space advantage has more
significance here.} 12. Rd1 12... Na6 {Black's primary strategical task here
is to fix white's vulnerable d-pawn so her concentrates his forces on the d5
square} 13. a3 13... Qd7 14. Qc2 Nc7 (14... Bxd4 15. Ndb1 c5 16. Nb5 Rac8 17.
Bxd4 cxd4 18. N1c3 {
White wins a pawn, which, however, will give him only a slight advantage}) 15.
Nb3 15... Bc4 (15... -- 16. Nc5 {securing two Bishops}) 16. Be2 Bxe2 17. Qxe2
Rad8 18. O-O Qe6 19. Nc5 Qc8 20. Kh1 Nd7 21. Nb3 21... b6 {The attack on the
d-pawn has fizzled out, so Black must think of some other way to keep his
opponent busy} (21... e5 22. d5 $14) 22. Qc4 Qb7 23. f4 23... e6 24. Rc1 Nf6
25. Bg1 Rc8 26. Rc2 Rfd8 27. Qe2 27... Nb5 {Suddenly the game flares up. For
that matter, any further waiting tactics by Black would be questionable in
view of the vulberability of his c-pawn} 28. e5 (28. Nxb5 cxb5 29. Rxc8 Rxc8
30. e5 Nd5 31. Qxb5 31... Rc2 $44) 28... Nxc3 29. bxc3 Nd5 30. c4 (30. Nd2 {
More accurate, now Black will be able to save himself because of the d4weakness
}) 30... Ne7 31. Nd2 Nf5 32. Ne4 32... Nxd4 {
Black gives up the exchange, thereby smashing White's centre} 33. Bxd4 Rxd4 34.
Nd6 34... Rxd6 35. exd6 {This pawn must soon fall, so that Black, with two
pawns for the exchange, will have full compensation, at least as regard
material. The task which he faces in the endgame, however, is far from simple,
mainly because his extra pawns can't play any active part} 35... c5 36. Rd2 Rd8
37. Qf3 Qxf3 38. Rxf3 Bd4 39. g3 Rxd6 40. Kg2 f5 41. a4 Kf7 42. Rb3 Kf6 43. Ra2
a5 44. Rd2 Ke7 45. Kf3 Kd7 46. g4 h6 47. Rg2 Ke7 48. Rd3 Kf7 49. h4 fxg4+ 50.
Rxg4 h5 51. Rg2 Rd8 52. Rgd2 Ke8 53. Rg2 Kf7 54. Rgd2 Ke8 55. Ke2 Ke7 56. Rd1
Rf8 57. Rf1 Bf6 58. Rb3 Bxh4 59. Rxb6 Bg3 60. Rb7+ Kf6 61. Rb5 Kf5 62. Rxc5+
Ke4 63. Re5+ Kd4 64. Rd1+ Kxc4 65. Re4+ Kc5 66. Kf3 h4 67. Rb1 Kd6 68. Rb6+ Kd7
69. Kg4 Rf5 70. Rd4+ Ke7 71. Rb7+ Kf6 72. Rb5 e5 73. Rd6+ Kg7 74. Rxa5 Rxf4+
75. Kh3 Kh6 76. Raa6 Kh5 77. Rxg6 Rxa4 78. Rh6+ Kg5 79. Rhg6+ Kh5 1/2-1/2

[Event "Travemunde"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1951.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Bogolyubov"]
[Black "Kramer"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D01"]
[Annotator "08: Neo-Classic Centre"]
[PlyCount "58"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Successful attack on d4} 1. d4 Nf6 2. Bg5 d5 3. Nc3 c6 4. e3 Bf5 5. Bd3 Bxd3
6. cxd3 6... e6 7. Nf3 Be7 8. O-O O-O 9. Rc1 Nbd7 10. e4 h6 11. Bf4 dxe4 12.
dxe4 Qa5 13. Qe2 13... Rfd8 14. a3 14... Nf8 {Although he has exchanged off
only one piece, Black can maneuver comfortably here, mainly becaue White has
allowed his important King bishop to be traded off. This great reduces White's
possibilities for Kingside attack; consequently, Black will eventually gain
the intitiative by pressuring White's centre} 15. h3 Ng6 16. Bh2 (16. Bg3 Nh5
17. Bh2 Ngf4 18. Qe3 18... Bg5 $1 19. Nxg5 Qxg5) 16... Rd7 17. Rc2 17... Nh7 $1
{with the idea of ... Ng5 undermining Nf3 - the main defender of White's d-pawn
} 18. Qe3 Rad8 19. Bg3 {intending Ph4 to prevent ... Ng5} 19... Ng5 $1 20. Nd2
{protecting the d-pawn indirectly} 20... Qb6 (20... Rxd4 $2 21. Nb3) 21. Ne2 {
A critical moment. White guards the d-pawn and threatens to repulse Black's
pieces by 22. Nc4 or 22.Pf4} 21... c5 $1 {
A powerful stroke. Now White's proud centre is under full attack} 22. Nc4 (22.
dxc5 22... Bxc5 $1 23. Qxc5 (23. Rxc5 23... Rd3 $1 (23... Rxd2 $2 24. Bc7 $1)
24. Bc7 (24. Nc4 Rxe3 25. Nxb6 Rxe2 26. Na4 Nxe4) 24... Rxe3 25. Bxb6 25...
axb6 $1 26. fxe3 26... bxc5 {winning ending}) 23... Qxc5 24. Rxc5 24... Rxd2 {
wins a pawn}) 22... Qc6 23. f3 cxd4 24. Qd3 Nh7 25. f4 $2 {
A further weakening only weakens his e-pawn, which Black immediately exploits}
25... Nf6 26. Nd2 (26. Ne5 Nxe5 27. fxe5 Qxe4) (26. e5 Ne4) 26... Qxc2 $1 27.
Qxc2 27... d3 28. Qc4 dxe2 29. Re1 29... Rxd2 {
After a very long endgame Black's material advantage finally won} 0-1

[Event "10"]
[Site "Moscow ch-SU"]
[Date "1945.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Ratner"]
[Black "Botvinnik"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D87"]
[Annotator "08: Neo-Classic Centre"]
[PlyCount "76"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The c-pawn plays a part} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. cxd5 Nxd5 5. e4 Nxc3
6. bxc3 c5 7. Bc4 Bg7 8. Ne2 O-O 9. O-O 9... Nd7 {The real neo-classic centre
is not formed, for Black has still to exchange on d4. He continues to
postponed this pawn trade, so we can speak of a sort of enlarge neo-classic
centre} 10. a4 $2 {This works out poorly} (10. Bg5 10... h6 11. Be3 {
White will win an important tempo with Qd2}) 10... Qc7 {If White has chosen
the correct move Bg5, then he could now have played Rc1 with good chances} 11.
Ba2 {So White has had to lose a tempo; it is now clear taht Black has a very
satisfactory game} 11... b6 12. Be3 Ba6 13. Re1 13... Rad8 {
Thematic pressure against d4} 14. Qb3 (14. f4 14... e5 $1) 14... e5 $1 {
White is thereby induced to make the following unfavourable change in his
central pawnformation} 15. d5 (15. -- exd4 16. cxd4 Bxe2 17. Rxe2 cxd4) (15.
dxe5 15... Qxe5 {White wins a pawn}) (15. dxc5 15... Nxc5 {
White's Queenside pawns}) 15... c4 $1 16. Qa3 16... f5 {Now it's apparent that
Black's strategy has been completely successful. White's centre is only a
target and Black has excellent squares for his pieces at c5 and d3} 17. Bg5 (
17. f3 f4 18. Bf2 18... g5 {
Black has a strong attacking formation on the Kingside}) 17... Bf6 18. Bh6 Rf7
19. exf5 (19. f3 19... f4 {and the Bh6 is cut off}) 19... gxf5 20. a5 b5 21.
Rad1 Nc5 22. Ng3 Be7 23. Qc1 f4 24. Nh5 Qd6 25. Bg7 Rxg7 26. Nxg7 Kxg7 27. Bb1
Bc8 28. Qc2 Rh8 29. Qe2 Bf6 30. Qh5 Bd7 31. Bc2 e4 32. Bxe4 Qe5 33. Qf3 Re8 34.
Bd3 Qxe1+ 35. Rxe1 Rxe1+ 36. Bf1 Ne4 37. Qxf4 Nxc3 38. Qg3+ Kf7 0-1

[Event "Birmingham"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1951.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Pirc"]
[Black "Van Scheltinga"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D46"]
[Annotator "08: Unbalanced Tension Form"]
[PlyCount "79"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{White exchanges on e5} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c6 3. Nf3 d5 4. e3 e6 5. Bd3 Nbd7 6.
O-O Bd6 7. Nc3 O-O 8. e4 dxc4 9. Bxc4 e5 10. Bg5 (10. d5 Nb6 11. Bb3 11... cxd5
{Black has very good play}) 10... h6 11. Bh4 Qe7 12. Re1 {Maintaining the
tension and centralizing the Rook. On the other hand, Black needs to find a
way to develop his Queen Bishop} 12... Nb6 (12... b6 13. d5 cxd5 (13... c5 14.
Nb5) 14. Nxd5 $16) 13. dxe5 $1 {A fine interpolation which keeps White on top}
(13. Bb3 Bg4) 13... Bxe5 (13... Nxc4 14. exd6 Qxd6 15. Qxd6 Nxd6 16. e5 $18 {
wins a piece}) 14. Nxe5 Qxe5 15. Bb3 Qa5 16. Bg3 {
White values his Bishop pair too much to play Bxf6} 16... Bg4 17. Qc1 (17. f3 {
simpler}) 17... Rad8 18. Bh4 18... g5 (18... -- 19. e5 (19. Bxf6 gxf6 20. Qxh6)
) 19. e5 (19. Bg3 19... Nh5 $132) 19... Nh7 (19... Nh5 20. Bxg5 20... hxg5 21.
Qxg5+ $18) 20. Bg3 Nd5 21. Ne4 $1 21... Nb4 22. Nf6+ Nxf6 23. exf6 Nd3 24. Qc2
24... Qf5 (24... Nxe1 25. Qg6+ Kh8 26. Qg7#) 25. Re3 25... Rfe8 $2 {This loses}
(25... Nc5 {only move}) 26. Re7 $1 (26. Qc4) 26... Bh5 (26... Rxe7 27. fxe7 Re8
28. f3 28... Bh5 29. Rd1 29... Qc5+ 30. Qxc5 Nxc5 31. Rd8 $18) 27. Bc7 Rc8 28.
Bc4 Bg6 (28... Rxe7 29. fxe7 Qd7 30. Qxd3 Qxc7 31. Qh3 Bg6 32. Qxh6 $18) 29.
Rd1 Qxf6 (29... Nc5 30. Bxf7+) 30. Rxe8+ Rxe8 31. Bxd3 Bxd3 32. Qxd3 Qxb2 33.
h4 gxh4 34. Qd7 Re6 35. Qd8+ Kg7 36. Qxh4 Qxa2 37. Qg4+ Kh7 38. Qf5+ Rg6 39.
Be5 Qe6 40. Rd8 1-0

[Event "Semmering"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1926.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Davidson"]
[Black "Alekhine"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D45"]
[Annotator "08: Neo-Classic Centre"]
[PlyCount "70"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{An outstanding game illustrating how strategy and tactics mould together ...
model game in play with Black} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 c6 3. Nf3 Nf6 4. e3 e6 5. Nc3
Nbd7 6. Qc2 Bd6 7. Bd3 O-O 8. O-O Qe7 9. e4 dxc4 10. Bxc4 10... e5 {This positi
on is almost the same as the previous, the only difference being that the
Queens were unmoved. However, this difference is very important, as the Black
Queen is well placed on e7, while the White Queen is not so fortunately placed}
11. Rd1 (11. -- exd4 12. Nxd4 Bxh2+ 13. Kxh2 Qe5+ 14. Kg1 Qxd4) 11... exd4 $1
12. Nxd4 12... Nb6 {According to Alekhine, this is stronger than ... Ne5} (
12... Ne5 13. Bf1 Ng6 14. Nf5 Bxf5 15. exf5 Ne5 16. Bg5 {good chances for White
}) 13. Bf1 13... Rd8 14. h3 (14. -- Bxh2+ 15. Kxh2 Rxd4 16. Rxd4 Qe5+ 17. Kg1
Qxd4) 14... Bc7 15. Be3 {Parrying the threat of ... Rxd4, Rxd4 and Qe5} 15...
Re8 $1 {Black continues to play with finesse} 16. Bd3 16... Nh5 17. Nce2 g6 18.
Re1 Nd7 19. Nf3 $2 (19. f4 Nhf6 20. e5 Nd5 21. Bd2) 19... Bb6 $1 20. Bg5 (20.
Bxb6 20... axb6 $1) 20... Qc5 $1 21. Nc3 (21. Qxc5 Nxc5 22. Nc1 f6 23. Bd2 Nxd3
24. Nxd3 Ng3 25. e5 25... Bf5 {Black has a tremendous position}) 21... Ne5 22.
Nxe5 Qxe5 23. Be3 Bc7 24. Ne2 Qh2+ 25. Kf1 25... Bxh3 $1 {This begins a deep
combinations which, together with the preceding excellent positional play,
justifiably qualified this game for the brilliance prize} 26. gxh3 Qxh3+ 27.
Kg1 Bh2+ 28. Kh1 Nf4 29. Nxf4 (29. Bxf4 Bg3+ 30. Kg1 Qh2+ 31. Kf1 Qxf2#) 29...
Bxf4+ 30. Kg1 Bh2+ 31. Kh1 31... Qf3+ $1 {
This further sacrifice finishes off White quickly} 32. Kxh2 32... Re5 33. Qc5
Rxc5 34. Bxc5 Qh5+ 35. Kg2 Qxc5 0-1

[Event "Kemeri"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1937.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Petrov"]
[Black "Stahlberg"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D43"]
[Annotator "08: Neo-Classic Centre"]
[PlyCount "73"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{White plays Pd5} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 c6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Nf3 e6 5. Bg5 h6 6. Bxf6 Qxf6
7. Qd3 dxc4 8. Qxc4 Nd7 9. e4 e5 10. d5 {White strives to keep the position
closed, in order to minimize the effect of Black's Bishop pair} 10... Nb6 11.
Qb3 Bc5 (11... cxd5 12. Bb5+ Bd7 13. Nxd5) (11... c5 12. Nb5 Bd6 13. Nxa7) 12.
Be2 O-O 13. O-O Bg4 (13... cxd5) 14. Rac1 (14. dxc6 14... bxc6 {
Two bishops would be sufficient compensation for the weak pawn}) 14... Rfd8 15.
Nd1 $1 15... Bxf3 (15... Bf8 16. dxc6 bxc6 17. Ne3 Be6 18. Qc3 {lose a pawn})
16. Qxf3 Qxf3 17. Bxf3 Nd7 18. dxc6 bxc6 19. Bg4 Bb6 20. Rxc6 $1 (20. Bxd7 Rxd7
21. Rxc6 21... Rd2 $132) 20... Nf6 21. Bf3 Rd2 22. a4 $1 {
Building an initiative on the Queenside} 22... Rad8 23. b4 23... R8d4 (23...
Nxe4 24. a5) (23... R8d3 24. Ne3 Bxe3 25. fxe3 Rxe3 26. Rc7 $14) 24. Rc8+ Kh7
25. a5 Bd8 26. Ne3 Rxb4 (26... Nxe4 27. Nf5 (27. Rxd8 Rxd8 28. Bxe4+) 27...
Rxb4) (26... Be7 27. Nf5 Rd7 28. Rb1 (28. Nxe7) 28... Bxb4 29. Rxb4 Rd1+ 30.
Bxd1 Rxd1#) 27. Nd5 27... Rxd5 (27... Bxa5 28. Nxb4 Bxb4 29. Rc7 a5 30. Rxf7 a4
) 28. exd5 Bxa5 29. Rd1 Rb2 30. Kf1 Bb6 31. Be2 Ne4 32. Rc6 32... Bd4 (32...
Nxf2 33. Rxb6) (32... Bxf2 33. Bd3 f5 34. Bxe4 fxe4 35. d6 e3 36. Ra1) 33. d6
Nf6 34. Rc7 Rb6 35. Rxd4 {A fine finishing touch} 35... exd4 36. Bd3+ 36... g6
(36... Kh8 37. Rc8+ Ng8 38. d7) 37. Rxf7+ 1-0

[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1940.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Euwe"]
[Black "Kramer"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C85"]
[Annotator "08: Latent Central Majority"]
[PlyCount "52"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{White keeps both Pd4 and Pf4 in reserve} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4
Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Bxc6 dxc6 7. d3 Bg4 8. h3 Bxf3 9. Qxf3 9... O-O {In the excha
nge variation, White usually plays Pd4 early in the opening; this advance
leads mostly to an ending featuring a struggle between White's better pawn
structure and Black's Bishop pair. In this case, however, if White should now
play for Pd4 by say Nc3-e2, Be3, Rad1 and Pc3, Black would play ... Pc5 and
exchange off the pawns when they reach Pd4. So White tries another method} 10.
Nd2 Nd7 11. Nc4 11... b6 {
This only loses time and weakens the Queenside. He should have tried} (11...
Bg5 {though White has a slight pull}) 12. Qg3 12... Bd6 13. Qg4 {
Threatening Bh6 since Ne7 is attacked} (13. Bh6 Qf6) 13... Qe7 (13... Nf6 14.
Qe2) 14. Ne3 Nf6 15. Qg5 15... h6 {
This amounts to a serious weakening on the Kingside} (15... Nd7 16. Qg3 Qf6 17.
Nf5 Qg6 18. Qh4) 16. Qg3 Nh5 17. Qf3 Nf4 (17... Nf6 18. Nf5 Qe6 19. Bxh6) (
17... g6 18. Ng4) 18. Nf5 Qf6 19. d4 {undermining the Black Knight} 19... g5 (
19... -- 20. dxe5 Qxe5 21. Nxd6 cxd6 22. Bxf4) (19... Ne6 20. Nxh6+ $16) 20.
Bxf4 exf4 (20... gxf4 21. dxe5 Bxe5 22. Qh5 22... Bxb2 23. Rab1 Kh7 24. Rxb2
Qxb2 25. Qxh6+ Kg8 26. Ne7#) 21. g4 Qe6 22. e5 Be7 23. Qxc6 23... Rae8 24. Qxc7
h5 25. d5 25... Bd8 26. dxe6 Bxc7 1-0

[Event "USSR"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Taimanov"]
[Black "Abramov"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E24"]
[Annotator "08: Latent Central Majority"]
[PlyCount "99"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Preparation and execution of the advance Pe4} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4.
a3 Bxc3+ 5. bxc3 d5 6. cxd5 exd5 7. e3 O-O 8. Bd3 8... Re8 {The next few moves
are easy to understand. White strives for the central push Pe4, Black tries to
stop him} 9. Ne2 Nbd7 (9... c5 10. O-O b6 11. Ng3 11... Ba6 {
Black trades off White's strong bishop} 12. Bxa6 Nxa6 13. Qd3 {
White will soon be able to play Pe4}) 10. O-O Nf8 11. f3 Ng6 12. Qe1 c5 13. Qf2
{Reinforcing Pd4 so as to prepare Pe4} 13... Qc7 14. Bd2 b5 15. Ng3 Bb7 16.
Rae1 Rad8 17. h3 {
Now it seems White can play Pe4, as both Pd4 and Pe4 are protected} (17. e4
cxd4 18. cxd4 dxe4 19. fxe4 Ng4 20. Qe2 20... Rxd4 $1 {Ruining White's dream})
17... Qd6 {Threatening to win a pawn and preventing Pe4} 18. Bc1 (18. -- 18...
cxd4) 18... Re6 19. Re2 19... Bc6 {Note Black can't doublr Rooks on the e-file,
since that would relax pressure on Pd4} 20. Rfe1 20... Ba8 {
Black has nothing constructive to do now, and so marks time} 21. Nf5 {
White tries another tack. He diverts one piece from control of e4 to have d4
fully covered} 21... Qc7 22. Bd2 (22. e4 dxe4 23. fxe4 cxd4 24. cxd4 Nxe4 25.
Bxe4 Bxe4 26. Rxe4 Rxe4 27. Rxe4 27... Qxc1+ $17) 22... Rde8 23. Ng3 23... Qd6
{White's excellent maneuvering has decoyed Black's Rook from d8 to e8, thus
reducing pressure on d4} 24. Bf5 R6e7 25. e4 $1 {Finally! Now White's central
expansion quickly leads to a powerful Kingside attack. True Black wins the
a-pawn, but this is a comparatively small detail} 25... dxe4 26. fxe4 cxd4 27.
cxd4 Qxa3 28. Bg5 {White now gives up the two Bishops in order to wreck
Black's kingside pawn structure} 28... h6 29. Bxf6 29... gxf6 30. Nh5 30... Rd8
31. Nxf6+ Kh8 32. e5 Qb4 33. Be4 {
Exchanging Black's Queen Bishop and indirectly defending the d-pawn} 33... Bxe4
34. Rxe4 Rc7 35. h4 a5 36. h5 Ne7 37. Ng4 (37. Qe3) 37... Ng8 38. Nxh6 Qe7 39.
Qf4 Qe6 40. Nf5 Ne7 41. Nxe7 Rxe7 42. R1e3 Kh7 43. Rg3 Ree8 44. Qf3 f5 45. Rf4
Rg8 46. Rxg8 Kxg8 47. Rxf5 Rxd4 48. Rf6 Qe8 (48... Qxe5 49. Rg6+ Kh8 50. Qf8+
Kh7 51. Qg8#) 49. Qg3+ Kh7 50. Qg6+ 1-0

[Event "Luik"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1930.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Rubinstein"]
[Black "Weenink"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D36"]
[Annotator "08: Latent Central Majority"]
[PlyCount "64"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{White plays Pe4 in the Queen's Gambit Exchange Variation} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3.
Nc3 Nf6 4. Bg5 Nbd7 5. e3 c6 6. cxd5 exd5 7. Bd3 Be7 8. Qc2 O-O 9. Nf3 Re8 10.
O-O 10... Nf8 {
White's best plan is the Minority attack - Rab1 followed soon by Pb4-b5.} 11.
Nd2 11... g6 $1 {Excellent stratagem first worked out by Samisch. The idea
behind this move, which at first sight appears to be a pointless weakening of
the Kingside, is to play ... Nf8-e6-g7 followed by ... Bf5, forcing the
strategically desirable trade of light squared Bishops} 12. Rfe1 Ne6 13. Bh4
Ng7 14. f3 {Intending to meet Black's plan with Pe4, but there is a tactical
flw in White's idea} 14... Bf5 15. e4 (15. Bf2 {
reinforcing d4 in preparation for Pe4} 15... Bxd3 16. Qxd3 Ne6 17. e4 dxe4 18.
fxe4 Ng4 19. Nf3 Nxf2 20. Kxf2 20... Qb6 {White's d-pawn is vulnerable}) 15...
dxe4 16. fxe4 16... Nxe4 $1 {The shot White overlooked} (16... Qxd4+ 17. Bf2
$18) 17. Bxe4 (17. Bxe7 Qxd4+ 18. Kh1 Nf2+ 19. Kg1 Nh3+ 20. Kh1 20... Qg1+ $1
21. Rxg1 21... Nf2# {such little tactics intertwine with Strategy}) 17... Bxh4
18. g3 Qxd4+ 19. Kh1 19... Bf6 {Now with two extra pawns, Black has an easy win
} 20. Nf3 Qc5 21. Bxf5 Nxf5 22. g4 Ne3 23. Qf2 Bxc3 24. bxc3 Rad8 25. Re2 Rd3
26. Rae1 Rxc3 27. h4 h6 28. h5 Re4 29. hxg6 fxg6 30. Qh4 Qf8 31. Qh3 31... Nxg4
32. Rxe4 Nf2+ 0-1

[Event "match-tournament"]
[Site "Ch URS , Leningrad/Moscow (Ru"]
[Date "1941.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Botvinnik"]
[Black "Lilienthal"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "E46"]
[Annotator "08: Latent Central Majority"]
[PlyCount "108"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e3 O-O 5. Nge2 d5 6. a3 Be7 7. cxd5 exd5 8. g3
Nbd7 9. Bg2 9... Nb6 {White's strategy is clear: he will try to advance his
central pawn majority by Pf3 and Pe4.} 10. Qd3 (10. f3 {playable (Fine)}) 10...
a5 $1 {
fixing White's b-pawn and thus creating a strong square at c4 for his pieces}
11. a4 c6 12. O-O 12... Nbd7 $1 {The Knight is aiming for another fine post on
b4 - which can't be controlled by a pawn} 13. Rd1 $2 {This is rather insipid.
Botvinnik later considered that Pf3 and Pe4 was not dangerous to Black. He
later stated Pb3 was best} (13. b3 {Botvinnik's recommendation}) (13. f3 Nb8 (
13... c5 $1 14. dxc5 14... Nxc5 {
Euwe ... Black obtains satisfactory counterplay}) 14. e4 dxe4 15. fxe4 Na6 16.
Be3 Nb4 17. Qd2 Be6 18. h3 Qd7 19. Nf4 Bc4 20. Rf2 {
With good chances for White (Reuben Fine)}) 13... Nb8 14. b3 Na6 15. Na2 Re8
16. Bb2 Bd6 17. Re1 {Still thinking of playing Pe4} 17... Qe7 18. Rad1 18... g6
{A good idea, preparing ... Bf5 to increase his control of e4} 19. Nf4 Bf5 20.
Qe2 Nb4 21. Nxb4 Bxb4 22. Rf1 22... Bg4 {Now Black has such control of e4 that
White is induced to play Pf3, despite his earlier reservations. Since it is
unlikely that White will be able to successfully enforce Pe4, the net result
is that the e-pawn will be backward and vulnerable} 23. f3 23... Bf5 24. Bc1
24... Ba3 {The idea is to weaken the e-pawn by exchanging the defending Bc1} (
24... h5 {Botvinnik's preference, restraining Pg4}) 25. Rfe1 Bxc1 26. Rxc1 h5
27. Qd2 Qa3 28. Qc3 Re7 29. Ra1 Qd6 30. Ra2 Rae8 31. Rae2 b6 32. Nd3 32... Bxd3
{practically forced} (32... Nd7 33. e4 $1) 33. Qxd3 c5 34. Bf1 Nd7 35. Rd1 Qf6
36. f4 (36. dxc5 Nxc5 37. Qxd5 37... Rd7) (36. Kg2) 36... cxd4 37. exd4 (37.
Qxd4 Qxd4 38. Rxd4 {In the current position, White's central pawn majority no
longer exists; though Black has some advantage. White should be able to hold.
Botvinnik loses the game because of a later blunder}) 37... Rxe2 38. Bxe2 Qe7
39. Bf3 Nf6 40. Kg2 Rc8 41. Rd2 Qb4 (41... Kg7 42. f5 42... Ne4 {
Black's only slight chance for victory}) 42. f5 Rc3 43. Qe2 g5 44. Qe5 $1 44...
Rxb3 (44... Rxf3 45. Re2 $1 {shows Whiy Black should have played Kg7}) 45. Re2
Kg7 46. Bxd5 Rb2 47. Bc4 $2 (47. Rxb2 Qxb2+ 48. Kf1 {should have drawn}) 47...
Rxe2+ 48. Bxe2 Qxa4 49. Bxh5 Qc2+ 50. Be2 a4 51. d5 Qc5 52. h4 Qxd5+ 53. Qxd5
Nxd5 54. hxg5 a3 0-1

[Event "AVRO"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1938.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Reshevsky"]
[Black "Flohr"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D95"]
[Annotator "08: Latent Central Majority"]
[PlyCount "87"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{White accepts the isolation of his d-pawn} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Qb3
c6 5. Nf3 Bg7 6. e3 O-O 7. Bd2 e6 8. Bd3 b6 9. O-O Bb7 10. Rad1 Nbd7 11. cxd5
11... exd5 {White will advance Pe4, which will leave his d-pawn isolated.
However, he is counting on using the resulting extra freedom of movement and
the possibility of occupying e5, to give full compensation for the isolated
pawn} 12. e4 12... dxe4 {
This isolated the d-pawn, and is possibly not the best move} (12... c5 $5) 13.
Nxe4 Nxe4 14. Bxe4 Nf6 15. Bc2 15... Nd5 {The usual way to exploit an isolated
pawn is not to attack it directly, but to occupy the square immediately in
front of it, preferably with a Knight. Hte isolated d-pawn by no means
dominates the currect position; Black has to be concerned about his poorly
placed Queen Bishop and the vulnerable c-pawn} 16. Rfe1 Re8 17. Bd3 17... Qd7 (
17... Qd6) 18. Qa4 Rxe1+ 19. Rxe1 19... a6 $2 {
Another slight error of judgement, further weakening the Queenside} (19... Rd8
20. Qxa7 $4 20... Ra8) 20. Rc1 Qd6 21. Qb3 Rc8 22. a4 h6 (22... c5 {Reshevsky})
23. Be4 Re8 24. Bxd5 $1 {An astute exchanve, which makes the central pawn
position symmetrical and concedes the two Bishops - seeminly a poor strategy,
but Reshevsky has seen that he will have favourable play after ne5} 24... cxd5
25. Ne5 Rc8 (25... Bxe5 26. dxe5 Rxe5 (26... Qxe5 27. Qxb6 Qe2 28. Be3 $16) 27.
Bf4 Qc6 28. h3 $18) 26. Re1 Re8 27. h3 Re6 28. f4 Qe7 29. Rc1 29... Kh7 {
Protecting the g-pawn and hoping to play ... Pf6 ousting the Knight} (29... Bf8
) 30. Bb4 Qh4 31. Qf3 (31. Rc7 Qxf4 32. Rxb7 Qxd4+) 31... Bxe5 32. fxe5 $3 {
Flohr has missed this most unlikely recapture} 32... f5 (32... Qxd4+ 33. Kh1
Kg8 34. Rc7 34... f5 35. Bc3 $18 {wins a piece}) 33. Rc7+ Kg8 34. Qc3 Rc6 35.
Rxc6 Bxc6 36. Kh1 $2 (36. Qxc6 $1 36... Qxd4+ 37. Kh1 37... Qxb4 {
White could have shortened the game by three moves}) 36... Qf2 37. Qxc6 Qf1+
38. Kh2 Qf4+ 39. Kg1 Qxd4+ 40. Kh1 Qxb4 41. Qxg6+ Kh8 42. Qxh6+ Kg8 43. Qg6+
Kh8 44. Qf6+ 1-0

[Event "Beverwijk"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1951.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "Palomaa"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E68"]
[Annotator "09: Blocked Oblique Formations"]
[PlyCount "100"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 d6 3. Nf3 g6 4. Nc3 Nbd7 5. g3 Bg7 6. Bg2 O-O 7. O-O e5 8. e4
Re8 9. d5 Nc5 10. Ne1 a5 11. h3 Bd7 12. Be3 12... b6 {It is already noticeable
the Black's strength is not being deployed very economically. For the purpose
of forcing ... Pf5, the Rook stands decidedly worse on e8 than of f8, and more
or less as a consequence of this the Knight is also in the way} 13. b3 {
The beginning of the Queenside attack} (13. a3 13... a4 {
crippling White's Queenside}) 13... Qc8 14. Kh2 14... Nh5 {The intention is
both evident and good, but the manner of execution is defective. For the time
being White is not obliged to take any measures against the Black plan} 15. Rc1
(15. -- f5 16. exf5 Bxf5 (16... gxf5 17. Qxh5) 17. g4) 15... Bh8 16. Bh6 {
Black's intentions is of course Ng7, but the text shouldn't be condemned, for
the Bishop incarcerated on h8 would not have been a prettysight} 16... Bg7 17.
Bxg7 Nxg7 18. Nd3 18... Nxd3 $2 (18... f5 19. exf5 gxf5 20. f4 e4 21. Nxc5 bxc5
22. g4 {a plan which was crowned with success in the game Flohr-Bogolyubov,
Bad Sliac 1932}) 19. Qxd3 Rf8 (19... f5 {has lost it's sting} 20. exf5 20...
Bxf5 (20... gxf5 21. f4 e4 22. Qd4 {
followed by Nd1-e3 and ultimately Pg4, Black would have no counterplay at all})
21. Ne4) 20. f4 $1 {This rules out Pf5} 20... f6 (20... f5 21. fxe5 dxe5 22. d6
) (20... exf4 21. gxf4 {White is all set for the further advance Pe5}) 21. Rce1
Qd8 22. Rf2 Qe7 23. Qd2 {Now that Black's counteraction has been thoroughly
stopped, White makes quiet preparations for his Queenside attack. His Rooks
are ready to double on the e-file or the f-file as required, while this Queen
move enables the Knight to work around to d3, from which cantage point it
observes e5, and is also ready to support an eventual c5} 23... Rab8 24. a3 Ra8
25. Nd1 25... Rab8 {Black waits events} 26. Nb2 Rbd8 27. Nd3 Ra8 28. Qc3 Rfd8
29. Ref1 Rf8 30. b4 axb4 31. axb4 {At last an open file} 31... Rac8 (31... Ra7
32. fxe5 dxe5 33. Nxe5 $1) (31... Rfd8 32. fxe5 32... fxe5 {
Black has time to play his Rook back to f8}) 32. Ra1 Ra8 33. Rfa2 Rxa2 34. Rxa2
34... exf4 {Otherwise White's Queenside attack will continue with Ra7 and Pc5}
35. gxf4 35... g5 {An attempt to gain control of e5} 36. e5 $1 36... fxe5 37.
fxe5 37... Bf5 $2 (37... dxe5 38. Qxe5 Qxe5+ 39. Nxe5 Bf5 40. Ra7 Ne8 41. Bf3 {
At least makes it harder for White}) 38. e6 {
This protected passed pawn impairs the freedom of Black pieces} 38... Bxd3 39.
Qxd3 Qf6 40. Qe4 Qf4+ 41. Qxf4 Rxf4 42. Ra8+ Rf8 43. Ra7 Ne8 44. Kg3 Kg7 45.
Bf3 Kg6 46. Ra8 h5 47. Bd1 h4+ 48. Kg2 Kf6 49. Bh5 49... Ke7 50. Rxe8+ Rxe8 1-0

[Event "Hastings"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1934.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Michel"]
[Black "Flohr"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "E94"]
[Annotator "09: Blocked Oblique Formations"]
[PlyCount "48"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4 d6 5. Nf3 O-O 6. Be2 Nbd7 7. O-O e5 8. d5
a5 9. Qc2 9... Nh5 $1 10. g3 Nc5 11. Ne1 Bh3 12. Ng2 12... Nf6 {In order to
keep the Black Knight from settling on f4, White has weakened his Kingside by
Pg3. He could still have held his game together by playing 13. Pf3 followed by
Nd1-f2.  Only after this should he have considered preparing a Queenside
attack of his own} 13. Re1 $2 (13. f3 13... {--14. Nd1 --15. Nf2}) 13... Nfd7
14. Be3 f5 15. f3 15... f4 $1 (15... fxe4 {Doesn't lead to much}) 16. Bxc5 {
An unsuccessful attempt to keep the game closed} (16. Bf2) (16. gxf4 exf4 17.
Bxf4 (17. Nxf4 Qg5+ 18. Kh1 Rxf4) 17... Bxg2) 16... Nxc5 17. g4 17... h5 $1 18.
gxh5 {Hoping to occupy the open g-file} 18... Qg5 {This intermediate move
foils White's plans. It is only Black who gets an open file for his Rooks} (
18... gxh5 19. Kh1) 19. Bf1 Qxh5 20. Qf2 Bf6 21. Be2 Kg7 22. Kh1 22... Rh8 {
The big guns are already in position} 23. Rg1 Rh6 24. Bf1 24... Rah8 {
The Black bishop moves off the h-file next move, leaving the h2 square
indefensible} 0-1

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1951.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Aronin"]
[Black "Lyublinsky"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C77"]
[Annotator "09: Blocked Oblique Formations"]
[PlyCount "81"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. d3 d6 6. c3 Bd7 7. O-O Be7 8. Re1
O-O 9. Nbd2 Re8 10. Nf1 Bf8 11. Bb3 Be6 12. Ng3 h6 13. d4 Bxb3 14. Qxb3 Qd7 15.
d5 Ne7 16. c4 b6 17. Bd2 g6 18. Qd3 18... a5 {In the handling of the strategic
phase which follows now, both players know their business} 19. b3 19... Bg7 20.
a3 Nh7 21. b4 axb4 22. axb4 Rxa1 23. Rxa1 23... f5 $1 24. Bc3 $2 {This is too
mechanical. White puts pressure on the e-pawn in preparation for Pc5, but
omits to spare a though for the defence of his Kingside  White's King position
now becomes in some danger of being submerged by the avalanche of Black pawns}
(24. h3 24... f4 25. Nf1 g5 26. N1h2 h5 27. Qe2 Nf6 28. g4 fxg3 29. fxg3 Qxh3
30. Bxg5) 24... f4 25. Nf1 g5 26. c5 bxc5 27. bxc5 g4 28. N3d2 Ng6 29. Ra7
29... f3 $2 {Too hasty!} (29... Ng5 $40 30. Ba5 (30. f3 Nh4 31. Ra2 gxf3 32.
Nxf3 Ngxf3+ 33. gxf3 Qh3 34. Rf2 34... Bf6) (30. c6 Qf7) 30... f3 31. Rxc7
31... Qa4) 30. g3 Ng5 31. Ne3 {
Now the White King can escape via f1, and Black's attack comes to a halt} 31...
Nh3+ 32. Kf1 dxc5 33. Qa6 Kh7 34. Qc6 34... Qxc6 $8 (34... Re7 35. Nf5 Rf7 36.
Qxd7 Rxd7 37. d6 $1) 35. dxc6 Re6 36. Rxc7 Ne7 37. Nf5 $1 37... Bf6 38. Rd7 Kg6
39. Nxe7+ Bxe7 40. c7 Rc6 41. Rxe7 1-0

[Event "Hilversum"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1947.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Van Scheltinga"]
[Black "Zvetkov"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E72"]
[Annotator "09: Blocked Oblique Formations"]
[PlyCount "99"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4 d6 5. g3 O-O 6. Bg2 e5 7. d5 Nbd7 8. Nge2
a5 9. O-O 9... Nc5 {White has managed to keep f4 well under control, so that
Black will not find it an easy matter to carry out the advance ... Pf5-f4} 10.
f3 {White means to take no action on the Kingside and make his real effort on
the other wing} (10. Qc2 {more exact}) 10... Ne8 (10... Nh5 11. Be3 f5 12. Bf2
f4 13. g4 {making it practically impossible for Black to open a file}) 11. Be3
f5 12. Qc2 12... b6 $2 13. a3 $1 {Profiting by Black's negligence. this move
would have been impossible had Black played ... Bd7, because he would have
replied ... Pa4} 13... Nf6 14. b4 axb4 15. axb4 Rxa1 16. Rxa1 Na6 17. Qb3 (17.
Qa4) 17... fxe4 18. Nxe4 Nxe4 19. fxe4 Bg4 20. Nc3 20... Qc8 $1 21. Qa4 Nb8 22.
c5 $1 {All according to plan} 22... dxc5 23. bxc5 Nd7 24. h3 Bf3 (24... Nxc5
25. Bxc5 Bd7 26. Bxf8 26... Bxa4 27. Bxg7 Kxg7 28. Rxa4 {
White, with a Rook and two minor pieces for the Queen has the better of it})
25. c6 $1 {This is the point of the previous move, ... Nf6 being impossible,
and ... Nb8 ensures the Knight will never get out again} 25... Nc5 26. Bxc5
bxc5 27. Qc4 Kh8 28. Qxc5 Bxg2 29. Kxg2 Qe8 30. Ra2 $1 {White has a sound
extra pawn, Van Scheltinga handles the technical phase in irreproachable style}
30... Bf6 31. Rf2 Be7 32. Rxf8+ Bxf8 33. Qf2 Kg8 34. h4 Bb4 35. Na2 Qe7 36. Nc1
Bc5 37. Qf3 Bd4 38. Ne2 Bb6 39. Kh3 Ba5 40. g4 Be1 41. g5 Bb4 42. Ng3 Bd6 43.
Nf1 Qf7 44. Qxf7+ Kxf7 45. Ne3 Bf8 46. Nc4 Ke7 47. Nxe5 Kd6 48. Nd7 Be7 49. Kg4
Bd8 50. Kf4 1-0

[Event "Reichenberg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Gilg"]
[Black "Pelikan"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E67"]
[Annotator "09: Blocked Oblique Formations"]
[PlyCount "55"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nf3 Bg7 4. Nc3 O-O 5. g3 d6 6. Bg2 Nbd7 7. O-O e5 8. d5
a5 9. e4 Nc5 10. Ne1 Ne8 11. Nd3 11... f5 {Black's idea is to recapture on c5
with his d-pawn, and then occupy d6 with the Knight} 12. Nxc5 dxc5 13. Be3 {
This crosses Black's plan, for if 13. ... Pb6, there comes 14. Pexf5 and 15.Pd6
} 13... Qd6 (13... b6 14. exf5 14... gxf5 15. d6) 14. f4 {This move generally
involves difficulties caused be the weakness of the e-pawn. here there is no
such difficulty, since at some suitable moment the e-pawn can be exchanged for
the pawn on f5. If Black opens the game by exchanging on e4 and f4, the game
turns to White's advantage as a rule, for with his d-pawn already on the fifth
rank the square e5 can easily become a strong support point} 14... Bd7 15. Qd2
Rb8 16. Rae1 b6 17. Rf2 Rf7 18. Kh1 18... Qf8 {Black is ready for Nd6} 19. fxe5
Bxe5 20. Bh6 20... Qd6 {
The square reserved for the Knight is again occupied by the Queen instead} (
20... Bg7 21. Bxg7 Qxg7 22. e5) 21. Rfe2 Nf6 (21... f4 22. gxf4 Bxf4 23. Bxf4
Qxf4 24. Qxf4 Rxf4 25. b3) 22. exf5 Bxc3 23. Qxc3 Bxf5 24. Re6 $1 {
A decisive combination based on the support point e6} 24... Qd8 (24... Bxe6 25.
dxe6 Rff8 26. e7 Rfe8 27. Bd5+ Kh8 28. Re6 $18) 25. Bg5 Ne4 (25... Bxe6 26.
dxe6) 26. Bxd8 Nxc3 27. Re8+ Kg7 (27... Rf8 28. Rxf8+ Kxf8 29. Be7+ Kf7 30.
bxc3 Re8 31. d6 cxd6 32. Bd5+ Kg7 33. Bf6+ Kxf6 34. Rxe8) 28. bxc3 1-0

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Flohr"]
[Black "Lilienthal"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E68"]
[Annotator "09: Blocked Oblique Formations"]
[PlyCount "67"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 d6 3. Nf3 Nbd7 4. g3 g6 5. Bg2 Bg7 6. O-O O-O 7. Nc3 e5 8. e4
Re8 9. d5 Nc5 10. Ne1 a5 11. b3 Bd7 12. h3 Rf8 13. Be3 13... Ne8 {
Black's play has been more to the point ... all set for ... Pf5} 14. Rc1 b6 15.
Qd2 f5 16. exf5 16... Bxf5 $2 {This leaves White in control of a fine support
point at e4. Recapture with the pawn is indicated in this sort of position} (
16... gxf5) 17. g4 $1 17... Bd7 18. Nf3 Rb8 19. Ng5 $1 19... Bf6 20. Nge4 Bg7
21. Rce1 Nf6 22. Ng3 $1 {Every exchange would ease Black's task, and White
must in any case be careful to keep a Knight to make use of the strong square
e4. If any Black piece contest control of this square, White's first priority
is to drive them away. He now threatens Pg5} 22... Kh8 (22... Be8 23. f4 exf4
24. Bxf4 Nfd7 25. Bh6 25... Bf7 {(Alatortzev)}) 23. f4 Ng8 24. Nce4 Nxe4 25.
Nxe4 Qe7 26. Ng5 Rbe8 27. fxe5 Bxe5 28. Nf3 28... Bg7 $2 (28... Qg7 29. Nxe5
29... dxe5 {White would have a decisive positional advantage, with his strong
point at e4, his Bishop pair and his active Queenside majority which can start
rolling at once with Pc5}) 29. Bxb6 29... Qxe1 30. Rxe1 Rxe1+ 31. Qxe1 cxb6 32.
Qg3 a4 33. Qxd6 axb3 34. axb3 1-0

[Event "Bad Sliac"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1932.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Flohr"]
[Black "Bogolyubov"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E94"]
[Annotator "09: Blocked Oblique Formations"]
[PlyCount "52"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4 d6 5. Nf3 O-O 6. Be2 Nbd7 7. O-O e5 8. d5
Nc5 9. Nd2 a5 10. Qc2 Bg4 11. Nb3 Bxe2 12. Qxe2 Ncd7 13. Be3 h6 14. Nc1 Nh7 15.
Nd3 15... f5 $2 {When this game was played, the maneuver which White now
employs - or at least its underlying background - was unknown} 16. exf5 gxf5
17. f4 $1 17... e4 {Unavoidable in the long run} 18. Nf2 18... Bxc3 $2 (18...
Nhf6 19. g4 $14 {In the modern lines of the King's Indian, however, White's
plans are not so easily realizable, since Black has time for ... Ph5, securing
himself counterply on the g-file}) 19. bxc3 Nhf6 20. g4 $1 {
Completely dislocating Black's position} 20... Kh7 (20... fxg4 21. Nxg4 Nxg4
22. Qxg4+ Kh8 23. Kh1 {White's attack becomes decisive as soon as he gets a
Bishop on d4 combining with the major pieces on the g-file}) 21. g5 $1 21...
Ng8 22. Kh1 Qe8 23. Rg1 Qg6 24. gxh6 Qxh6 25. Rg3 25... Ngf6 26. Rh3 Nh5 1-0

[Event "Budapest"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Szabo"]
[Black "Boleslavsky"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "E92"]
[Annotator "09: Blocked Oblique Formations"]
[PlyCount "91"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. Nf3 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. d4 O-O 5. e4 d6 6. Be2 e5 7. d5 Nh5 8. Ng1 $2
(8. O-O {
White thought that his opponent had nothing better now than to retreat ... Nf6}
) 8... Nd7 $3 {One of the most startling discoveries of recent years. Without
battling an eyelid, Black gives up a pawn simply to enforce ... Pf5} (8... Nf6
9. g4 {
Not only actively prevents ... Pf5, but also starts a direct attack of his own}
) 9. Bxh5 gxh5 10. Qxh5 Nc5 11. Nf3 (11. g4 11... c6 12. Nf3 cxd5 13. cxd5 Qf6
14. g5 14... Qg6 {powerful line for Black}) 11... f5 12. O-O f4 (12... fxe4 13.
Ng5 Bf5 14. Qe2 $14) 13. b4 Nd7 14. Bb2 14... Qe7 $1 15. Ng5 {
else Black plays ... Rf6-Rh6} 15... Nf6 16. Qh4 h6 17. Nf3 Qf7 18. Nd2 18...
Ng4 $1 19. f3 {In order to make an escape route for his Queen .. white
concedes his opponent the e3 square} 19... Ne3 $1 (19... Bf6 20. Qe1 (20. Qh3
Ne3 21. Qxh6 {White would have two pawns for the exchange})) 20. Rfc1 20... Kh7
21. Nd1 Bf6 22. Qf2 22... Rg8 $1 {The tactical point, not only of Black's 19th
move but also of Black's whole plan so far. The use this open file was what
Black visualized when sacrificing the pawn at move 8} 23. Nxe3 fxe3 24. Qxe3
Bg5 25. Qe2 Bxd2 26. Qxd2 Bh3 27. g3 Qxf3 28. Rc3 (28. Re1 28... Raf8 29. --
Rxg3+ 30. hxg3 Qxg3+ 31. Kh1 Rf2 32. Qxf2 Qxf2) 28... Qxe4 29. c5 {
This leads only to a weakening of the d-pawn} (29. Qc2 29... Qxc2 30. Rxc2 Raf8
31. Rf2) 29... Rg7 30. Qc2 Qxc2 31. Rxc2 Rf8 32. Rf2 Rgf7 33. Rxf7+ 33... Rxf7
{The White King is in a tight corner and a White pawn is bound to be lost} 34.
Re1 Rf3 35. cxd6 cxd6 36. Bc1 (36. Rd1 Kg6 37. b5 Kf5 38. Bc1 Ke4) 36... Rd3
37. Be3 a6 38. Kf2 38... Rxd5 {
Black's united passed pawns now guarantee him an easy win} 39. Rc1 Kg6 40. Rc7
Rb5 41. Rc4 Be6 42. Rh4 h5 43. a4 Rd5 44. h3 Bd7 45. a5 Rd3 46. Ke2 0-1

[Event "London"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1951.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Gligoric"]
[Black "Klein"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E95"]
[Annotator "09: Blocked Oblique Formations"]
[PlyCount "95"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4 d6 5. Nf3 O-O 6. Be2 Nbd7 7. O-O e5 8. Re1
Re8 9. Bf1 c6 10. d5 10... Nf8 $2 11. Bd2 h6 12. g3 Kh7 13. Nh4 Ng8 14. Qf3
14... c5 {At move 10 Black neglected to play ... Pc5 directly and follow up by
working for ... Pf5 in the manner now familiar to us, by ... Rf8 and ... Ne8.
The result is that White can now prevent ... Pf5, and so remain free to
concentrate on his own problem of how to open a file on the Queenside. It must
be said, however, that the Black formation c5-d6-e5 is in itself some
improvement on what we have seen hiterhto: c7-d6-e5. The base of this new
chain, d6 is virtually impregnable, so that White can only strike at one of
the heads, e5 or c5; and this, as we know, can lead him into difficulties  }
15. a3 (15. Qxf7 $2 15... Nf6 {Queen would be lost}) 15... Re7 16. b4 b6 (16...
cxb4 17. axb4 {There would be no way for Black to take advantage of the
weakness of the White c-pawn}) 17. Rab1 Bd7 18. bxc5 bxc5 (18... dxc5 {
positionally preferable but tactically unplayable} 19. d6 Re6 20. Qxf7 Rxd6 21.
Nd5) 19. Qd3 Be8 20. Rb2 Rb8 21. Reb1 Rb6 (21... Rxb2 22. Rxb2 {White would
have achieved his aim - mastery of the only open file. Rather than let this
happen, Black accepts a weak b-pawn, and hopes for counterplay on the a-file})
22. Rxb6 axb6 23. Qc2 Ra7 24. Qb3 Ra6 25. Nb5 Ne7 (25... Bxb5 26. cxb5 (26.
Qxb5 Rxa3 27. Qxb6) 26... Ra7 27. a4) 26. Bh3 {An important intermezzo. By
preventing ... Nc8, White practically forces his opponent to part with his
good Bishop in exchange for White's bad one} 26... Bd7 27. Bxd7 Qxd7 28. Ng2 {
There is no longer any need to prevent ... Pf5, for Black is now being kept
too busy on the Queenside to think of transferring his forces to the Kingside.
Under the present circumstances, the move ... Pf5 would be only aweakening}
28... Nc8 (28... f5 29. f3 g5 30. Ne3 f4 31. Nf5 $1) 29. Ne3 h5 30. Nd1 Bf6 31.
Kg2 Kg7 32. Ne3 Nh7 33. h4 Kg8 34. a4 $1 {After some harmless shuffling, White
hits on the right plan: The following breakthrough aims to get the b-file full
open, so that his pieces can penetrate into the enemy lines} 34... Bg7 35. Nc3
35... Na7 {to prevent Qb5} (35... Ra5) 36. a5 $1 36... Nc8 {
One last attempt to stem the invasion on the b-file} (36... Rxa5 37. Qxb6) (
36... bxa5 37. Qb8+ Nc8 38. Rb7 $18) 37. Na4 $1 37... bxa5 38. Qb5 Qxb5 (38...
Ra7 39. Qxd7 Rxd7 40. Rb8 Rd8 41. Nb6 $18) 39. cxb5 Ra7 40. b6 Nxb6 (40... Rb7
41. Nc4) 41. Rxb6 Bf8 42. Nc4 Nf6 43. f3 43... Nd7 44. Rc6 Kg7 45. Nxd6 Nb8 46.
Nb5 Nxc6 47. dxc6 Ra8 48. c7 1-0

[Event "03"]
[Site "Margate"]
[Date "1939.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Thomas"]
[Black "Keres"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C91"]
[Annotator "09: Blocked Oblique Formations"]
[PlyCount "86"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O d6 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 Be7 8. c3
O-O 9. d4 Bg4 10. d5 Na5 11. Bc2 c5 12. Nbd2 Ne8 13. Nf1 g6 14. Ne3 14... Bd7 {
This and similar variations of the Ruy Lopez differ but little in their
general strategy from the positions we have been handling so far. One small
difference here is that the Bishop placed on c2 may become very active if
White plays Pf4 lateron} 15. b4 $1 15... Nb7 16. a4 {
In this case White obtains his open file on the Queenside particularly easily}
16... Ng7 17. h3 Qc7 18. Qd2 18... Rfc8 {
A remarkable preparation for the advance which follows.} (18... f5 {simpler})
19. Bb2 19... f5 $5 20. exf5 gxf5 21. axb5 axb5 22. Rxa8 Rxa8 23. g4 $2 (23. c4
{White would have obtained maximum freedom for his Bishops} 23... e4 (23... f4
24. Qd3 $1) 24. Qc3 $1) 23... Rf8 24. Nxf5 Nxf5 25. gxf5 Bxf5 26. Bxf5 Rxf5 27.
Qd3 Qd7 28. Re4 {In obtaining this strong square, White has achieved a
strategic success, but it is at the cost of his King's safety, and this factor
now begins to tell} 28... h5 29. Bc1 Rf7 30. Ng5 Bxg5 31. Bxg5 Qf5 32. Qe3 $2 (
32. Bh4 Rg7+ 33. Kh2 (33. Kf1) 33... Qg6 34. Bg3 34... h4 $1) 32... cxb4 33.
cxb4 Rg7 34. h4 34... Nd8 {Now the Knight gets into play} 35. Qe2 Nf7 36. Re3
Nxg5 37. hxg5 37... h4 $1 {Directed against Rg3} 38. Qxb5 Qxg5+ 39. Kf1 Qg2+
40. Ke1 Rf7 41. f3 h3 42. Qf1 Rg7 43. Qb5 Qg5 0-1

[Event "Folkestone"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1933.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "Mikenas"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B06"]
[Annotator "09: Blocked Oblique Formations"]
[PlyCount "89"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 g6 2. d4 Bg7 3. Nc3 d6 4. Nf3 Nd7 5. Bc4 e6 6. O-O Ne7 7. a4 O-O 8. Be3
h6 9. Qd2 Kh7 10. h3 c6 11. Bf4 d5 12. Bd3 a6 13. Bd6 f5 14. e5 14... Rg8 15.
h4 {Alekhine, whose annotations we shall largely follow, intends to open a
file on the Queenside, but before proceeding to this he pauses to prevent ...
Pg5} 15... b6 (15... Nf8 16. Qg5 $1 16... hxg5 17. Nxg5+ Kh6 18. Nf7+) 16. Ne2
(16. Qg5 Ra7) 16... Nf8 17. a5 {Forcing a further weakening} 17... b5 18. g3
Rh8 19. Kg2 Kg8 20. Rh1 Kf7 21. Nf4 Rg8 22. b3 {White's maneuvers so far have
aimed only at predestining any Black counteraction to failure; but now White
lays his trumps on the table. The c-file is to be opened} 22... Nh7 23. c4 Bd7
24. Rac1 Bf8 25. Be2 {A fine double purpose move which vacates d3 for the
Knight and again prevents ... Pg5} 25... Nc8 (25... g5 26. hxg5 Nxg5 27. Nxg5+
hxg5 28. Bh5+ Kg7 29. Nxe6+ Bxe6 30. Qxg5+ Kh7 31. Bg6+ Kg7 32. Rh7#) 26. cxd5
cxd5 (26... Nxd6 27. dxe6+ Bxe6 28. Nxe6 Kxe6 29. Rxc6) 27. Bxf8 Nxf8 28. Rc5
28... Na7 29. Nd3 Kg7 30. Rhc1 Rc8 31. Rxc8 Bxc8 32. Qc3 {All White's
objectives are realized; he controls the open c-file, and can now proceed to
force a decision} 32... Kh7 33. Qc5 Rg7 34. Qb6 Qe7 35. Nc5 35... g5 {
One last attempt} 36. hxg5 hxg5 37. Ne1 $1 {Black's attack can get no further}
37... Ng6 (37... f4 38. Bg4) 38. Ned3 f4 39. Rh1+ Kg8 40. Bg4 fxg3 41. fxg3
Nh4+ 42. gxh4 gxh4 43. Nf2 Rf7 44. Nxe6 Kh7 45. Qd6 1-0

[Event "StPetersburg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1909.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Forgacs"]
[Black "Tartakower"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C13"]
[Annotator "09: Blocked Oblique Formations"]
[PlyCount "55"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bg5 Be7 5. e5 Ne4 6. Nxe4 Bxg5 7. Nxg5 Qxg5 8.
g3 c5 9. c3 Nc6 10. f4 Qe7 11. Nf3 Bd7 12. Qd2 O-O 13. Bd3 c4 14. Bc2 b5 15.
O-O a5 16. Rae1 b4 17. f5 {Starting a breakthrough in grand style. The more
mechanical approach 17. Pg4 would give Black an opportunity to play ... Pf5} (
17. g4 f5) 17... exf5 (17... -- 18. f6) (17... f6 18. fxe6 Bxe6 19. exf6 Rxf6
20. Bxh7+ Kxh7 21. Ng5+ Kh8 22. Rxf6 Qxf6 23. Rxe6) 18. g4 $1 {
The point of the previous move} 18... fxg4 (18... f4 19. Qxf4 Be6 20. Ng5 h6
21. Nh7 Rfe8 22. g5) 19. Ng5 19... g6 (19... h6 20. Nh7 Rfd8 21. Nf6+ gxf6 22.
Qxh6) 20. Rf6 20... Kg7 21. Ref1 Be8 22. Qf4 Nd8 (22... -- 23. Ne6+ fxe6 24.
Rxf8) 23. e6 $1 23... Ra6 24. Qe5 Kh6 25. R1f5 25... fxe6 26. Nf7+ Qxf7 (26...
Kg7 27. Rxe6+) (26... Rxf7 27. Rh5+ Kg7 28. Rxg6+ Kf8 29. Qh8#) 27. Rh5+ 27...
Kg7 28. Rxg6# 1-0

[Event "Essen"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1948.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Unzicker"]
[Black "Czaya"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C16"]
[Annotator "09: Blocked Oblique Formations"]
[PlyCount "49"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e5 b6 5. Qg4 Bf8 6. Nh3 h5 7. Qf3 c6 8. Ng5 Qd7
9. Bd2 Ba6 10. O-O-O 10... g6 {Black's immediate plan is to trade his bad
Bishop for White's good one, and then occupy f5 with a Knight} 11. h3 $1 11...
Bxf1 (11... Nh6 12. g4 {stopping the f5 plan}) 12. Rhxf1 Bh6 13. g4 Qe7 14. h4
$1 {This looks to be anti-positional, for Black will now be able to carry out
his plan} 14... hxg4 15. Qg3 $3 (15. Qxg4 15... Bg7 {Black's' plan}) 15... Bg7
16. f3 {
This is the whole idea. At the cost of a pawn, White now gets open the f-file}
16... gxf3 17. Rxf3 17... Nh6 {
Black's still doesn't believe it; he hopes to block the f-file with the Knight}
18. Nxf7 $1 {The real point of White's 14th move} 18... Nxf7 19. Qxg6 O-O (
19... Bf8 20. Rdf1) (19... Kf8 20. Rdf1) 20. Rg1 Nxe5 (20... Nh8 21. Rxf8+ Kxf8
22. Qh7 -- 23. Bh6 (23. Rxg7 Qxg7 24. Bh6)) (20... Nd8 21. Rfg3 Rf7 22. Bh6 $18
) 21. Rxf8+ Kxf8 22. Qh7 Qf7 23. Rxg7 Qf1+ 24. Nd1 Nf7 25. Qg8+ 1-0

[Event "Leningrad-Moskva"]
[Site "Leningrad-Moskva"]
[Date "1934.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Yudovich"]
[Black "Botvinnik"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "A95"]
[Annotator "09: Normal Stonewall"]
[PlyCount "94"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{White plays for Pe4} 1. c4 f5 2. d4 Nf6 3. g3 e6 4. Bg2 Be7 5. Nf3 d5 6. O-O
O-O 7. Nc3 c6 8. Qc2 Qe8 9. Bf4 Qh5 10. b3 {If the central tension is to be
maintained, White must first take care to protect his c-pawn} 10... Nbd7 11.
Rad1 11... Kh8 {Black's plan takes shape: ... Rg8 followed by ... Pg5} 12. Kh1
$2 {From the sequel, it appears that this is not only unnecessary: it actually
puts the King on a worse square} 12... Rg8 13. e3 g5 14. Bc7 Ne8 15. Be5+ Nxe5
16. Nxe5 Nf6 17. f3 Bd6 18. e4 {White achieves his object, but it will soon be
apparent that Black has secured good counterchances} 18... Nd7 19. g4 (19. Nxd7
Bxg3) 19... Qe8 20. Nxd7 20... Bxd7 {
Black has no objection now to liquidation in the centre} 21. e5 (21. exf5 exf5
22. cxd5 fxg4 23. dxc6 23... Qh5 $1) 21... Bb4 22. gxf5 exf5 23. cxd5 Bxc3 24.
dxc6 {This pawn which White wins by this move is dearly bought} (24. Qxc3 cxd5
25. f4 $11) 24... Bxc6 25. Qxc3 25... Qe6 {Black secures control of d5 and
gets a sharp Kingside attack as compensation for the lost pawn.} 26. Qd2 Bd5
27. Rc1 Rg7 28. Rc2 f4 29. Qc1 Rag8 30. h3 30... h5 31. Kg1 g4 32. hxg4 hxg4
33. Kf2 Rh7 34. Rh1 g3+ 35. Ke1 Rxh1+ 36. Bxh1 Qh6 37. Bg2 Bc6 (37... Be6) 38.
a4 Bd7 39. d5 Bf5 40. Rc7 Qh2 41. Qb2 Qg1+ 42. Bf1 Qe3+ 43. Be2 43... Be6 44.
Qc2 Rg7 45. dxe6 Qg1+ 46. Kd2 Qd4+ 47. Ke1 Rxc7 0-1

[Event "Beverwijk"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Stolz"]
[Black "Vlagsma"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "D30"]
[Annotator "09: Normal Stonewall"]
[PlyCount "120"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{White plays for Pe4} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 c6 3. Nf3 e6 4. Nbd2 f5 5. g3 Nf6 6. Bg2
Be7 7. O-O O-O 8. b3 Bd7 9. Bb2 9... Be8 {Black has developed in an unusual
way, omitting the maneuver ... Qe8-h5, and played instead to get his Queen
Bishop outside the pawn chain at once. In consequence, the e-pawn has lost its
natural protection, and White can attack this base immediately} 10. Ng5 10...
Qc8 11. f3 Na6 12. Nh3 Nc7 13. e4 {White now has a distinct advantage, but how
to make further progress is another matter} 13... Bf7 {Correct. Black adopts a
waiting policy, not wishing to dissolve the central framework. The points d5
and e5 are well enough defended, and in such positions the closure by e5 is
nothing to fear} 14. Qe2 Re8 15. Kh1 g6 16. Nf4 Kg7 17. Nd3 h6 18. Ne5 {
The beginning of a new plan, by which White manages to dissipate his advantage.
White should have continued to maneuver, aiming always to strengthen his
position while keeping the possibilities of Pe5 or Pc5 in hand.} (18. Rac1 {
Kmoch's recommendation}) 18... Nd7 19. exf5 $2 19... exf5 20. f4 {
Now Black gains control of a support point at e4} 20... Nf6 21. Nxf7 {
The two Bishops, which White obtains by this move, are not very useful in a
closed position like this. If White had decided to exchange the Knight which
stood at e5, he should have done it a move earlier and not for the Bishop, but
for the Knight atd7} 21... Kxf7 22. Nf3 22... Qe6 23. Qc2 Bd6 24. c5 Bf8 25.
Ne5+ Kg7 26. Rae1 26... Ne4 {It is evident that White's operations have
achieved less than nothing. His Queen Bishop is a spectator, and it is Black's
Knight at e4 which controls the situation in the centre. The attempt to
undermine the Knight which follows now also leads to nothing} 27. g4 Kh7 28.
gxf5 gxf5 29. Bh3 Be7 30. Qe2 Rg8 31. Qh5 Raf8 32. Bc1 Ne8 33. Be3 Ng7 34. Qf3
Ne8 35. b4 N8f6 36. a4 {There is nothing to be had on the g-file, so White
tries his luck on the other wing} 36... a6 37. Rc1 Rg7 38. b5 Rfg8 39. bxc6
bxc6 40. Qe2 Rg3 41. Rf3 Rxf3 42. Qxf3 Bd8 43. Rg1 Rxg1+ 44. Kxg1 {
There is nothing much left in the game} 44... Ng8 45. Qh5 Ne7 46. Kh1 Nf6 47.
Qf7+ Qxf7 48. Nxf7 Bc7 49. Bf1 a5 50. Bd3 Ne4 51. Ne5 Kg7 52. Kg2 Kf6 53. h4
Ke6 54. Be2 Nc3 55. Bh5 Nxa4 56. Bf7+ Kf6 57. Be8 Nc3 58. Nxc6 Nxc6 59. Bxc6
Ke6 60. Kf3 60... Ne4 {A draw was agreed ... this game gives a good idea of
the difficulty of overrunning a Stonewall formation} 1/2-1/2

[Event "England"]
[Site "It, Nottingham"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Reshevsky"]
[Black "Botvinnik"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "A95"]
[Annotator "09: Normal Stonewall"]
[PlyCount "81"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Attack on the base pawn at c6} 1. d4 e6 2. Nf3 f5 3. g3 Nf6 4. Bg2 Be7 5. O-O
O-O 6. c4 d5 7. Nc3 c6 8. Rb1 Qe8 9. c5 9... Qh5 {With his 8th and 9th moves,
White lays his cards on the table. He intends an immediate assault against the
base c6. From what follows it appears that in this line Black's Queen
excursion to h5 is not particularly good, for the Queen will soon find it
necessary to return nearer to base} 10. b4 Ne4 11. Qc2 Nd7 12. b5 Bf6 13. Bf4
$1 {Not only preventing ... Pe5 but} 13... Qe8 (13... Ndxc5 14. Nd1 $1 14...
Nd7 15. bxc6 bxc6 16. Qxc6) 14. Bc7 Rf7 15. Ba5 {The means adopted by White
for making his bad Bishop active is certainly noteworthy} 15... e5 16. e3 Nxc3
17. Bxc3 e4 18. Nd2 {We have now reached the formation studied with the e-pawn
forward. On the basis of these examples given there we can make the following
assertions:   1) Black has Kingside chances, but in view of White's defensive
set-up (pawns on e3 and g3, Bg2), it may not be easy to make anything concrete
out of them 2) White' Queenside attack is well advanced} 18... Nf8 19. f3 $1 {
Another point in White's favour here. He does not have to wait for Black to
attack with ... Pg5 but can himself take the initiative in this sector. This
move involves a promising pawnsacrifice} 19... cxb5 (19... exf3 20. Rxf3 cxb5
21. Qb3 Bd7 22. Nf1 {White's King bishop comes vigorously into the fray - at
least regaining the sacrificed pawn at d5} 22... -- 23. Rf2 -- 24. Rfb2) 20.
fxe4 dxe4 21. d5 $1 {The point of White's 19th move} 21... Bxc3 22. Qxc3 Bd7
23. Nb3 Rc8 24. g4 $1 (24. Rfc1 -- 25. Nd4) 24... g6 (24... fxg4 25. Rxf7 Qxf7
26. Rf1) 25. Qd4 Qe7 26. Rbc1 Be8 27. Rf4 Rd8 28. Rcf1 Qd7 (28... Ne6 29. dxe6
Rxd4 30. exf7+ Bxf7 31. Nxd4 {getting two rooks and a knight for a Queen}) 29.
gxf5 gxf5 30. Bh3 Qxd5 31. Rxf5 (31. Bxf5 {the e-pawn must fall as well}) 31...
Qxd4 32. Nxd4 Rg7+ 33. Kh1 Bd7 34. Rh5 Bxh3 35. Rxh3 Rg5 36. Nf5 Rd7 37. Rh4
Rc7 38. Nh6+ Kg7 39. Nf5+ Kg8 40. Nh6+ Kg7 41. Nf5+ 1/2-1/2

[Event "Rio de Janeiro"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Cruz"]
[Black "Eliskases"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A95"]
[Annotator "09: Normal Stonewall"]
[PlyCount "115"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Attack on the base e6 while maintaining central tension} 1. d4 f5 2. g3 Nf6 3.
Bg2 e6 4. Nf3 Be7 5. O-O O-O 6. c4 d5 7. Nc3 c6 8. Qc2 Qe8 9. Bg5 h6 10. Bxf6
$1 10... Bxf6 11. e3 11... Nd7 {Since a Knight is worth at least as much as a
Bishop in a closed game line the Stonewall, White's exchange on his 10th move
is strategically justified} (11... dxc4 {Going for an open game} 12. Nd2 e5)
12. Nd2 12... Rf7 {too tame} (12... g5) (12... Be7 13. -- 13... Nf6) 13. b4 $1
13... Nf8 14. b5 14... g5 15. Rab1 h5 16. Rfc1 h4 17. bxc6 bxc6 18. cxd5 exd5 (
18... cxd5 19. Nb5 $18) 19. Na4 {White has achieved all his objectives: open
files for his Rooks, and a weak c-pawn to shoot at} 19... Bd7 20. Nc5 hxg3 21.
hxg3 Rc8 22. Nb7 22... Be7 $2 (22... Qe6) 23. Nf3 Ng6 24. Nxg5 24... Bxg5 25.
Nd6 Qf8 26. Nxc8 Qxc8 27. Bxd5 27... cxd5 28. Qxc8+ Bxc8 29. Rxc8+ 29... Kg7 {
After this series of forced moves, we can weigh things up, and the balance
comes down on White's side. As far as material goes, Black is not bad off, for
two minor pieces should be able to put up a good fight against a Rook and two
pawns. Positionally his game is a wreck; every pawn is weak. The technical
phase really falls outside our province, but we give it in brief for the sake
of completeness} 30. Rbc1 Be7 31. R1c7 a5 32. Rd7 32... Bb4 $1 33. Rcc7 Rxd7
34. Rxd7+ Ne7 35. Kg2 Kf6 36. Kf3 Ke6 37. Rb7 Bd6 38. g4 fxg4+ 39. Kxg4 a4 40.
Rb2 a3 41. Rc2 Kf6 42. Rc3 Kg6 43. f3 Nf5 44. Rd3 Nh6+ 45. Kh4 Nf5+ 46. Kg4
Nh6+ 47. Kh4 Nf5+ 48. Kh3 Kg5 49. e4 Ng7 50. Rb3 Kf4 51. Rb6 Kxf3 52. Rxd6 Kxe4
53. Kg4 Kxd4 54. Ra6 Ne8 55. Kf3 Nc7 56. Rxa3 Nb5 57. Ra8 Nd6 58. a4 1-0

[Event "Saltsjobaden"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1948.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Najdorf"]
[Black "Gligoric"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A95"]
[Annotator "09: Normal Stonewall"]
[PlyCount "101"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{White exchanges pawns at d5 and black recaptures with the e-pawn} 1. d4 e6 2.
c4 f5 3. g3 Nf6 4. Bg2 Be7 5. Nc3 O-O 6. Nf3 d5 7. O-O c6 8. Bg5 Nbd7 9. cxd5
9... exd5 {In recapturing with the e-pawn, Black generally gets attacking
chances on the Kingside. Against this White usually works with a Queenside
offensive against the c-pawn} 10. e3 h6 11. Bxf6 Nxf6 12. Rb1 12... Ne4 $2 {
Black sets to work too hastily. he should have guarded his e5 by ... Bd6} (
12... Bd6) 13. Ne5 13... Bd6 14. f4 {The big difference between the two
Knights at their respective strong points on the e-file is that White can take
the Black Knight whenever he chooses without suffering any unpleasant
consequences, Black can never take the White Knight without conceding White a
protected passed pawn} 14... Be6 15. Qe2 15... Bxe5 {Nevertheless Black does it
} 16. fxe5 Qe7 17. Rbc1 Rac8 18. a3 c5 19. Bxe4 {In this closed position White
rightly thinks more of his Knight tan of the Bishop} 19... fxe4 20. Rxf8+ Rxf8
21. Rf1 Rxf1+ 22. Qxf1 cxd4 23. exd4 {Now each player has a protected passed
pawn, but Black's Bishop is inferior to the White Knight, the Black centre
pawns being on the wrong colour} 23... a6 24. Na4 Qg5 25. Qf4 Qh5 26. Nc3 Kh7
27. h4 Kg8 28. Kf2 Qe8 29. Ne2 Qc8 30. Ke1 Qe8 31. Qc1 Qg6 32. Qc3 Qg4 33. Qb3
b5 34. Nf4 Bf7 35. Qe3 35... g5 {This advance weakens the Kingside too much.
Black should have perservered with his waiting policy} 36. hxg5 hxg5 37. Ne2
Kg7 38. Nc3 Be6 39. Qf2 Kg8 40. Kd2 Bf7 41. Nd1 Qe6 42. Ne3 Qb6 43. Nf5 b4 44.
a4 b3 (44... Kf8 45. Qe3 (45. Qh2 Qg6 46. Qh6+ Qxh6 47. Nxh6 Be6 48. g4 {
to save the Knight .. Black could still save the game (Pirc)}) 45... Qg6) 45.
Qe3 $1 45... Qb4+ 46. Ke2 Qc4+ 47. Ke1 Qb4+ 48. Kf1 Kf8 49. Qxg5 Ke8 50. Nd6+
Kd7 51. Qg7 1-0

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "Moscow"]
[Date "1947.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Keres"]
[Black "Botvinnik"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "A95"]
[Annotator "09: Normal Stonewall"]
[PlyCount "159"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{White exchanges pawns at d5 and Black recaptures with the c-pawn} 1. d4 e6 2.
Nf3 f5 3. g3 Nf6 4. Bg2 Be7 5. O-O O-O 6. c4 d5 7. Nc3 c6 8. Rb1 8... Kh8 {
Keres has chosen a line which Reshevsky played against Botvinnik at Nottingham
and his plan should be to attack the c-pawn with hisb-pawn} 9. cxd5 (9. b4 $6
9... dxc4) (9. c5 {most logical}) 9... cxd5 {This simple move crosses White's
plan ... now Rb1 is only a loss of time. It is worth noticing that in the
Najdorf-Gligoric game, this recapture with the c-pawn would have been less
good, since the Queen Knight was already on d7. In the present game, this
piece now has the better square c5, at its disposal} (9... exd5 10. b4) 10. Bf4
Nc6 11. Ne5 (11. Nb5 Nh5) 11... Bd7 12. Rc1 Rc8 13. Qd3 Nh5 14. Bd2 Bd6 15.
Nxc6 Bxc6 16. Qf3 Qe8 17. Qd3 Nf6 18. a3 Rc7 19. Bg5 Ng4 20. Qd2 Nf6 21. Bf4
Qd7 22. Bxd6 Qxd6 23. Qf4 {The endgame will not be favourable for White, even
though his Bishop is on the right colour. In fact, this Bishop will find
nothing better to do than exchange itself for Black's bad Bishop. Meanwhile
Black's microscopic Queensdie advantage (Rooks already half doubled on the
c-file, and a small weakness produced by Pa3) will be very slowly brought to
fruition} (23. Rc2) 23... Qxf4 24. gxf4 24... Rfc8 25. e3 (25. Na2 Bb5 26. Rxc7
Rxc7 27. Rc1 {last chance of equality}) 25... Bb5 26. Rfe1 Kg8 27. f3 (27. Bf1
Bxf1 28. Kxf1 28... Ne4 {Black penetrates on the c-file}) 27... Bc4 28. Bf1 Ne8
29. Bxc4 Rxc4 30. Kf2 Nd6 31. Ke2 b5 32. Kd3 32... b4 33. Na2 (33. axb4 Rxb4
34. Rb1 Rcb8 35. Kc2 Nc4) (33. Ne2 bxa3 34. bxa3 Rxc1 35. Rxc1 Rxc1 36. Nxc1
Nc4) 33... bxa3 34. bxa3 Ra4 35. Rxc8+ Nxc8 36. Nc3 Rxa3 37. Kc2 Nd6 38. Rb1
Kf7 39. Rb4 Ra1 40. Kd3 Ra3 41. Kc2 Ra1 42. Kd3 Re1 43. Ra4 Nc4 44. Rxa7+ Kg6
45. e4 Re3+ 46. Kc2 Rxf3 47. exf5+ Kxf5 48. Rxg7 Rf2+ 49. Kb3 Rb2+ 50. Ka4 Rxh2
51. Rf7+ Kg6 52. Rf8 Nd6 53. Nb5 Nf5 54. Nc7 Re2 55. Ne8 Nxd4 56. Rf6+ Kh5 57.
Rf7 Nf5 58. Rxh7+ Kg4 59. Rd7 Kxf4 60. Nc7 Ke5 61. Kb4 Rc2 62. Kb3 Nd4+ 63. Kb4
Rc4+ 64. Ka5 Nf5 65. Kb6 d4 66. Na6 Nd6 67. Nc5 Kd5 68. Nd3 e5 69. Rh7 Rc6+ 70.
Ka5 Nc4+ 71. Kb5 Rb6+ 72. Ka4 Nb2+ 73. Ka5 Nc4+ 74. Ka4 Rb8 75. Nb4+ Ke6 76.
Nc6 Nb2+ 77. Ka3 Nc4+ 78. Ka4 Rb1 79. Rh6+ Kf5 80. Nb4 (80. Nxd4+ exd4 81. Rf6+
81... Ke4 82. Rf4+ Kd3 83. Rxd4+ Kc3 84. Rd3+ Kc2 85. Rc3+ Kxc3) 0-1

[Event "New York"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1924.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Reti"]
[Black "Bogolyubov"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A13"]
[Annotator "09: Normal Stonewall"]
[PlyCount "49"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The Stonewall deformed by exchange of pieces on e4} 1. Nf3 d5 2. c4 e6 3. g3
Nf6 4. Bg2 Bd6 5. O-O O-O 6. b3 Re8 7. Bb2 Nbd7 8. d4 c6 9. Nbd2 Ne4 10. Nxe4
dxe4 11. Ne5 11... f5 {This games shows the difficulties caused by Black's
premature ... Ne4, which has produced some sort of deformed Stonewall. When
the Black Knight is exchanged at e4, Black does best to recapture with the
f-pawn, and this of course, requires that Black should have played ... Pf5
before inviting the Exchange} 12. f3 $1 12... exf3 13. Bxf3 {
White means to break the position wide with Pe4} (13. exf3) 13... Qc7 14. Nxd7
Bxd7 15. e4 e5 (15... -- 16. e5 Be7 17. d5) 16. c5 Bf8 17. Qc2 $1 17... exd4
18. exf5 Rad8 19. Bh5 {Beginning the decisive attack} 19... Re5 20. Bxd4 Rxf5
21. Rxf5 Bxf5 22. Qxf5 Rxd4 23. Rf1 Rd8 24. Bf7+ Kh8 25. Be8 $3 {interference:)
} 1-0

[Event "Beverwijk"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1951.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Donner"]
[Black "Kieninger"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A93"]
[Annotator "09: Normal Stonewall"]
[PlyCount "129"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black exchanges dark-squared Bishops before proceedig with the attack on the
c-pawn} 1. d4 f5 2. g3 Nf6 3. Bg2 e6 4. Nf3 Be7 5. O-O O-O 6. b3 c6 7. c4 d5 8.
Ba3 Bxa3 9. Nxa3 Qe7 10. Qc1 10... Nbd7 {The Exchange of White's bad Bishop
for Black's good King Bishop is usually a good policy for White. In particular,
the fact that the King Bishop usually plays an important part in Black's
Kingside attack means that White will now have more time for developing his
Queenside operations} 11. Qb2 {
An important move, directed against the possibility of ... Pe5 by Black} 11...
Ne4 12. e3 Nd6 13. Ne5 (13. c5 Nf7 14. b4 e5) 13... Nxe5 14. dxe5 Nf7 15. f4
Bd7 16. Rac1 Rfc8 17. Rf2 Be8 18. Rfc2 (18. c5 18... b6 $1 19. b4 19... a5 $1)
18... dxc4 (18... -- 19. cxd5 exd5 20. Bxd5) 19. Nxc4 Rd8 20. Bf3 Rd7 21. Rd2
Rxd2 22. Qxd2 Rd8 23. Qc2 Rd7 (23... c5 {
to set the Queenside majority into motion} 24. Nd6 b6 25. Nxe8 Qxe8 26. e4 g6
27. exf5 27... gxf5 {White has only a slight pull}) 24. Rd1 Qd8 25. Rxd7 Qxd7
26. b4 $1 {At last comes this advance, which to all intents and purposes
de-molishes the Stonewall} 26... b6 27. Nd2 Nd8 (27... c5 28. bxc5 bxc5 29. Nb3
) 28. Nb3 Qe7 29. Qc4 Kf8 30. Kf2 Bd7 31. Nd4 {With Black's c-pawn under
vigorous pressure White now arranges his pieces as effectively as possible for
a central breakthrough with Pe4 and eventually Pg4} 31... c5 $2 {
This method of raising the siege results in the loss of a pawn} 32. bxc5 Qxc5
33. Qxc5+ bxc5 34. Nb3 c4 35. Na5 c3 36. Ke2 Bb5+ 37. Kd1 Bd3 (37... Ba4+ 38.
Kc1 Ke7 39. Bd1 Bb5 40. Kc2 Ba4+ 41. Nb3) 38. Kc1 Ke7 39. Nb3 g5 40. a3 g4 41.
Bg2 Nf7 42. Nc5 Be2 43. Kc2 h5 44. Kxc3 Nh8 45. Bb7 Ng6 46. Bc8 Nf8 47. Kb4 Bf3
48. Ka5 Bd5 49. Ka6 Ng6 50. Kxa7 h4 51. Bb7 h3 52. a4 Nh4 53. Bxd5 exd5 54. a5
Nf3 55. a6 Nxh2 56. Kb6 Nf1 57. a7 h2 58. a8=Q h1=Q 59. Qb7+ Kf8 60. Ne6+ Ke8
61. Qc6+ Ke7 62. Qd6+ Kf7 63. Qd7+ Kg6 64. Qg7+ Kh5 65. Qh7# 1-0

[Event "Budapest"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1952.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Geller"]
[Black "Szabo"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A92"]
[Annotator "09: Normal Stonewall"]
[PlyCount "71"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The modern way of fighting agains the Stonewall - by installing the Knights
at d3 and f3} 1. d4 e6 2. Nf3 f5 3. g3 Nf6 4. Bg2 Be7 5. O-O O-O 6. c4 d5 7.
Nbd2 c6 8. Ne5 Nbd7 9. Nd3 9... Qe8 {here we see White adopting the latest,
and - as it seems - the most effective, means of meeting the Stonewall. By
placing his Knights on d3 and f3, he keeps all the central points under
observation, and makes Black's task - the engineering of a Kingside attack -
very difficult} 10. Qc2 {To relieve the Knight from guarding the c-pawn} 10...
g5 (10... Bd6 {Playing into his opponent's hands} 11. Nf3 Ne4 12. Bf4 Bxf4 13.
gxf4 {White holds all the trumps. He can operate at will on the Queenside or
on the open g-file}) 11. Nf3 Ne4 (11... h6 {According to Botvinnik, the
greatest expert in the domain of the Stonewall, 11. ... Ph6 is stronger}) 12.
Rb1 $1 12... Bf6 13. b4 13... b5 {Otherwise White plays Pb5} 14. c5 a5 15. a3 {
Wisely White avoids the complications of bxa5} (15. bxa5 Rxa5 16. Nfe5 Bxe5 17.
dxe5 17... Qe7 18. f3 Nexc5 19. Bd2 Nxd3 20. Bxa5 20... N3xe5 {
Tolush .. favourable game to Black}) 15... axb4 16. axb4 g4 17. Nfe5 Nxe5 (
17... Bb7 18. Bh6 Bg7 19. Bxg7 Kxg7 20. f3 $16) 18. dxe5 Bd8 19. Bh6 Rf7 20. f3
$1 {It is apparent that the Black's Knight on e4 is not well placed} 20... Bg5
(20... gxf3 21. exf3 Ng5 22. h4) 21. Bxg5 Nxg5 22. fxg4 22... Rfa7 {
Black tries to stem the tide by means of a counterattack} (22... fxg4 23. Nf2
h5 24. Qg6+) 23. gxf5 exf5 24. Qd2 Nf7 (24... Ne4 25. Qh6) 25. Qf4 Ra2 (25...
Re7 26. Ra1 Rxa1 27. Rxa1 Nxe5 28. Nxe5 Rxe5 29. Bf3 {invasion on a-file}) 26.
Qe3 Qe7 27. Bh3 Ng5 28. Bxf5 d4 29. Qxd4 Rxe2 30. Bxc8 Raa2 31. Nb2 Rxe5 32.
Rbd1 Re2 33. Rd2 Rxd2 34. Qxd2 Ne4 35. Qf4 Rxb2 36. Be6+ $1 1-0

[Event "Amsterdam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "O'Kelly"]
[Black "Donner"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A80"]
[Annotator "09: Normal Stonewall"]
[PlyCount "83"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Another example of the modern treatment agains the Stonewall} 1. d4 e6 2. Nf3
f5 3. g3 Nf6 4. Bg2 Be7 5. O-O O-O 6. b3 d5 7. Bb2 Qe8 8. Ne5 Nbd7 9. Nd3 Bd6
10. c4 c6 11. Nd2 {The difference between this and the previous example is
that White's c-pawn is protected by the b-pawn, and the Queen Bishop stands on
b2 rather than the diagonal to h6. At b2 the Bishop has some useful functions;
in particular, it makes e5 more difficult for Black} 11... b6 {The advance ...
Pe5 would only weaken the d-pawn, so Black develops his Queen Bishop in
fianchetto} 12. Rc1 $1 {The right tactics. White's attack must come ultimately
on the Queenside and he will therefore need to keep the option of c5.} (12. f3
12... e5 {Black's d-pawn weakness is offset by that of White's e-pawn}) 12...
Ne4 13. Nf3 Bb7 14. Nfe5 Rc8 15. f3 Nef6 16. c5 $1 16... bxc5 17. Nxc5 Nxc5 18.
dxc5 Bc7 19. Qd4 {White's aim is accomplished. He has established a Queenside
pawn majority and has blocked - at least for the time being - Black's
preponderance in the centre} 19... Ba6 20. Rfe1 Bb5 21. a4 Ba6 22. Bc3 Rb8 23.
Rb1 Rb7 24. b4 Bxe5 25. Qxe5 Qe7 26. Qe3 26... Nd7 $2 {
Preparing to push the e-pawn} (26... Bc4) 27. f4 $2 {
Deep in his positional plan, White overlooks the win of a piece} (27. b5 cxb5
28. c6) 27... Bc4 28. Bd4 a6 29. Rec1 Rfb8 30. Rxc4 {
An exchange sacrifice which puts new life into the Queenside attack} 30... dxc4
31. Qc3 e5 (31... Nf6 32. Bxc6 (32. Qxc4 Nd5 33. Qxa6 Rxb4 34. Rxb4 Rxb4 35. e3
Qb7) (32. Be5 32... Nd5 $1) (32. Bxf6 $1 32... Qxf6 33. Qxc4 Rc7 34. e3 Ra8 35.
Rd1 {giving White the best winning chances}) 32... Nd5 33. Qxc4 (33. Bxd5 exd5)
33... Rxb4 34. Rxb4 Rxb4) 32. fxe5 Qe6 33. e4 $1 33... a5 (33... fxe4 34. Bf1
Kh8 35. Bxc4 Qg4 36. Rf1 Rxb4 37. e6 Nf8 38. Qxb4) 34. b5 cxb5 35. exf5 Qxf5
36. Rf1 Qe6 37. Bxb7 Rxb7 38. Qf3 38... Rb8 39. c6 b4 40. cxd7 Qxd7 41. Bc5 h6
42. Bd6 1-0

[Event "Karlsbad"]
[Site "Karlsbad"]
[Date "1929.??.??"]
[Round "10"]
[White "Capablanca"]
[Black "Treybal"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D30"]
[Annotator "09: Anti-Stonewall"]
[PlyCount "115"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Closing of the Kingside and breakthrough on the Queenside} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 c6
3. Nf3 e6 4. Bg5 Be7 5. Bxe7 Qxe7 6. Nbd2 f5 7. e3 Nd7 8. Bd3 Nh6 9. O-O O-O
10. Qc2 g6 11. Rab1 Nf6 12. Ne5 Nf7 13. f4 13... Bd7 {The exchange of Bishops
at move 5 has enabled White to set up a favourable Anti Stonewall, since Black
has the Bad Bishop. Black's .. Bd7 is a new sin of omission, allowing White to
retain the Knight on e5} (13... Nxe5) 14. Ndf3 Rfd8 15. b4 Be8 16. Rfc1 a6 17.
Qf2 Nxe5 18. Nxe5 Nd7 19. Nf3 $1 {In accordance with the principle that the
sie having the greater freedom should seek to keep the pieces on the board}
19... Rdc8 20. c5 Nf6 21. a4 Ng4 22. Qe1 Nh6 23. h3 Nf7 24. g4 $1 {Not primaril
y to start operations on this wing, but rather to deprive Black of his last
counterchance ... Pg5. Besides all this, it must be considered a point in
White's favour that Black will now be hampered in allhis movements by having
to reckon all the time with the possibility that White may yet open an
offensive on the Kingside} 24... Bd7 25. Rc2 Kh8 26. Rg2 Rg8 27. g5 Qd8 28. h4
Kg7 29. h5 Rh8 30. Rh2 Qc7 31. Qc3 Qd8 32. Kf2 Qc7 33. Rbh1 Rag8 34. Qa1 Rb8
35. Qa3 Rbg8 36. b5 {White has retained twofold possibilities, and has kept
Black's forces so tied down on the Kingside that he is now in a position to
open a file on the far side without Black being able to contest it} 36... axb5
37. h6+ $1 {At last he closes the Kingside, and transfers the whole course of
the battle definitely to the other flank} 37... Kf8 38. axb5 Ke7 39. b6 Qb8 40.
Ra1 Rc8 (40... Qa8 41. Qc3 Qd8 42. Ra7) 41. Qb4 Rhd8 42. Ra7 Kf8 43. Rh1 Be8
44. Rha1 Kg8 45. R1a4 Kf8 46. Qa3 {Black is completely encircled, and it
remains for White to conquer b7. He is anxious to rule out any possibility of
Black breaking the cordon on the Kingside by a Knight sacrifice. The way he
chooses is not the shortest, but he has ample time} 46... Kg8 47. Kg3 Bd7 48.
Kh4 Kh8 49. Qa1 Kg8 50. Kg3 Kf8 51. Kg2 Be8 52. Nd2 Bd7 53. Nb3 Re8 (53... Be8
54. Na5 Rd7 55. Nxb7 Rxb7 56. Ra8) 54. Na5 Nd8 55. Ba6 $1 55... bxa6 56. Rxd7
Re7 57. Rxd8+ Rxd8 58. Nxc6 1-0

[Event "Buenos Aires"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1939.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Petrov"]
[Black "Grau"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D06"]
[Annotator "09: Anti-Stonewall"]
[PlyCount "73"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 d5 2. Nf3 Bf5 3. c4 e6 4. Qb3 Nc6 5. Bd2 Rb8 6. e3 a6 7. Bd3 Bxd3 8. Qxd3
Nb4 9. Bxb4 Bxb4+ 10. Nbd2 Nf6 11. O-O O-O 12. c5 Bxd2 13. Nxd2 c6 14. f4 Nd7
15. b4 15... f5 $2 {Although Black's situation is better than the previous
example (his bad Bishop exchanged for White's good one is a point in his
favour), he is still in an unenviable position, as the following play will
confirm} 16. a4 Qc7 17. Rfc1 Ra8 18. b5 Rfb8 19. Nf3 axb5 20. axb5 Qd8 21. b6
Rxa1 22. Rxa1 22... h6 (22... Ra8 23. Ra7 Rxa7 24. bxa7 Qa8 25. Qa3 Kf8 26. Qa5
) 23. Ra7 Kf7 24. Qe2 g6 25. Nd2 Nf6 26. Nb3 Ke8 27. Na5 Qc8 28. Qa2 28... Nd7
{Everything is guarded, and it looks as though Black can hold the game. He is
terribly cramped, but the lack of space is less serious than was the case in
Capablanca v Treybal game, simply because more pieces have been exchanged.
Nevertheless, White has virtually a forced win} 29. Qf2 Nf6 30. Qh4 30... Ng8 {
The only way to keep the Queen out} 31. g4 Kf7 (31... fxg4 32. Qxg4 Kf7 33. f5
$1 {The White Queen forces entry in every variation}) 32. g5 $1 {
An uncommonly fine move, which by controlling f6, cuts off the Knight from d7}
32... h5 33. Qf2 Ke8 34. Qa2 Ne7 (34... Kd8 35. Nxb7+ Rxb7 36. Ra8 Rb8 37. Rxb8
Qxb8 38. Qa7 Kc8 39. Qf7) 35. Nxb7 Rxb7 36. Rxb7 Qxb7 37. Qa7 1-0

[Event "Soest"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1941.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "Koomen"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D31"]
[Annotator "09: Anti-Stonewall"]
[PlyCount "69"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 c6 4. e3 f5 5. f4 Nh6 6. Nf3 Be7 7. Be2 O-O 8. O-O Kh8
9. Bd2 9... Rg8 {In contrast with both of the foregoing examples Black here
goes straight for his target, and already threatens ... Pg5. The fact that
White nevertheless keeps teh upper hand speaks well for the effectiveness of
the Anti-Stonewall} 10. g3 $1 10... Nf7 (10... g5 11. fxg5 Bxg5 12. Nxg5 Qxg5
13. e4) 11. c5 g5 12. b4 Nd7 13. b5 gxf4 14. exf4 Nf6 15. bxc6 bxc6 16. Qa4 Qc7
17. Rab1 Ne4 18. Nxe4 dxe4 19. Ne5 Nxe5 20. fxe5 20... Qd7 {Black's action on
the g-file is halted, while White's on the Queenside has achieved important
results - an open b-file, and weak pawns at a7, c6 and e6} 21. Be3 Qc7 22. Rb3
Bd7 23. Rfb1 Rgb8 24. Bd2 Bd8 25. Ba6 Rxb3 26. Qxb3 Kg8 27. Bc4 (27. Qb7 Qxb7
28. Rxb7 28... Bc8 $1) 27... Kf7 28. Rf1 $1 {A sudden switch to the Kingside
leads to a rapidly decisive attack - a typical occurence in this sort of
positions} 28... Ke7 29. Qe3 Be8 30. Qh6 Bf7 (30... Bg6 31. Qg7+ Ke8 32. Qg8+)
31. Qxh7 Kf8 (31... -- 32. Rxf5) 32. Qh8+ Ke7 33. Qg7 Ke8 34. Bh6 Be7 35. Qh8+
1-0

[Event "Goteborg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1920.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Carls"]
[Black "Euwe"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "A13"]
[Annotator "09: Pseudo-Stonewall"]
[PlyCount "54"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The weakness of the Pseudo Stonewall} 1. c4 e6 2. Nc3 c5 3. e4 Nc6 4. f4 Nge7
5. Nf3 d5 6. d3 g6 7. Be2 Bg7 8. O-O 8... O-O {White's great trouble in the
Pseudo-Stonewall is the weak square at d4. Black can take advantage of this by
opening the d-file and basing his whole strategy on this one weakness. In this
position, the Black bishop on g7 is particularly powerful} 9. Bd2 (9. Be3 d4)
9... Nd4 10. Be1 b6 11. Bh4 {Intending a Kingside attack, but it soon becomes
clear that Black has nothing to fear .. thanks largely to hs centralized
Knight on d4} (11. Bf2) 11... Bb7 12. cxd5 exd5 13. Nxd4 (13. Nxd5 Bxd5 14.
exd5 14... Ndf5 {quickly recovering the pawn with an excellent position}) 13...
Bxd4+ 14. Kh1 Qd7 15. f5 $2 {The long prepared attack; but it really has no
chance of achieving anything, since Black's pieces are posted much better than
White's} (15. Bxe7 Qxe7 16. Nxd5 Bxd5 17. exd5) 15... dxe4 16. dxe4 gxf5 17.
exf5 (17. Bxe7 Qxe7 18. exf5 Rad8 19. Qe1 19... Rfe8 $17) 17... Nxf5 18. Bf2 (
18. Bg4 Nxh4 19. Bxd7 Bxg2#) 18... Kh8 19. Bg4 Rg8 20. Bxd4+ cxd4 21. Rxf5 (21.
Bxf5 Bxg2+ 22. Kg1 Bc6+ 23. Kf2 Qxf5+) 21... Rxg4 22. Qxg4 Rg8 23. Qxg8+ (23.
Rg5 Qxg4) 23... Kxg8 24. Rg5+ Kf8 25. Nd1 Qe7 26. h4 Qe1+ 27. Kh2 Qxh4+ 0-1

[Event "Munich"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1941.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lundin"]
[Black "Mross"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A05"]
[Annotator "09: Pseudo-Stonewall"]
[PlyCount "69"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Opening a file in the Double Pseudo-Stonewall} 1. Nf3 Nf6 2. g3 b6 3. Bg2 Bb7
4. O-O g6 5. d3 Bg7 6. e4 d6 7. c4 O-O 8. Nc3 Nbd7 9. Nh4 e5 10. f4 h6 11. Nf3
Kh7 12. f5 g5 13. g4 $1 13... Ne8 14. Kf2 Rh8 15. Rh1 Kg8 16. h4 f6 17. Be3 Qe7
18. Qd2 18... c5 {To open the h-file at this moment would obviously lead only
to the exchange of a pair of Rooks. Some preparation is necessary, and White's
first step must evidently be to double the Rooks} 19. Rh3 Nc7 20. Rah1 Kf7 21.
Ne2 {The knight is bound for h5, there to reinforce the action of the Rooks}
21... a5 {Black deprives himself of his only chance for counterplay (... Pb5)}
22. Ng3 Rag8 23. Nh5 Bc6 24. Ke1 (24. R1h2 -- 25. Qc1 -- 26. Qh1) 24... Qd8 (
24... Bf8 25. Nxf6 Nxf6 26. hxg5 26... Nxg4 $13) 25. Nxg7 Kxg7 26. hxg5 hxg5
27. Nxg5 $1 {
A decisive sacrificce which enables White's Kingside pawns to advance} 27...
fxg5 28. Bxg5 Nf6 29. Bh6+ $1 29... Kf7 30. g5 Nce8 (30... Ng4 31. g6+ Ke7 (
31... Ke8 32. Bg5) 32. Bg5+ Nf6 33. Rh7+) 31. gxf6 Qxf6 32. Bf3 Ba4 33. Rh5 $1
33... Qe7 34. Bg5 Qf8 35. Rh7+ 1-0

[Event "Moskva"]
[Site "Moskva"]
[Date "1935.??.??"]
[Round "6"]
[White "Capablanca"]
[Black "Ragozin"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E24"]
[Annotator "09: Wyvill Formation"]
[PlyCount "97"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{How Black should not treat the Wyvill formation} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4
4. a3 Bxc3+ 5. bxc3 d6 6. Qc2 O-O 7. e4 e5 8. Bd3 c5 9. Ne2 Nc6 10. d5 10...
Ne7 $2 {Here we see the Wyvill formation in its worst light for Black who  1)
has blocked c5 so that his Knight can't use it  2) Has castled Kingside  3)
can't now put pressure on the c-pawn, as he could have done by 10... Na5,
followed by ... Pb5 and ... Ba6} 11. f3 Nd7 12. h4 Nb6 13. g4 13... f6 {
Permits White to open the g-file, but also enables his own King to escape to
the Queenside} 14. Ng3 Kf7 15. g5 Ng8 16. f4 Ke8 17. f5 Qe7 18. Qg2 {Now that B
lack is deprived of all chance of counterplay, White can prepare the decisive
action at leisure. It is clear that the g-file will be the scene of the final
showdown  } 18... Kd8 19. Nh5 Kc7 20. gxf6 gxf6 21. Ng7 Bd7 22. h5 Rac8 23. h6
{This support point at g7 is of the utmost importance. White will be able to
switch the Knight at will to e6 and replace it with a Rook} 23... Kb8 24. Rg1
Rf7 25. Rb1 Qf8 26. Be2 Ka8 27. Bh5 Re7 28. Qa2 Qd8 29. Bd2 29... Na4 {
Again we witness combined operations by White on both flanks} 30. Qb3 Nb6 (
30... b6 31. Ne6) 31. a4 $1 31... Rb8 (31... Bxa4 32. Qa2 Bd7 33. Ne6 Bxe6 34.
dxe6 34... Rec7 35. Rxb6) 32. a5 Nc8 33. Qa2 Qf8 34. Be3 b6 35. a6 Qd8 36. Kd2
Qf8 37. Rb2 Qd8 38. Qb1 38... b5 {An attempt to get some counterplay even now.
If he continues to do nothing, White will penetrate via the g-file} 39. cxb5
Nb6 40. Qa2 c4 41. Qa3 Qc7 42. Kc1 Rf8 43. Rbg2 Qb8 44. Qb4 Rd8 45. Rg3 Rf8 46.
Ne6 Bxe6 (46... Rc8 47. Bxb6 axb6 48. a7) 47. dxe6 Rc7 48. Qxd6 Ne7 49. Rd1 1-0

[Event "14"]
[Site "Budapest  (26.03.52)"]
[Date "1952.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Keres"]
[Black "O'Kelly"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E31"]
[Annotator "09: Wyvill Formation"]
[PlyCount "139"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black sets up a defensive position on the Kingside} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3
Bb4 4. Bg5 h6 5. Bh4 c5 6. d5 Bxc3+ 7. bxc3 e5 8. e3 d6 9. Qc2 Nbd7 10. Bd3
10... Qe7 {A comparison with the previous game shows Black is unfavourably
placed. Again he has occupied c5 with a pawn, and again the White c-pawn can
not be put under pressure. One thing, however, is different: Black has not
castled and this is a very important point} 11. f3 (11. e4 g5 12. Bg3 12... Nh5
$132) 11... g5 12. Bg3 Nh5 13. Ne2 Ndf6 (13... Nxg3 14. Nxg3 {
White controls important traffic junctions at e4 and f5}) 14. Rb1 Ng7 15. Bf2 {
Clearing a route for his Knight to go to f5} 15... h5 {weakening a grip on f4}
16. h4 $1 (16. Ng3 h4 17. Nf5 Nxf5 18. Bxf5 Bxf5 19. Qxf5 19... Nh5) 16... g4
17. e4 Ng8 (17... gxf3 18. gxf3 {opening the g-file plays into White's hands})
18. Be3 f6 19. f4 {Before embarking on this advance, White induced the
weakening move 18. ... Pf6. This is a very important point, for otherwise
Black, but taking the pawn, would have obtained for himself a valuable square
at e5.} 19... Qc7 (19... exf4 20. Nxf4 {
White now gets invasion points at e6 and g6 which are even more valuable}) 20.
O-O Ke7 21. Rf2 Ne8 22. Rbf1 Bd7 23. Qd1 b6 24. Ng3 (24. Bc2 {
White can't make his bad bishop active by} 24... a6 25. Ba4 b5) 24... a5 (24...
a6 25. Rb2 b5 26. Qb1) 25. Rb2 Ra6 26. Bc2 a4 27. a3 Kd8 28. Rb1 Rh7 29. Qd2
Kc8 30. Rbd1 Qb7 31. Ne2 31... Ne7 {It will become apparent that this Knight
can not be spared from g8; Black's best policy was to continue playing a
waiting game} 32. Nc1 Ng6 33. Nd3 Qc7 34. Qf2 Kd8 35. Rd2 Kc8 36. Qe1 Kd8 37.
Rdf2 Kc8 38. Qd1 exf4 (38... Kd8 39. Nb2 Qa7 40. fxe5 Nxe5 41. Rxf6) 39. Nxf4
Ne5 (39... Nxf4 40. Rxf4 Rf7 41. R4f2 Rf8 42. e5 42... dxe5 43. Bg6) 40. Ne6
Qa7 (40... Bxe6 41. dxe6 Qc6 42. Rxf6) 41. Rxf6 Nxf6 42. Rxf6 b5 (42... Nxc4
43. Bc1) 43. cxb5 (43. Qf1 $1 43... -- 44. Rf8+ Kb7 45. Qf5 Re7 46. Bg5) 43...
Bxb5 {Now Black can restore the balance though he will not have a path of roses
} 44. Rf8+ Kb7 45. Qe1 Rb6 46. Qg3 Bd3 47. Nd8+ Kc7 48. Bxd3 Nxd3 49. Nc6 Rxc6
50. dxc6 Kxc6 51. Bf4 c4+ 52. Kh2 52... Rf7 $1 53. Rc8+ (53. Rxf7 Qxf7 54. Bxd6
Qf2) 53... Kd7 54. Be3 Qa6 55. Rb8 Qc6 56. Rb6 Qc7 57. Rb5 Qc6 58. Rb6 Qc7 59.
Bd4 Re7 60. Rb5 Rxe4 61. Rxh5 Kc6 62. Rg5 Qd7 63. Rg6 Rf4 64. Qe3 Qd8 65. g3
Rf2+ 66. Kg1 Qf8 67. Qe4+ Kc7 68. Rg7+ Rf7 69. Qxg4 Kb8 70. Rg8 1-0

[Event "Baarn"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1949.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "Euwe"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "E28"]
[Annotator "09: Wyvill Formation"]
[PlyCount "108"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black provokes Pd5 without playing ... Pc5} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4.
e3 O-O 5. a3 Bxc3+ 6. bxc3 d6 7. Bd3 e5 8. Ne2 b6 9. Ng3 Nc6 10. Bb2 Ba6 11. e4
Qe8 12. Qe2 12... Na5 {Master play has few examples of the Wyvill formation
with Black's c-pawn unmoved. The reason is obvious: the advance of Black's
c-pawn is usually the only way of forcing White to push his d-pawn to d5. Only
under very exceptional circumstances will he do it voluntarily} 13. a4 $2 {
An instructive mistake, after which Black can force White's Pd5} (13. Nf1 {
With his c-pawn thus secured, White could have set about preparing Kingside
operations byPf4}) 13... Qe6 $1 14. d5 Qg4 15. f3 Qh4 16. O-O 16... Nh5 $1 {
Even now White's best chance would be to force Pf4, and Black's maneuvers are
directed against this possibility  } 17. Nf5 Qg5 18. Bc1 (18. h4 Qd8 19. g3
19... g6) 18... Nf4 19. Bxf4 19... exf4 {Strategically Black's superiority
seems overwhelming. He has support points at a5, c5 and e5, and White has the
bad Bishop. Even so, the realisation of these advantages is far from simple}
20. Nd4 Rfe8 21. Nb5 (21. Rfb1 -- 22. Nb3) 21... Bxb5 22. cxb5 {The characteris
tic doubled pawn of the Wyvill formation has gone, but White's strategic
problems have not gone with it.} 22... Qf6 23. Ra3 Re5 24. Qd2 Rh5 25. g3 Rg5
26. Kf2 $1 26... Qh6 27. Kg2 Rh5 (27... fxg3 28. h4 Qxh4 29. Rh1 $18) 28. Rh1
g5 29. g4 Rh4 30. h3 Re8 31. Bf1 Qf6 32. Kf2 (32. Qd4) 32... h5 33. Rg1 hxg4
34. Rxg4 Rxg4 35. hxg4 Qh6 36. Kg1 Kg7 37. Qh2 Qg6 38. Ra2 Rh8 39. Qf2 Qh6 40.
Qh2 Qf6 41. Qc2 Nb7 42. Qd2 Qh6 43. Qd4+ f6 44. Bg2 Nc5 45. Kf1 Qh2 46. a5 $2 (
46. Qg1 {could still hold out}) 46... bxa5 47. Qg1 (47. Rxa5 Nb3 48. Qxa7 48...
Nd2+ $1) 47... Qg3 48. Qf2 a4 49. Qxg3 fxg3 50. Ke2 Rh2 51. Ke3 Nb3 52. f4 Nc1
53. Ra1 (53. Rc2 gxf4+ 54. Kxf4 Nd3+ 55. Kxg3 55... Ne1 $19) 53... Rxg2 54.
Rxc1 Rb2 0-1

[Event "5"]
[Site "Hastings"]
[Date "1934.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Milner-Barry"]
[Black "Botvinnik"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C19"]
[Annotator "09: Various Closed Formations"]
[PlyCount "108"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A familiar pawn formation arising from the French Defence} 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5
3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e5 c5 5. a3 Bxc3+ 6. bxc3 Ne7 7. Nf3 Nbc6 8. Be2 Bd7 9. O-O Qc7
10. Rb1 (10. a4 $1 {with the obect of placing his Bishop on a3. With this
opportunity neglected, his prospects of counterplay are not birght. The b-file
offers little and the f-file still less, as Black's next move shows}) 10... c4
11. Ne1 11... O-O-O $1 {Just as in the Wyvill formation, Black brings his king
into safety on the Queenside. The consequence is that the advance of White's
f-pawn and g-pawn (necessary for getting the f-file open) would now merely
result in a serious weakening of the White King position} 12. f4 f6 13. Nf3 Nf5
14. Qe1 (14. g4 {White lets slip his last chance of counterplay. Admittedly,
it wold be a risky advane in the present circumstances, but since a waiting
policy will result in a certain defeat, the risk had to be faced} 14... Nfe7
15. Be3 h5 16. h3 hxg4 17. hxg4 Rh6 18. Kg2 Rdh8 19. Qd2) 14... h5 15. Nh4 Nce7
16. Nxf5 Nxf5 17. Qf2 Be8 18. Bd2 Qa5 19. Rb4 (19. Ra1 Qa4 20. Ra2 Bg6) 19...
Qxa3 $1 {Exactly calculated, Black is not afraid of the attack which follows,
since with the centre firmly closed only a fraction of White's army can
participate} 20. Rfb1 Qa6 21. Qe1 (21. Rxb7 Qxb7 22. Rxb7 22... Kxb7 {
Black's a-pawn will be the decisivie factor}) 21... b6 22. Ra1 Qb7 23. Bf3 Qe7
(23... -- 24. Rxc4+ (24. exf6 gxf6 25. Qxe6+)) 24. Ra6 (24. Rb2 24... -- 25.
Rba2 -- 26. Bc1 -- 27. Ba3) 24... Bc6 25. Qa1 Kb8 26. g3 Qb7 27. Ra2 Rc8 28.
Qe1 Qf7 29. Rb1 Kb7 30. Qf2 Ra8 31. Bc1 Rhg8 32. h4 (32. -- g5 33. exf6 33...
g4 $1) 32... Rh8 33. Qg2 (33. Kh2 {
Black now gets a direct attack against the two Kingside pawns}) 33... Qc7 34.
Kh2 (34. Bd2 Rh6 35. Be1 35... Rg8) 34... Rh6 $1 35. Bd2 Rg6 36. Rg1 Rxg3 37.
Qxg3 Nxg3 38. Rxg3 Qf7 39. Ra1 Rg8 40. Rag1 fxe5 41. fxe5 Qf5 42. Bd1 Ba4 43.
Rf3 Qh7 44. Rf7+ Ka6 45. Rg5 Bxc2 46. Bf3 Qd3 47. Rg2 Qf1 48. Bxh5 Bf5 49. Bg4
Rh8 50. h5 Qd3 51. Be2 Qh3+ 52. Kg1 Rxh5 53. Bxh5 Qxh5 54. Rfxg7 Be4 0-1

[Event "New York"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1924.??.??"]
[Round "5"]
[White "Reti"]
[Black "Capablanca"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A15"]
[Annotator "09: Various Closed Formations"]
[PlyCount "67"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Fixed pawns on the flank} 1. Nf3 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. b4 Bg7 4. Bb2 O-O 5. g3 b6 6.
Bg2 Bb7 7. O-O d6 8. d3 Nbd7 9. Nbd2 e5 10. Qc2 Re8 11. Rfd1 a5 12. a3 h6 13.
Nf1 c5 14. b5 Nf8 15. e3 {White is going to play Pd4 to open a file} 15... Qc7
16. d4 16... Be4 $1 17. Qc3 (17. Qc1 {more precise (Alekhine)}) 17... exd4 18.
exd4 18... N6d7 $2 {This leads to the exchange of Black's King Bishop, after
which the pawn formation g6-h6 will become a serious weakness} (18... Ne6 19.
dxc5 dxc5 20. Qc1) 19. Qd2 cxd4 20. Bxd4 Qxc4 21. Bxg7 Kxg7 22. Qb2+ $1 22...
Kg8 23. Rxd6 Qc5 (23... -- 24. N3d2 Qc2 25. Qxc2 Bxc2 26. Bxa8) 24. Rad1 Ra7
25. Ne3 Qh5 26. Nd4 $1 (26. R1d5 $5 26... Bxd5 27. g4 Bxf3 28. gxh5 Bxh5 29.
Bc6) 26... Bxg2 27. Kxg2 Qe5 (27... Rxe3 28. fxe3 Qxd1 29. Ne6) (27... Ne5) 28.
Nc4 Qc5 29. Nc6 Rc7 30. Ne3 Ne5 31. R1d5 $1 31... Nc4 32. Rxc5 Nxb2 33. Rc2 Na4
34. Nd5 $18 1-0

[Event "Leipzig"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1894.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tarrasch"]
[Black "Sclechter"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C62"]
[Annotator "10: Half Centre - Ruy Lopez Formation"]
[PlyCount "71"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Conversion of mobility into attack} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 d6 4. d4 Bd7 5.
Nc3 Nf6 6. O-O Be7 7. Re1 Nxd4 8. Nxd4 exd4 9. Bxd7+ 9... Qxd7 {The fact that
two pairs of minor pieces have gone eases Black's task a little, but it
remains arduos enough, as will appear.} (9... Nxd7 10. Qxd4 10... Bf6 {
In this way Black could have got rid of another pair of pieces}) 10. Qxd4 O-O
11. b3 $1 11... Rfe8 (11... Ng4 12. Nd5 Bf6 13. Nxf6+ Nxf6 14. Bb2 {not withsta
nding further simplification, White's pressure has grown considerably}) 12. Bb2
Bf8 13. Rad1 13... Qc6 14. Rd3 14... Re6 {Not only to put pressure on the
White e-pawn, but also a precaution against being taken unawares presently by
the Queen sacrifice Qxf6} 15. Rde3 Rae8 16. h3 {A typical move in this sort of
position. White denies Black pieces the use of g4} 16... Qb6 17. Qd3 c6 18. Na4
Qc7 19. c4 {Giving Black no chance to play the freeing move ... Pd5} 19... Nd7
$2 (19... g6 20. -- 20... Bg7 {further simplification}) 20. Kh1 f6 21. Qd2 Ne5
22. Nc3 22... Nf7 23. g4 {Preventing ... Pf5} (23. Ne2 Rxe4) 23... Qa5 24. Rd1
Qb6 25. h4 (25. Ne2 Ng5) 25... Ne5 26. Rg3 Nf7 27. f3 27... Nh8 {
Now Black can no longer hold off the Knight Maneuver} 28. Ne2 Qc7 29. Rdg1 {
Notice how White is continuously on the qui vive to deprive Black of every
possible counterchace. Indeed, this is more than half of histask} (29. Nd4
29... d5) 29... Qf7 30. Nd4 R6e7 31. g5 $1 {Now suddenly all the White pieces
are poised for attack on g7, and the rest virtually plays itself} 31... fxg5
32. Rxg5 g6 33. Nf5 Re5 34. f4 $1 34... Rxf5 35. exf5 Bg7 36. fxg6 1-0

[Event "New"]
[Site "New"]
[Date "1924.??.??"]
[Round "2"]
[White "Lasker"]
[Black "Capablanca"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "C66"]
[Annotator "10: Half Centre - Ruy Lopez Formation"]
[PlyCount "60"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A timely exchange} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 d6 4. d4 Bd7 5. Nc3 Nf6 6. O-O
exd4 7. Nxd4 Be7 8. b3 Nxd4 9. Qxd4 Bxb5 10. Nxb5 10... Nd7 {
Black hits the nail on the head, he is going play ... Bf6} 11. Ba3 a6 (11...
Bf6 12. Qc4 Bxa1 13. Nxc7+) 12. Nc3 Bf6 13. Qe3 O-O 14. Rad1 14... Bxc3 $1 {
just in time before White played Nd5} 15. Qxc3 Re8 16. Rfe1 Rc8 17. Qh3 (17.
Bb2 Qg5 18. f4 Qg4 19. Rd3 19... f6 {this gives White a new weakness on e4})
17... Ne5 18. Bb2 Qg5 19. Qg3 (19. Re3 19... Qg4 {
Black's troubles are over, and his remaining pieces can move freely}) 19...
Qxg3 20. hxg3 f6 21. f3 Kf7 22. g4 h6 23. Re2 Nc6 24. Kf2 Re7 25. Bc3 a5 26.
Rd5 b6 27. a4 Re6 28. Rd1 Rce8 29. Red2 Ke7 30. Ke3 Kd7 1/2-1/2

[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "????.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Euwe"]
[Black "Landau"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C10"]
[Annotator "11: Half Centre - French Formation"]
[PlyCount "83"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Treatment of the French Formation when Black plays ... Pc5} 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5
3. Nd2 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Nd7 5. Nf3 Ngf6 6. Nxf6+ Nxf6 7. Bd3 Be7 8. Qe2 O-O 9. Bg5
9... c5 {
Notice first of all that the charateristic move ... Pb6 would not have done} (
9... b6 10. Bxf6 Bxf6 11. Qe4) 10. dxc5 Qa5+ (10... Bxc5 11. O-O Be7 12. Rad1
Qc7) 11. c3 Qxc5 12. O-O Rd8 (12... b6 13. Bxf6 Bxf6 14. Qe4) (12... Bd7 13.
Bxf6 Bxf6 14. Bxh7+ Kxh7 15. Qd3+) 13. Ne5 13... Rxd3 $2 (13... Bd7 14. Bxf6
Bxf6 15. Bxh7+ Kxh7 16. Qh5+ Kg8 17. Qxf7+ Kh8 18. Nxd7) (13... h6 14. Bh4
14... Nd7 {with good prospects of gradually consolidating his game}) 14. b4 $1
14... Qd5 15. c4 Qe4 16. Qxe4 Nxe4 17. Bxe7 Rd2 18. Rad1 $1 {
Gaining complete control of the open d-file} 18... f6 19. Rxd2 Nxd2 20. Rd1
fxe5 21. Rxd2 {In spite of the bishops of opposite colours, White's advantage
(d-file, Queenside majority, better pawn structure) are decisive} 21... Kf7 22.
Bd6 Bd7 23. Bxe5 Be8 24. Rd4 g6 25. h4 Rc8 26. g4 h5 27. f3 a6 28. Kf2 Bc6 29.
Ke3 Rg8 30. Kf4 Ke7 31. g5 Rc8 32. Bd6+ Kf7 33. Ke5 Kg7 34. Rf4 Re8 35. Rf6 b5
36. c5 Bd5 37. a3 Rd8 38. Rxe6 $1 38... Bxe6 39. Kxe6 Ra8 40. c6 Re8+ 41. Kd7
Kf7 42. c7 1-0

[Event "Dubrovnik"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Prins"]
[Black "Guimard"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C10"]
[Annotator "11: Half Centre - French Formation"]
[PlyCount "73"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Treatment of the French formation when Black omits ... Pc5} 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5
3. Nd2 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Nd7 5. Nf3 Ngf6 6. Nxf6+ Nxf6 7. Be3 Be7 8. Bd3 c6 9. Qe2
Qa5+ 10. Bd2 10... Qc7 {White is trying to hold back Black's c-pawn until he
can get a Rook on the d-file.} 11. O-O-O Nd5 (11... c5) 12. Ne5 Bf6 (12... Nb4)
13. f4 13... b5 14. Rhf1 a6 (14... -- 15. Nxc6) 15. Be4 Ra7 16. Rf3 Bd7 (16...
O-O $2 17. Bxh7+ Kxh7 18. Rh3+ Kg8 19. Qh5) 17. Rdf1 b4 18. Qc4 (18. Bxd5 cxd5
19. Bxb4 $2 19... Bb5) 18... a5 19. Nxd7 Qxd7 20. f5 $1 {This opening of a
centre file in conjunction with the Black King's position, must lead to a
direct attack} 20... Qd6 (20... O-O 21. Qd3 h6 22. g4) (20... Nb6 21. Qxc6 Bxd4
22. fxe6 fxe6 23. Rd3) 21. fxe6 fxe6 22. Qd3 h6 23. Bxd5 Qxd5 24. Qg6+ Rf7 25.
Rxf6 gxf6 26. Rxf6 Rhf8 (26... Qd7 27. Rxe6+) (26... Rhh7 27. Bxh6 Qxd4 28. Rf1
$18) 27. Bxh6 Qxd4 28. Rf1 Kd8 29. Rxf7 (29. Rd1 29... Rf1 $19) 29... Qg1+ 30.
Kd2 Qd4+ 31. Ke2 Qc4+ 32. Ke3 Qc5+ 33. Kf3 Qd5+ 34. Kg3 Qe5+ 35. Bf4 Qe1+ 36.
Kh3 Rh8+ 37. Rh7 1-0

[Event "09"]
[Site "Zandvoort  (29.07.36)"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Maroczy"]
[Black "Keres"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B19"]
[Annotator "10: Half Centre - Caro-Kann Formation"]
[PlyCount "101"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{White's chances in the Caro-Kann Formation} 1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 dxe4 4.
Nxe4 Bf5 5. Ng3 Bg6 6. h4 h6 7. Nf3 Nd7 8. Bd3 Bxd3 9. Qxd3 e6 10. Bd2 Ngf6 11.
O-O-O Qc7 12. Rhe1 O-O-O 13. Kb1 Bd6 14. Ne4 Nxe4 15. Qxe4 Kb8 16. c4 16... c5
{just as in the French Formation, this counterthrust with the c-pawn is
Black's best chance} 17. Bc3 Nf6 18. Qe2 cxd4 19. Nxd4 a6 20. Nf3 {White's aim
is to keep e5 under pressure and thus prevent Black's central pawn majority
from rolling forward} 20... Ka8 21. Ne5 21... Rhf8 {
Black is in laborious defence} 22. g4 $1 22... Ng8 $1 23. Nf3 (23. g5 hxg5 24.
hxg5 24... Ne7) 23... g6 24. b3 Qe7 25. Rd3 Bc7 26. Red1 Rxd3 27. Rxd3 27...
Rd8 {Following the well-known rule that the side with the less freedom should
seek exchanges. Notwithstanding the thorough-going simplification, Black still
can not achieve full equality} 28. Qd2 Kb8 29. g5 Kc8 30. Rxd8+ Qxd8 31. Qe2
hxg5 32. hxg5 Ne7 33. Bf6 33... Qd6 $1 (33... Qe8) (33... Qd7 {
White would then have to try to advance his Queenside majority}) 34. Ne5 Qc5
35. Nxf7 Qf5+ 36. Qc2 Ng8 37. Qxf5 exf5 38. Nh8 Nxf6 39. gxf6 Kd7 40. Nxg6 Ke6
41. Ne7 Bd6 42. Nd5 Ke5 43. Kc2 Ke4 44. f4 a5 45. f7 a4 46. bxa4 Ba3 47. Kc3
Bd6 48. a5 Bf8 49. Kb3 Bd6 50. Ka4 Kd4 51. Kb5 1-0

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Steiner"]
[Black "Flohr"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "B17"]
[Annotator "10: Half Centre - Caro-Kann Formation"]
[PlyCount "86"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black's counterchance with the Caro-Kann Formation} 1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3
dxe4 4. Nxe4 Nd7 5. Nf3 Ngf6 6. Bd3 Nxe4 7. Bxe4 Nf6 8. Bd3 Bg4 9. c3 e6 10. h3
Bh5 11. Be2 Bd6 12. Ne5 Bxe2 13. Qxe2 Qc7 14. f4 O-O 15. O-O {
White has lost several tempi in the opening 6. Bd3 but chances are still equal}
15... c5 16. dxc5 Bxc5+ 17. Be3 Rad8 18. Rae1 {
This is too optimistic: apparently White is hoping for a Kingside attack.} (18.
Rad1) 18... Nd7 $2 19. Bxc5 Qxc5+ 20. Kh2 Nxe5 21. fxe5 (21. Qxe5 Rd5 22. Qe2
Rfd8 23. Rd1 23... Qd6 $17) 21... Rd5 22. c4 Rd4 23. b3 Rfd8 24. Qe3 24... Qc7
25. Kh1 a5 26. Qf3 h6 27. Re4 Rxe4 28. Qxe4 Rd2 29. a4 29... Qc6 $1 {Black is s
lowly but surely making progress. This move leaves White the unpleasant choice
between putting up with the pressure on his g-pawn or going into an
unfavourable Rook ending} 30. Qg4 Rd3 31. Qh5 31... Rxb3 $1 32. Qxf7+ 32... Kh7
33. Kh2 Qxc4 34. Rf6 (34. Rf5 Qh4 35. Qxe6 Qg3+ 36. Kg1 Rb1+ 37. Rf1 Qe3+)
34... Qd3 35. Rf3 Qd5 36. Rxb3 (36. Rf5 Qd2 37. Qxe6 Rb2) 36... Qxb3 37. Qd7
Qc4 38. Qd6 (38. Qxb7) 38... Kg6 39. Kg1 Qd5 40. Qc7 Qd4+ 41. Kh1 Qxa4 42. Qxb7
Qa1+ 43. Kh2 Qxe5+ 0-1

[Event "RUS"]
[Site "Ch URS Moscow  (19)"]
[Date "1945.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tolush"]
[Black "Kotov"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B80"]
[Annotator "10: Sicilian Formation"]
[PlyCount "81"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{White's chances agains the Paulsen set-up} 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 e6 3. d4 cxd4 4.
Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. g3 Nc6 7. Bg2 Bd7 8. Nde2 a6 9. O-O b5 10. a3 Qc7 11. h3
Be7 12. Kh1 12... O-O {This pawn position occurs frequently, with various
differences in the placing of pieces. The present example is known in the
books as the Scheveningen Variation, for Paulsen's name is reserved for the
form with Black's Queen Knight developed at d6. We shall not bother about the
distinction here, as our concern is with the pawn skeleton, which is the same
in both cases. Variations are possible in the White position too. Here, his
King bishop stands on g2, discouraging Black from playing ... Pd5; but the
same effect could be obtained by Be2, Pf4 and Bf3} 13. g4 {The Kingside attack
beings. Notice, however, that the majority of Black pawns in the centre is
held immobile by the placing of the White pieces} 13... Kh8 (13... Rfd8 {
Another plan, withdrawing the Knight to e8. On d8, the Rook would be better
placed for furture operations in thecentre}) 14. Ng3 (14. g5 14... Ng8 {
then to counterattack with ... Pf6 or ... Pf5}) 14... b4 15. axb4 Nxb4 16. g5
Ng8 17. f4 17... Bc6 $2 {Too slow} (17... d5 $1 $132 18. exd5 exd5 19. Nxd5
Nxd5 20. Qxd5 20... Bb5 {
the advance of White's Kingside pawns having left his king none too safe}) 18.
Nce2 Bb5 19. Bd2 d5 20. Bc3 dxe4 21. Nh5 f6 22. Nxg7 $3 {
With this pretty sacrifice White makes a breach in the Black lines} 22... Bxe2
(22... Kxg7 23. Nd4 23... Bc4 24. Bxe4 Kh8 25. Qh5) 23. Qxe2 Kxg7 24. Bxe4 Nd5
25. Qh5 Rfd8 (25... Rf7 26. g6 hxg6 27. Qxg6+ Kf8 28. Rg1) 26. Rg1 Bc5 (26...
Nxc3 27. gxf6+ Kxf6 28. Rg6+ $1) 27. gxf6+ Kf8 28. Rxg8+ $1 28... Kxg8 29.
Bxh7+ Kf8 (29... Qxh7 30. f7+) 30. Qg6 Nxf6 (30... Qf7 31. Qh6+ Ke8 32. Bg6)
31. Qxf6+ Qf7 32. Qh6+ Ke7 33. Qg5+ Kd7 (33... Kd6 34. Rd1+ Kc6 35. Be4+) 34.
Qxc5 Qxh7 35. Rd1+ Ke8 36. Qc6+ Kf8 37. Bb4+ Kf7 38. Qc7+ Kg6 39. f5+ {
The finishing touch in an attack conducted in masterly style by Tolush} 39...
Kh6 40. Qf4+ Kg7 41. Qg5+ 1-0

[Event "Munich"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1941.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Cortlever"]
[Black "Stolz"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "B84"]
[Annotator "10: Sicilian Formation"]
[PlyCount "56"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black's chances with the Paulsen Formation} 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 e6 3. Be2 d6 4. d4
cxd4 5. Nxd4 Nf6 6. Nc3 a6 7. O-O Qc7 8. a4 b6 9. f4 Bb7 10. Bf3 Nbd7 11. Qe2
Be7 12. Bd2 12... Rc8 {Black has already taken precautions against Pg4} 13.
Rae1 (13. g4 Qc5 14. Qf2 d5) 13... O-O 14. Kh1 Rfe8 15. e5 $5 {Black must
s be prepared for this advance in the Silician. Very often, it gives White a
strong Kingside attack, but in the present case Black disposes of sufficient
defensive resources} 15... Bxf3 16. Rxf3 dxe5 17. fxe5 Ng4 18. Bf4 {This leaves
White entirely defensive. He could have kept the initiative by the exchange
sacrifice} (18. Rxf7 Kxf7 19. Qxg4 $36 19... Nf8 20. Nf3) 18... Qc4 19. Rd3
19... Nc5 $1 20. b3 Qb4 21. Na2 Qa3 22. Nc1 $2 (22. Rg3 Qxa2 23. Qxg4 g6 24. h4
$132) 22... f5 $1 (22... Nxd3 23. Nxd3 -- 24. Bc1 {chances to win the Queen})
23. exf6 (23. h3 23... Nh6 24. Rc3) 23... Bxf6 24. Rh3 e5 25. Qxg4 exf4 26. Nf3
Rxe1+ 27. Nxe1 Qxc1 28. Qxc8+ Kf7 0-1

[Event "Podebrady"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Foltys"]
[Black "Eliskases"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B72"]
[Annotator "10: Sicilian Formation"]
[PlyCount "57"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{White's chances agains the Dragon} 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6
5. Nc3 d6 6. Be2 g6 7. Be3 Bg7 8. Nb3 Be6 9. f4 O-O 10. g4 $5 10... Na5 $2 {
In the Dragon Variation Black must react very sharply to a flank attack. Half
measures are useless, for White's assault is considerably firecer than agains
the Paulsen set up. The reason is that the move ... Pg6 involves a slight
weakening, enabling White to open the h-file by Ph4-5. The proper reaction is
an immediate counter in thecentre} (10... d5 11. f5 Bc8 12. exd5 Nb4 13. d6
Qxd6 14. Bc5 14... Qf4 $1 15. Rf1 Qxh2 16. Bxb4 Nxg4 17. Bxg4 17... Qg3+ {
perpetual check}) 11. g5 Ne8 12. Bd4 Rc8 13. h4 Nc4 14. Bxc4 Rxc4 15. Qd3 Rc8
16. O-O-O Qd7 17. Rd2 Bg4 18. Nd5 {
The d5 square is always an important outpost for White in this variation} 18...
b6 19. f5 $1 {The storm breaks} 19... e6 (19... gxf5 20. exf5 Bxf5 21. Qxf5
Qxf5 22. Nxe7+) 20. Bxg7 Kxg7 21. f6+ Kh8 22. Ne7 Rd8 23. Nd4 23... Qa4 24. Kb1
Nc7 25. h5 {The h-file is broken open by main force} 25... gxh5 26. Rdh2 Rd7 (
26... Qa5 27. e5 Qxe5 28. Qxh7+ Kxh7 29. Rxh5+ Bxh5 30. Rxh5#) 27. e5 27...
Rxe7 28. Rxh5 Bxh5 29. Rxh5 1-0

[Event "Havana"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1952.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Evans"]
[Black "Reshevsky"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "B70"]
[Annotator "10: Sicilian Formation"]
[PlyCount "102"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black's chances in the Dragon Variation} 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4
Nf6 5. Nc3 g6 6. g3 Nc6 7. Bg2 Nxd4 8. Qxd4 Bg7 9. Be3 O-O 10. Qd2 Ng4 11. O-O
Nxe3 12. Qxe3 12... Be6 {As usual, the exchange of two pairs of minor pieces
benefits teh side with the less available space. Black now has no fear of any
immediate Kingside attack, and can set about realizig his plans on the other
wing} 13. Nd5 13... a5 $1 {The beginning of a Queenside attack which will make
full use of the Black Bishop at g7} 14. c3 Rb8 15. Rad1 (15. Nb6 {
delaying the coming assault}) 15... b5 16. f4 b4 17. cxb4 axb4 18. e5 {
Closing the dangerous diagonal, and threatening to saddle Black with a weakpawn
} 18... Kh8 $1 19. Kh1 Qd7 20. b3 Rfd8 21. Rd4 dxe5 22. fxe5 Qa7 23. Rxb4 $1
23... Qxa2 (23... Qxe3 24. Rxb8) 24. Rxb8 (24. Ra4 Qxb3 25. Qxb3 Rxb3 26. Nxe7
26... Bxe5 $2 27. Nc6) 24... Rxb8 25. Nxe7 Rxb3 26. Qd4 Bf8 27. Qh4 (27. Qd8
Kg7 28. Nf5+ Bxf5 29. Rxf5 $11) 27... Rb1 28. Qf6+ Bg7 29. Qf3 Rxf1+ 30. Qxf1
30... Bxe5 {Black has won a pawn, and this, added to the enormous power of his
two bishops, is bound ot be decisive. The final technical phase was full of
interest} 31. Nc6 Bc3 32. h3 Kg7 33. Qd3 Bf6 34. Kh2 Bc4 35. Qf3 Qc2 36. Nb4
Qd2 37. Nd5 Bd4 38. h4 Qe1 39. Nf4 Bg1+ 40. Kh3 Bb5 41. Qd5 41... Qe8 $1 42. g4
h5 43. Nxh5+ gxh5 44. Qg5+ Kf8 45. Qh6+ Ke7 46. Qxh5 Qb8 47. Qg5+ f6 48. Qg7+
Ke6 49. g5 Qh2+ 50. Kg4 Be2+ 51. Bf3 Qg2+ 0-1

[Event "Amsterdam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1937.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Euwe"]
[Black "Winter"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B54"]
[Annotator "10: Sicilian Formation"]
[PlyCount "63"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The great significance of Pc4 for White} 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4
Nf6 5. f3 Nc6 6. c4 $1 6... e6 7. Nc3 Be7 8. Nc2 O-O 9. Be2 Qc7 10. O-O 10...
Rd8 {In the Sicilian the question whether White can play Pc4 or not is vital.
From the preceding examples we have seen that Black's chief trump card is his
action down the half-open c-file, with the eventual central advance ... Pd5,
also playing an important part  If, however, White succeeds in playing Pc4,
both these plans for Black are forestalled. He will not make much headway on
the c-file against White's bulward at c4, while the advance ... Pd5 will be,
to say the least, a difficult matter} 11. Bf4 Ne5 (11... Qb6+ 12. Kh1 d5 13.
cxd5 exd5 14. exd5 Be6 15. Bc4 Qc5 16. Ne3 Nh5 17. Bc7 Rd7 (17... Qxe3 18. Bxd8
Rxd8 19. Qe1 Qxe1 20. Raxe1 Na5 21. Bb5 a6 22. Ba4 b5 23. dxe6 bxa4 24. exf7+
Kxf7 25. Re5) 18. Qe1 Rxc7 19. dxe6 {White has won a pawn}) 12. Nb5 (12. b3 d5
13. exd5 exd5 14. Nxd5 Nxd5 15. cxd5 Qc5+ 16. Kh1 16... Rxd5 $15 {In general
is true that whenever Black achieves ... Pd5 successfully he gets the
advantage}) 12... Qb8 (12... Qc5+ 13. Be3 Qc6 14. Ncd4 Qd7 15. f4 Nc6 16. Nf3
d5 17. cxd5 exd5 18. e5 Ne4 19. Rc1 {Black has achieved ... Pd5 but it will do
him no good. White's kingside pawn majority ensures him a strong attack}) 13.
Qd2 a6 (13... d5 14. Qc3 Nfd7 15. cxd5) 14. Nc3 Qc7 15. b3 b6 16. Rac1 Bb7 17.
Nd4 Rac8 18. Rfd1 Nc6 19. Nxc6 19... Bxc6 $2 {
This allows White to transform his space advantage into something more concrete
} (19... Qxc6 {White would have trained his guns on the b-pawn} 20. Be3 -- 21.
Bf1 -- 22. Qf2 -- 23. Na4) 20. Nd5 $1 20... Qb7 (20... exd5 21. cxd5 Qb7 22.
dxc6 Rxc6 23. Bxa6 $1 $16) (20... Bxd5 21. cxd5 Qb7 22. Rxc8 Rxc8 23. dxe6 fxe6
24. Qb4 {Decisive positional advantage}) 21. Nxe7+ Qxe7 22. Bxd6 Qb7 23. Qe3
Rd7 24. e5 Ne8 25. Rd4 Rcd8 26. Rcd1 Qa7 27. Rg4 f5 (27... Nxd6 28. exd6 Rxd6
29. Rxd6 Rxd6 30. Qe5) 28. Rgd4 28... b5 {This is often Black's best chance
when Whte plays Pc4, but here it is far too late} 29. c5 Qb7 30. a4 Ra8 31. Bd3
Bd5 32. Bxf5 1-0

[Event "Baden-Baden"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1925.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "Marshall"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D06"]
[Annotator "10: Rival Majorities"]
[PlyCount "59"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The Kingside majority on the attack} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 Nf6 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. e4 Nf6
5. Bd3 e5 6. dxe5 Ng4 7. Nf3 Nc6 8. Bg5 Be7 9. Bxe7 Qxe7 10. Nc3 Ncxe5 11. Nxe5
Qxe5 (11... Nxe5 12. O-O O-O 13. Be2 13... Be6 {Black's Queenside majority
would then have been certainly no less strong than White's on the Kingside.
After Black's actual move, the White majority can roll forward with the gain
of tempo}) 12. h3 Nf6 13. Qd2 $1 13... Bd7 14. Qe3 {
Prevents Queenside castling and prepares Pf4} 14... Bc6 15. O-O-O O-O 16. f4
Qe6 (16... Qa5 17. e5 Nd5 18. Nxd5 Bxd5 19. Bxh7+ Kxh7 20. Qd3+ {(Alekhine)})
17. e5 17... Rfe8 {else Pf5} 18. Rhe1 Rad8 19. f5 Qe7 20. Qg5 Nd5 21. f6 Qf8
22. Bc4 Nxc3 (22... h6 23. fxg7) 23. Rxd8 Rxd8 24. fxg7 Nxa2+ (24... Qe8 25.
Bxf7+ Kxf7 26. Rf1+ Ke6 27. Rf6+ Kd5 28. Rf8) 25. Kb1 Qe8 26. e6 Be4+ 27. Ka1
f5 (27... fxe6 28. Bxe6+ Qxe6 29. Qxd8+ Kxg7 30. Qd4+) 28. e7+ Rd5 29. Qf6 Qf7
30. e8=Q+ 1-0

[Event "Russia"]
[Site "Tournament, Leningrad"]
[Date "1934.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Botvinnik"]
[Black "Euwe"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "C83"]
[Annotator "10: Rival Majorities"]
[PlyCount "103"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Both majorities go into action} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5.
O-O Nxe4 6. d4 b5 7. Bb3 d5 8. dxe5 Be6 9. c3 Be7 10. Nbd2 O-O 11. Qe2 Nc5 12.
Nd4 Nxb3 13. N2xb3 Qd7 14. Nxc6 14... Qxc6 {The respective plans are laid down:
White must push his f-pawn, Black his c-pawn} 15. Be3 Bf5 16. Rfd1 Rfd8 17. f3
{Before committing himself, White wishes to control d4, and especially c5, in
order to cripple the Black Queenside majority} (17. Na5 Qg6 18. Nb7 18... d4)
17... Bf8 18. Qf2 18... a5 19. Rd2 $2 (19. Rac1 {Forestalling Black's ... Pb4})
19... b4 {Thus Black gets his blow in first} 20. Rc1 Qa4 21. Nd4 Bg6 22. b3 {
In this way White avoids losing a pawn, but he has to relax his pressure on c5}
22... Qe8 23. cxb4 Bxb4 24. Rdd1 c5 25. Nc2 Bxc2 26. Rxc2 d4 27. Bg5 27... Rd5
$2 {Not a good place for a Rook and allows White time to bring hs Kingside
majority into action} (27... Rd7 28. f4 Qe6 29. Qf3 29... Qd5 $17) 28. f4 a4
29. Qf3 axb3 30. axb3 Rd7 31. f5 {The consequences of black's ommission are
clear ... the White majority is in powerful action, and Black is hard put to
find the right answers on the Kingside} 31... Rda7 32. Qg3 Ra1 33. Rcc1 Rxc1
34. Rxc1 Kh8 35. Rf1 Ra6 (35... Ra7 36. f6 g6 37. e6 $1) 36. h3 Qa8 37. Kh2 Qe8
38. Rf3 {This is too slow} (38. e6 fxe6 (38... f6) 39. f6) (38. h4) 38... Ba5
$1 39. Bf4 Bc7 40. Rf1 Ra8 41. Re1 Qc6 42. e6 (42. f6 gxf6 43. exf6 43... Rg8
$19) 42... Bxf4 43. Qxf4 fxe6 44. fxe6 (44. Rxe6 Qb7 45. Qe5 45... Qb8 $1)
44... Re8 45. e7 h6 46. Qf5 (46. Rf1 Qf6) (46. Qf7 Qd7) 46... Qd6+ 47. Kh1 Kg8
48. Re6 Qd7 49. Qe5 d3 50. Rd6 Qxe7 51. Qxe7 Rxe7 52. Rxd3 1/2-1/2

[Event "15"]
[Site "Moscow URS ch"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lipnitsky"]
[Black "Smyslov"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D13"]
[Annotator "11: Half Open Formations with an Open file"]
[PlyCount "83"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The bad Bishop inside and outside the pawn chain} 1. d4 d5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. c4 c6
4. cxd5 cxd5 5. Nc3 Nc6 6. Bf4 e6 7. e3 Be7 8. Bd3 8... Nb4 $2 9. Bb1 O-O 10.
a3 Nc6 11. Qd3 11... Bd7 {Black's 8th move ... Nb4 has allowed White to gain
some time int he opening. Moreover, White's Queen Bishop is developed outside
the pawn chain, and so exerts more influence than does his Black counterpart,
which is confined within the chain. All this adds up to the chance of a sharp
attack by White.} 12. h4 $1 12... Qb6 13. Ne5 13... Rfd8 (13... -- 14. Nxd7
Nxd7 15. Qxh7#) 14. Ra2 14... Kf8 $2 (14... Bf8 15. g4 15... g6) 15. g4 Nxe5
16. dxe5 Ne4 17. f3 $1 17... Nxc3 18. Qxh7 Ke8 19. bxc3 Rdc8 20. Kf2 {
By protecting his b1 Bishop, this threatens Qxg7} 20... Bf8 21. g5 $1 21... Rc4
(21... -- 22. g6 fxg6 23. Bg5 {Cutting off Black's King's escape route}) 22.
Kg3 Kd8 23. Qg8 Kc7 24. Qxf7 Bc5 25. Bd3 {
Prettily played, White brings his reserves into action} 25... Rxc3 26. Rb1 Rb3
(26... Qa5 27. Bb5 Rd8 28. Bxd7 Rxd7 29. Rxb7+ Kxb7 30. Qxd7+) 27. Rc1 $1 27...
Qa5 (27... Rxd3 28. Rac2) 28. Rac2 b6 29. Qe7 $1 29... Rxd3 30. Rxc5+ bxc5 31.
Rxc5+ Qxc5 32. Qxc5+ Bc6 33. Qd6+ Kb6 34. a4 Re8 35. g6 a5 36. Bg5 Rc8 37. Bd8+
Kb7 38. Qe7+ Kb8 39. Bxa5 Rb3 40. Bb4 d4 41. Bd6+ Ka8 42. Qxe6 1-0

[Event "Groningen"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1941.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kmoch"]
[Black "Landau"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D14"]
[Annotator "11: Half Open Formations with an Open file"]
[PlyCount "80"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black relies on quiet defence} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 c6 3. cxd5 cxd5 4. Nc3 Nc6 5.
Nf3 Nf6 6. Bf4 Bf5 7. e3 a6 8. Ne5 Rc8 9. g4 Bd7 10. Bg2 e6 11. O-O h6 (11...
h5 {This position occured in the game Alekhin-Euwe, AVRO 1938, but here Black
played too sharp and White obtained a decisive advantage} 12. Nxd7 Nxd7 13.
gxh5 Nf6 14. Bf3) 12. Bg3 12... Be7 $1 {
This quiet defensive move is an important improvement} 13. f4 Nxe5 14. fxe5 Nh7
15. e4 {The best chance, otherwise Black castles and then plays ... Pf6 in
perfect safety} 15... dxe4 16. Bxe4 Qb6 17. Rf2 Ng5 18. Bg2 Bc6 19. h4 {
White feels compelled to continue his attack as sharply as possible} 19... Bxg2
20. Kxg2 20... Qc6+ $1 21. d5 exd5 22. Qxd5 Ne6 23. Qxc6+ $2 {
A serious loss of time} (23. Rd1) 23... Rxc6 24. Rd1 24... Rc4 $1 25. Kh3 25...
h5 $1 {
This forces the following weakening, after which White's Bishop becomes "bad"}
26. g5 Bc5 27. Rfd2 $2 {
Only after this move does White's disadvantage become really acute} (27. Rf3)
27... Bb4 28. Rd7 Bxc3 29. bxc3 Rxc3 30. Rxb7 O-O 31. Rd2 Rfc8 32. Kg2 32...
R8c4 {Black is decidedly better placed for the endgame. His Knight is much
stronger than White's bad Bishop and White has several weak pawns. Black
turned his advantage into a win as follows} 33. Rb3 Kh7 34. Rf2 Kg6 35. Rbb2 a5
36. Rb7 Rg4 37. Rf3 Rc2+ 38. Rf2 Nf4+ 39. Kf3 Rc3+ 40. Ke4 Ne6+ 0-1

[Event "Pistyan"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1922.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tarrasch"]
[Black "Euwe"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "A55"]
[Annotator "11: Half Open Formations with an Open file"]
[PlyCount "78"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The strategic value of d4} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 d6 3. Nf3 Nbd7 4. Nc3 e5 5. e4 g6
6. Be3 Bg7 7. dxe5 dxe5 8. h3 c6 9. Qd2 Qe7 10. O-O-O 10... O-O {Although White
has taken firm control of the d-file, it is clear there is nothing to be
gained there} 11. Qd6 Qxd6 12. Rxd6 Re8 13. Bg5 {
A fruitelss attempt to tie down the Black pieces} 13... Bf8 14. Rd2 (14. Rxf6
14... Kg7 $1) 14... Kg7 15. Bd3 Bb4 16. Kc2 Nc5 17. a3 Bxc3 18. Bxf6+ Kxf6 19.
Kxc3 Rd8 20. Bc2 (20. Rhd1 Rxd3+ 21. Rxd3 Nxe4+ 22. Kc2 Nxf2 23. Rd6+ Ke7 24.
R1d2 Ne4) 20... Rxd2 21. Nxd2 21... Ne6 22. g3 22... a5 {Black is in no hurry
to occupy d4, but seeks first to cut down White's freedom of movement in every
possible way} 23. Nf3 23... c5 $1 {In order to make sure of this critical
square, Black is prepared to weaken his own "focus" on d5, arguing that it
would take White at least four moves to occupy it with a Knight} 24. Ba4 Ra6
25. Rd1 25... Nd4 {The goal is achieved} 26. Nxd4 $2 {This gives Black a
protected passed pawn as well as a Bishop which is stronger than his White
counterpart} (26. Ng1 g5 27. -- Ke7 28. -- Rh6) 26... exd4+ 27. Kd3 Bxh3 28.
Bb5 (28. Rh1 Bg2 29. Rxh7 29... Bf1+) 28... Rd6 29. Rh1 Bg2 30. Rxh7 Re6 31.
Rh5 g5 32. Rh6+ Ke5 33. f4+ {He is bound to lose a pawn} 33... gxf4 34. Rh5+
Kd6 35. gxf4 Bxe4+ 36. Kd2 Rg6 37. Rh2 Rg2+ 38. Rxg2 Bxg2 39. Ke2 Bc6 0-1

[Event "05"]
[Site "Salzburg  (12.06.42)"]
[Date "1942.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "Keres"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C86"]
[Annotator "11: Half Open Formations with an Open file"]
[PlyCount "113"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The tactical significance of the support point d5} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5
a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Qe2 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3 O-O 9. Rd1 Na5 10. Bc2 c5
11. d4 Qc7 12. Bg5 Bg4 13. dxe5 dxe5 14. Nbd2 Rfd8 15. Nf1 15... Nh5 $1 {
Black is looking for counterplay by occupying f4} 16. h3 Be6 (16... Bxf3 17.
Qxf3 Bxg5 18. Qxh5 18... Qe7 {
Then if the Knight appears on e3 to occupy d5, Black takes it off}) 17. Ne3 $1
17... f6 18. Nh2 {A fine interpolation based on the tactical complications
which could arise from Nd5} 18... g6 (18... Bf7 19. Nd5 $1 19... Rxd5 20. exd5
fxg5 21. d6 Bxd6 22. Qe4) 19. Bh6 Bf8 (19... Nf4 20. Bxf4 exf4 21. Nd5 Bxd5 22.
exd5 {White avantage consists of the passed d-pawn and is certainly worth more
than Black's doubled f-pawns}) 20. Bxf8 Kxf8 21. g3 {
Eliminating the possibility of ... Nf4} 21... Rxd1+ (21... Bxh3 22. Nd5 Qa7 23.
g4 Nf4 24. Nxf4 exf4 25. Qf3 {winning a piece}) 22. Bxd1 Rd8 23. a4 Nc4 24.
axb5 axb5 25. Nd5 {White retains the initiative, although the pawn sacrifice
involved in the move is not altogether clear} 25... Qb7 (25... Bxd5 26. exd5
Rxd5 27. b3 Nd6 28. Qe3 $1 28... Nb7 {White gets some attack for the pawn}) 26.
b3 Nd6 27. c4 bxc4 28. bxc4 Bxd5 29. exd5 {Just as in the previous game the
occupation of the support point has produced a protected passed pawn. Although
Black occupies the blockaded square in front of this pawn in the best possible
way - with a knight - yet indirect pressure which emanates from the passed
pawn is so great that White is enabled to carry out successful operations in
other sectors of the board} 29... Ng7 30. Ng4 Qe7 31. Bc2 Nge8 32. h4 e4 33.
Ne3 {heading for Nf4} 33... Qe5 $2 {This move really spoils Black's game} (
33... f5) 34. Ra7 $1 34... Kg8 35. Ng4 Qd4 (35... Qb2 36. Nh6+ Kh8 (36... Kf8
37. Qxe4)) 36. Bxe4 $1 36... f5 (36... Qxe4 37. Nh6+ Kh8 38. Qxe4 Nxe4 39. Nf7+
) 37. Nh6+ Kh8 38. Bc2 38... Qf6 39. Qe6 Qxe6 40. dxe6 Rc8 41. Nf7+ Nxf7 42.
exf7 Nd6 43. Bd3 Kg7 44. f8=Q+ Kxf8 45. Rxh7 Kg8 46. Rd7 Ne8 47. h5 gxh5 48.
Bxf5 Ra8 49. Be6+ Kh8 50. Rd5 Nf6 51. Rxc5 Kg7 52. Kg2 Ra2 53. Bf5 Ra3 54. Rc7+
Kh6 55. Rf7 Ra6 56. f4 h4 57. g4 1-0

[Event "Leningrad"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Rauzer"]
[Black "Ryumin"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C90"]
[Annotator "11: Half Open Formations with an Open file"]
[PlyCount "76"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The second support point (f5) plays a part as well} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5
a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3 Na5 9. Bc2 c5 10. d4 Qc7 11.
Nbd2 Nc6 12. a4 Rb8 13. axb5 axb5 14. dxc5 dxc5 15. Nf1 Be6 16. Ne3 O-O 17. Ng5
Rfd8 18. Qf3 $1 {With this move and his next, White transfers his attention
from d5 and goes for the occupation of f5 instead} 18... Rd6 (18... h6 19. Nxe6
19... fxe6 {
Black would retain full control of d5 and f5 at the cost of his pawn position}
20. Ng4 Rf8 21. Nxf6+ 21... Rxf6 $132) 19. Nf5 Bxf5 20. exf5 h6 21. Ne4 Nxe4
22. Bxe4 {Now White has decidedly the better game. He has two Bishops,
pressure against d5, full control of the support point e4, and on f5, a pawn
which can form the spearhead of a powerful attack} 22... Bf6 23. Be3 Ne7 24. b4
c4 25. g3 Rd7 26. Ra7 Qd8 27. Rxd7 Qxd7 28. h4 Kh8 29. g4 $1 29... Ng8 (29...
Bxh4 30. Qh3 Bf6 31. g5 {winning the Bishop}) 30. g5 Be7 31. Rd1 Qc7 (31... Qc8
32. f6 Bf8 33. fxg7+ Bxg7 34. Rd8 Qxd8 35. Qf5 Nf6 36. gxf6 Kg8 37. Bc5 $1) 32.
f6 Bxf6 (32... gxf6 33. Qf5 Kg7 34. gxh6+) 33. gxf6 Nxf6 34. Bc2 Rd8 35. Bxh6
Rxd1+ 36. Bxd1 e4 37. Bf4 Qd8 38. Qe2 Nd5 1-0

[Event "?"]
[Site "GRONINGEN"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Yanofsky"]
[Black "Botvinnik"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C99"]
[Annotator "11: Half Open Formations with an Open file"]
[PlyCount "105"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The d-pawn forward, and an open c-file} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4
Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3 O-O 9. h3 Na5 10. Bc2 c5 11. d4 Qc7
12. Nbd2 cxd4 13. cxd4 Nc6 14. d5 Nb4 15. Bb1 a5 16. Nf1 (16. a3 16... Na6 17.
b4) 16... Bd7 17. Bd2 17... Rfc8 {Black is quite prepared to accept the
doubling of his b-pawns, in return for which he retains the two Bishops and
gets the open a-file} 18. Bxb4 axb4 19. Bd3 Bd8 20. Qd2 Qa5 21. Ne3 21... b3 {
Dissolving the doubled pawns} 22. a3 Qa4 23. Nd1 b4 24. Ne3 bxa3 25. Rxa3 25...
Nxe4 $1 {This is the point of Black's Queenside operation. In return for the
b-pawn, which is bound to fall, he wins a valuable centre pawn} 26. Qd1 Qb4 27.
Rxb3 Qa4 28. Bc2 Nc5 29. Rc3 Qb4 30. Qb1 {So far Black has the better of it,
with two Bishops and the majority of the pawns in the centre; but with this
move White begins counteraction} 30... g6 31. Rc4 Qb7 32. b4 Na6 33. Rxc8 Rxc8
34. Bd3 $1 34... Nxb4 $2 (34... Rb8 $17) 35. Re2 $1 35... Ba5 $2 (35... Rc1+
36. Qxc1 36... Nxd3 {drawing chances}) 36. Rb2 Rb8 37. Nd2 $1 37... Qa7 38.
Ndc4 Qc5 39. Nxa5 Qxa5 40. Nc2 40... Nxd3 {Otherwise a whole piece goes. Thus
Black has been compelled to cede the exchange after all, and under conditions
much less favourable than he could have obtained by sacrificing it at the 35th
move, for then he would have kept his two Bishops} 41. Rxb8+ Kg7 42. Ne3 Qd2
43. Qf1 Nc5 44. Qd1 Qc3 45. Rb6 Ba4 46. Qf3 Qe1+ 47. Kh2 f5 48. Rxd6 f4 49.
Nf5+ Kf7 (49... gxf5 50. Qh5 $1 {wins quickly}) 50. Qg4 Ne4 (50... Qe4 51. Qh4
Qxf5 52. Qxh7+ Kf8 53. Rxg6) 51. Qh4 gxf5 52. Qxh7+ Ke8 53. Qg8+ {This example
has shown how the open c-file can bring tactical elements to the forefront} 1-0

[Event "Hastings"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1935.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Fine"]
[Black "Koltanowsky"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E72"]
[Annotator "11: Half Open Formations with an Open file"]
[PlyCount "85"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The d-pawn forward and open f-file} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4 d6 5.
g3 O-O 6. Bg2 Nc6 7. Nge2 e5 8. d5 Ne7 9. O-O Nd7 10. Be3 f5 11. Qd2 Nf6 12. f3
Kh8 13. Bh6 Bxh6 14. Qxh6 fxe4 15. fxe4 Bd7 16. h3 Neg8 17. Qe3 17... h5 {
The open f-file favours White here, for in the long run the exchange of Rooks
is inevitable, and this will reduce Black's chances of a Kingisde attack.
White's chances, on the other ohand, consist of a pawn storm against Black's
base (the d-pawn) and this operation will not be hindered by an exchange of
Rooks} 18. Nc1 Qc8 19. Kh2 Kg7 20. Nd3 Nh6 21. Qd2 {Allows White to go ahead
undisturbed on the Queenside. Fine now goes straight for his target} (21. --
21... Nhg4+ {the threat}) 21... Qe8 22. c5 Qe7 23. b4 Nh7 24. Qe3 24... Qg5 $2
{After what we have been saying, it is obvious that the exchange of Queens
plays into White's hands. Black had to try to creat chances on the Kingside} (
24... h4 25. g4 $2 25... Bxg4 $1) 25. Qxg5 Nxg5 26. b5 Rxf1 27. Rxf1 27... Rf8
{All according to schedule} 28. Rxf8 Kxf8 29. c6 Bc8 30. Nb4 Ke8 (30... b6 31.
Na6 Bxa6 32. bxa6 $18) 31. cxb7 Bxb7 32. Nc6 32... a6 {
This gives White a passed a-pawn} (32... Bxc6 33. bxc6 {Hopeless for Black
with the Black Knights cut off by the double pawn chain on the e, d and
c-files, the White pieces would have things all their own way on the far side
of the board}) 33. Bf1 axb5 34. Bxb5 Bxc6 35. Bxc6+ Kd8 36. Kg2 Ng8 37. h4 Nf7
38. a4 Ne7 39. Bb7 Kd7 40. a5 Nd8 41. a6 Nc8 42. Nb5 Nb6 43. Na7 1-0

[Event "Radio Match"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Aitken"]
[Black "Bondaresvky"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C02"]
[Annotator "11: Half Open Formations with an Open file"]
[PlyCount "68"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The e-pawn forward, and open c-file} 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. e5 c5 4. c3 Nc6 5.
Nf3 Qb6 6. Be2 cxd4 7. cxd4 Nge7 8. b3 Nf5 9. Bb2 Bb4+ 10. Kf1 h5 11. h4 11...
Bd7 {Here also the open file is of prime importance} 12. Nc3 $2 (12. a3 12...
Be7 13. Nc3 13... Ncxd4 14. Nxd5 $1) 12... Bxc3 $1 13. Bxc3 13... Rc8 14. Rh3 {
This provides against the threat of ... Nxe5} (14. Qd2 {
White's Rook is not well placed on h3}) 14... Nce7 15. Qd2 15... Bb5 {
Black gets rid of his bad Bishop in exchange for White's good one} 16. Ng1 Ng6
17. Qg5 O-O 18. Re1 18... f6 $1 {
Opening a second file in readiness for a direct attack on the White King} 19.
exf6 (19. Qxg6 $4 19... Be8 {trapped Queen}) 19... Rxf6 20. Bxb5 Qxb5+ 21. Ne2
21... Ngxh4 $1 {
The White Rook was overloaded, with the Bishop and the h-pawn to guard} 22. a4
Qa6 23. Bb4 Rg6 24. Qxh5 Rh6 25. Qg5 Rc2 26. g3 26... Ne3+ $1 27. fxe3 Rf6+ 28.
Qf4 (28. Kg1 Nf3+ 29. Kh1 Nxe1 30. Qh5 Rf1+ 31. Ng1 Rxg1+ 32. Kxg1 Rg2+ 33. Kh1
Qf1#) 28... Rxf4+ 29. gxf4 Nf5 30. Kf2 Qd3 31. Rf3 31... Ra2 $1 32. a5 b6 33.
axb6 33... axb6 {White is in zugzwang} 34. Rh3 Nxd4 0-1

[Event "Ilford"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1952.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Israel"]
[Black "Yanofsky"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C14"]
[Annotator "11: Half Open Formations with No Open file"]
[PlyCount "78"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The French Half-open Formation} 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bg5 Be7 5. e5
Nfd7 6. Bxe7 Qxe7 7. Qd2 O-O 8. f4 c5 9. Nf3 Nc6 10. g3 a6 11. Bg2 Nb6 12. b3
Bd7 13. Ne2 cxd4 14. Nfxd4 Qc5 15. c3 {The possession of the strongpoint at d4
gives White the advantage in the centre, and consequently the usual chances of
Kingside attack.  Black's chacnes are not to be underestimated. The half-open
c-file enables him to put the Queenside under pressure which he can increase
by ... Pb5 (the Minority attack). Moreover, White must continually reckon with
the possibility of ... Pf6. The after ... Rxf6, Black would be left with the
hanging centre} 15... Nc8 {On the one hand clearing the way for the b-pawn,
and on the other hand preparing to undermine White's Knight on d4} 16. O-O N8e7
17. Kh1 Rac8 18. Rac1 18... Qa5 {Directed against c4} 19. Rfd1 Rc7 20. a4 Nxd4
21. Nxd4 Qb6 22. Qa2 22... Nc6 {The undermining of Nd4} 23. Nxc6 Bxc6 24. a5
Qe3 25. Re1 Qc5 26. b4 Qe7 27. Qd2 Rd8 28. Re3 28... Bb5 {
The bad Bishop emerges from behind the chain, and becomes a full-value piece}
29. Bf1 29... d4 $1 {Once White's Pd4 has been systematically undermined, so
that it can not support a piece, the square becomes ripe for the decisive
breakthrough} 30. cxd4 Rxc1 31. Qxc1 Bxf1 32. Qxf1 32... Qxb4 {
After the win of this pawn it is only a matter of technique} 33. Qe1 Qxd4 34.
Re4 Qd5 35. Kg1 h6 36. Re3 Qa2 37. Re2 Qc4 38. Rd2 Qc5+ 39. Qf2 Qc1+ 0-1

[Event "Cheltenham"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1951.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Broadbent"]
[Black "Golombek"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B13"]
[Annotator "11: Half Open Formations with No Open file"]
[PlyCount "95"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Caro-Kann Half Open Formation} 1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. exd5 cxd5 4. Bd3 Nc6 5. c3
Nf6 6. Bf4 g6 7. h3 Bg7 8. Nf3 O-O 9. O-O Bd7 10. Re1 10... Qc8 {White has the
half-open e-file with its support point at e5, and will direct his attack
towards the Kingside. Black, on the other hand, must attack on the Queenside
by means of the half-open c-file. One priority is to exchange off his bad
Bishop by ... Bf5} 11. Ne5 Nxe5 12. Bxe5 Bf5 13. Bf1 $1 {
Quite rightly White declines the offer} 13... Be6 14. Nd2 Nh5 15. Nf3 Bxe5 16.
Nxe5 Nf6 17. Re3 Nd7 18. Nd3 $1 {If White means to have his Kingside attack,
he must keep the pieces on the board} 18... Re8 19. Nf4 Nf8 20. Qf3 Qd7 21.
Rae1 21... a6 {At last Black's counteraction makes a start, but this is about
as far as it ever gets} 22. Bd3 22... Rad8 {
With this extra protection of d5, Black threatens ... Bf5} 23. Re5 Qa4 24. Bb1
Qb5 25. R1e2 Rd6 26. Qg3 Qa4 27. Re1 Qb5 28. R1e2 Qa4 29. Kh2 $1 29... Red8 (
29... Qd1 30. Re1 Qd2 31. R5e2) 30. h4 {Now Black's g6 is seen to be a serious
weakening for White can break open the h-file} 30... Qe8 31. h5 Kg7 32. hxg6
hxg6 33. R2e3 Qd7 34. Kg1 Rb6 35. b3 Rc6 36. Nh5+ Kh7 (36... Kg8 37. Qg5 f6 38.
Qh6 gxh5 39. Rxh5 $18) 37. Qh4 Kg8 38. Qg3 Rdc8 39. Nf4 Qc7 40. c4 b5 41. c5 {
An important promotion in the White ranks - from weak pawn to protected passed
pawn} 41... Qd7 42. Nxe6 Nxe6 43. Bf5 $1 43... Kg7 44. Rxe6 Rxe6 45. Bxe6 fxe6
46. Qe5+ Kf7 47. Rf3+ Kg8 48. Rh3 1-0

[Event "Amsterdam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Euwe"]
[Black "Pilnik"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D72"]
[Annotator "11: The Passed Pawn, Protected but Blockaded"]
[PlyCount "154"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. g3 Bg7 4. Bg2 d5 5. cxd5 Nxd5 6. e4 Nb6 7. Ne2 c5 8. d5
O-O 9. O-O e6 10. Nbc3 Na6 11. Nf4 e5 12. Nfe2 12... Nc4 $1 13. b3 13... Nd6 {
White has a difficult game: his majority has produced a protected passed pawn,
and is thereby crippled. The blockade radiates influence. On the Queenside, he
can support the advance of his own majority, and on the other flank he puts
the requisite strength into an action by thef-pawn} 14. Be3 b6 15. Qd2 Re8 16.
f4 $1 {There are several bad points to this. It opens the diagonal of the
Black KingBishop, and introduces a danger that Black may presently get control
of e5} (16. Bh6 Bh8) (16. f3 -- 17. Rf2 -- 18. Bf1 {
Holding operation worth considering
}) 16... Nc7 17. Rf2 $2 (17. h3 17... Ba6
18. f5 18... Ncb5 $15) 17... exf4 {
Profiting from White's unprotected Queen Rook} 18. Bxf4 (18. gxf4 18... Nxe4 $1
19. Nxe4 Bxa1) 18... Ba6 (18... Nxe4 19. Bxe4 Rxe4 20. Nxe4 Bxa1 21. N2c3 $14 {
Black has weak dark squares}) 19. Re1 Qe7 20. g4 Be5 21. Bxe5 21... Qxe5 {
There are now two blockaders in action - the familiar Knight at d6 and the
Queen at e5. The stronger a piece is intrinsically, the less suitable it is as
a blockader, since the strongest piece must always flee from the attack of any
other piece. The Black Queen is in fact a poor blockader, and White should now
maneuver his piece so as to driver heraway} 22. Ng3 $2 {This is a positional
blunder, moving the Knight to a point where it is even further from attacking
the Black Queen} (22. Kh1 22... f6 23. Ng1 Nf7 24. Nf3 Qd6 25. e5 $1 25... fxe5
26. Ne4 {In view of this line, Black would had to capture the Knight before it
left e2, and this would in any case have afforded some relief to White}) 22...
Re7 23. Bf1 Bc8 24. Be2 Bd7 25. Ref1 Rf8 26. Qc1 26... Nce8 $1 {
The Knight is going to take over from the Queen as blockader at e5} 27. Kh1 f6
28. Rg1 Ng7 (28... Nf7 {more to the point}) 29. Bf3 Qg5 30. Qxg5 30... fxg5 {
White now has two connected passed pawns but neither can advance} 31. Rgf1 Nge8
32. Be2 Rxf2 33. Rxf2 Kg7 34. h3 Nf6 35. Bf3 Be8 36. Re2 Nd7 37. Rd2 37... Ne5
{The ideal position: both Knight now function as blockaders} 38. Be2 38... b5
$1 {The Black majority comes into action} 39. Rc2 Rc7 40. Nd1 c4 41. bxc4 bxc4
42. Nc3 $2 (42. Nb2 42... c3 43. Nd3 {fighting e5}) 42... Kf6 43. Nb1 Rb7 44.
Nd2 44... Ba4 $1 45. Rc1 45... Rb2 {
A temporary pawn sacrifice for the purpose of forcing off the Rooks} 46. Nxc4
Nexc4 47. Bxc4 47... Bc2 $1 48. Bb3 48... Rb1 $1 49. Rxb1 49... Bxb1 {
Now White's connected passed pawns are doomed} 50. Ne2 Bxe4+ 51. Kh2 Ke5 52.
Nc3 Bd3 53. Kg3 Ne4+ 54. Nxe4 Bxe4 55. d6 55... Kxd6 {The battle is over. The
resulting endgame is won for Black, not so much because he has the extra pawn,
which is relatively unimportant, as because he has the good Bishop} 56. Bg8 h6
57. Bf7 Bd5 58. Bxg6 Bxa2 59. h4 a5 60. hxg5 hxg5 61. Kf3 a4 62. Ke3 Be6 63.
Kd4 Bxg4 64. Kc4 Bd1 65. Bf5 Ke5 66. Bd7 Kf4 67. Kb4 Bc2 68. Kc3 Bb3 69. Kb4
Bf7 70. Kxa4 Bg6 71. Kb4 Bf5 72. Bc6 g4 73. Kc5 Be4 74. Bd7 g3 75. Bh3 Ke3 76.
Kd6 76... Bf5 $1 77. Bg2 77... Kf2 0-1

[Event "Semmering (Austria)"]
[Site "Semmering (Austria)"]
[Date "1937.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Eliskases"]
[Black "Flohr"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "11: The Passed Pawn, Protected but Blockaded"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "2rr4/pp3pkp/3n2p1/3Pp3/4P3/5B2/P3RPPP/R4K2 w - - 0 23"]
[PlyCount "70"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{One majority mobile, the other having already produced a passed pawn 
 Although this position is really an endgame, we can draw from it some
important conclusions about the handling of the middlegame. The point is that
such an endgame is in favour of the side which can block the protected passed
pawn with a Knight and simultaneously bring his own majority into action} 23.
Rb1 Rc4 24. g3 Rdc8 25. Bg2 25... Rc1+ {Black takes his taks too lightly. All
sorts of prepatory moves ought to have been made first: ... Kf8-d7, ... Pb5}
26. Rxc1 Rxc1+ 27. Re1 Rxe1+ 28. Kxe1 {Although Black is still better placed,
he has squandered part of his avantage. His Rooks were better posted than
White's, particularly with regards to the pressure he could have put on
White's e-pawn} 28... f5 29. f3 {Otherwise the d-pawn would have been isolated}
(29. f4 Kf6) 29... fxe4 30. fxe4 b5 31. Kd2 a5 32. Kd3 Kf6 33. Bf3 Ke7 34. h4
h6 35. Bd1 35... Kd8 $2 (35... a4 36. Bc2 Kd8 37. Kc3 Kc7 38. Kb4 Kb6) 36. a4
$1 36... bxa4 (36... b4 37. Bc2 {Black can get no futher}) 37. Bxa4 Kc7 38. Bc2
Kb6 39. Kc3 Kb5 40. Kb3 Kc5 41. Ka4 Nc4 42. Bb3 $2 (42. Bb1 {The right move,
after which thanks to his protected passed pawn White can just hold on} 42...
Nd2 43. Bd3 Kd4 44. d6 $1) 42... Nd2 43. Bc2 43... Nf1 $1 {Wins the g-pawn} 44.
Kxa5 (44. g4 Ne3) 44... Nxg3 45. Ka4 Nh5 46. Kb3 Kd4 47. Kb4 Nf6 48. d6 g5 49.
hxg5 hxg5 50. Kb5 g4 51. Bd1 g3 52. Bf3 Ke3 53. Bh1 Kf2 54. Kc6 g2 55. Bxg2
Kxg2 56. d7 Nxd7 57. Kxd7 Kf3 0-1

[Event "Dubrovnik"]
[Site "Dubrovnik"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "2"]
[White "Najdorf"]
[Black "Beni"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[Annotator "11: The Passed Pawn, Protected but Blockaded"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "4rrk1/p2q3p/1pp1n1p1/3pPp2/3P1P2/P1PQB3/4R1PP/5RK1 b - - 0 24"]
[PlyCount "59"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A protected but blockaded passed pawn can doom its owner to inactivity  The
situation here is much the same as the previous one, but Black adopts rather
different tactics. His logical strategy would be ... Pc5, either at once or
after preparation, followed by ... cxd4, and then pressure down the c-file} 
24... b5 {The Idea is to prevent White's Pc4, and so fix his pawns on the same
colour as his Bishop, which thus becomes "bad"} 25. a4 a6 26. Bc1 Ra8 27. Ba3 {
These two moves of White have brought his bad Bishop outside the pawn chain}
27... Rf7 28. g3 Qe8 29. Rg2 {White fences with the possibilty of Pg4, to
discourage Black from playing his King Rook to the Queenside} 29... Kh8 30. Bd6
Raa7 31. Ra2 Rfd7 32. Rfa1 Qf7 33. Qe2 Rdb7 34. Ra3 $1 {White tries something
different. He is now preparing to triple his major pieces on the a-file} (34.
axb5 axb5 35. Rxa7) 34... b4 $1 (34... -- 35. R1a2 -- 36. Qd1 -- 37. Qa1) 35.
cxb4 Nxd4 36. Qb2 Ne6 37. Qc3 Qd7 38. Rc1 38... a5 $1 39. bxa5 (39. Qxc6 Qxc6
40. Rxc6 axb4 41. Bxb4 Rxb4 42. Rxe6 Rc7 43. a5 Rb2 44. Ra1 44... Rcc2 {
probably drawn}) 39... c5 40. Qf3 d4 41. Rb3 $1 41... Rxb3 42. Qxb3 {
By seizing the open file, White has just about restored the balance} 42... Rxa5
43. Rb1 Kg7 44. Qd5 44... Kh6 $1 45. Kg2 (45. Rb7 45... Qxa4) 45... Qf7 46. Kf2
Qd7 47. Rb2 Rxa4 48. Rb7 Ra2+ 49. Qxa2 Qxb7 50. Qxe6 Qb2+ 51. Kg1 Qc1+ 52. Kg2
52... Qd2+ {Perpetual check} 53. Kh3 Qe2 1/2-1/2

[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "????.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Open e-file"]
[Black "?"]
[Result "*"]
[Annotator "12: Open and Half-Open Lines"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r3r1k1/pp1n1ppp/2pq1n2/3p4/3P4/2NQ1N2/PPP2PPP/R3R1K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "0"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Open e-file from the Exchange Variation of the French Defence  The open file
here is worthless; the Rooks and probably Queens as well, will speedily
disappear from the scene}  *

[Event "Prague"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1908.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Maroczy"]
[Black "Rubinstein"]
[Result "*"]
[Annotator "12: Open and Half-Open Lines"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "rn1q1rk1/pp3ppp/2pb1nb1/3p2B1/3P2P1/2NB1N1P/PPP2P2/R2Q1RK1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "9"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Open e-file with outpost  Between this and the previos diagram there is a
fundamental difference. Which can occupy an outpost in the open file} 1. Ne5 $1
1... Be7 (1... Nbd7 {leads to a serious weakening of the Black's Kingside} 2.
Nxd7 Qxd7 3. Bxf6 3... gxf6) 2. f4 Bxd3 3. Qxd3 Nbd7 4. Rae1 Re8 5. Re2 {
with good play for White, the doubling Rooks can't be emulated by Black} *

[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1931.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tartakower"]
[Black "Sultan Khan"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "12: Open and Half-Open Lines"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "3r2rk/1p2qppp/p4n2/2p1bP2/2P1p3/1PB5/P1QPBPRP/2K3R1 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "15"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Useless half-open g-file  White controls the half-open g-file, but can do
nothing with it since there is no way of breaking the file fully open. The
half-open d-file, however, which Black controls, is very important for the
following reasons:  1) Black exerts an unpleasant pressure down the file,
particularly through his control of support points at d4 and d3  2) This
pressure can be augmented by the opening of neighboring files, the key move
being ... Pb5} 1... Bd4 $1 2. Bd1 Qe5 3. Ba5 Rde8 4. Bc3 b5 5. cxb5 axb5 6. f3
6... e3 $1 7. Bxd4 cxd4 8. Kb1 8... Nd5 $17 {
Black's advantage has assumed decisive proportions} 0-1

[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "????.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lasker's Defence to QGD"]
[Black "?"]
[Result "*"]
[Annotator "12: Open and Half-Open Lines"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r1b2rk1/ppp2ppp/2nq4/8/2BP4/1Q2PN2/P4PPP/R4RK1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "0"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The half-open b and c files, with very little significance  The half open
files here are in much the same state as was the g-file in the previous
diagram. White can occupy them with his Rooks, but still stands to achieve
nothing, since there is no way of completing the opening of the files}  *

[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "????.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Exchange Variation of QG"]
[Black "?"]
[Result "*"]
[Annotator "12: Open and Half-Open Lines"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r1bq1rk1/pp1nbppp/2p2n2/3p2B1/3P4/2NBP3/PPQ2PPP/R3K1NR w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "0"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{White can force the opening of the c-file by the advance of the b-pawn,
supported by pawn to a4. The eventual exchange bxc6, will always turn out to
White's advantage, for Black will be left with a weakness either in the d-pawn
or the c-pawn.  This attack is known as the Minority Attack. The White
minority (the a-pawn and b-pawn) advances against the Black majority (the
a-pawn, b-pawn and c-pawn).}  *

[Event "Ostend"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1907.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Marshall"]
[Black "Burn"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A46"]
[Annotator "13: Opening a File"]
[PlyCount "41"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Early opening of the h-file} 1. d4 Nf6 2. Nf3 d6 3. Bf4 Nbd7 4. e3 g6 5. Bd3
Bg7 6. Nbd2 O-O 7. h4 $5 {With obvious intention, and extremely dangerous for
Black. The move is premature, however, as we shall see} 7... Re8 {
Black permits the opening of the file and plays for counterattack in the centre
} (7... h5 {This obtructs White's plan, but on the other hand has two
disadvantages: in the first place, it seriously weakens g5, and secondly
permits White, after due preparation, to open a file by playing Pg4}) (7... h6
{So as to answer Ph5 with ... Pg6} 8. h5 8... g5 {It is perhaps not superflous
to remark that these two lines are not peculiar to the present position. The
defender generally has a choice between such systems}) 8. h5 $5 8... Nxh5 $2 (
8... e5 9. Bg5 9... exd4 {
Opening the e-file with counteraction which would hamper White's activities} (
9... h6 {the danger of opening the h-file are seen from this off hand game} 10.
hxg6 fxg6 11. Bxg6 Re7 12. Bxh6 Bxh6 13. Rxh6 Kg7 14. Rh2 Kxg6 15. Nh4+ Kf7 16.
Nf5 Re8 17. Rh7+ Kg6 18. Rg7+ Kxf5 19. Qf3+ Ke6 20. d5+ Nxd5 21. Qf7#)) 9. Rxh5
$1 9... gxh5 10. Bxh7+ 10... Kxh7 $2 (10... Kf8) 11. Ng5+ Kg6 (11... Kg8 12.
Qxh5 Nf6 13. Qxf7+ Kh8 14. O-O-O Bf5 15. Rh1+ Bh7 16. Ne6 Rg8 17. Nxd8 Raxd8
18. Ne4 Rgf8 19. Nxf6 exf6 20. Qg6 $18) 12. Ndf3 12... e5 {
Now the counterattack comes too late} 13. Nh4+ Kf6 14. Nh7+ Ke7 (14... Ke6 15.
d5+ Ke7 16. Nf5#) 15. Nf5+ Ke6 16. Nxg7+ Ke7 17. Nf5+ Ke6 18. d5+ Kxf5 19.
Qxh5+ Ke4 20. O-O-O exf4 21. Rd4# 1-0

[Event "Hastings"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1952.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Medina"]
[Black "Lasker"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C97"]
[Annotator "13: Opening a File"]
[PlyCount "75"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3
O-O 9. h3 Na5 10. Bc2 c5 11. d4 Qc7 12. Nbd2 Nd7 13. Nf1 Nb6 14. Ne3 f6 15. b3
Nc6 16. d5 Nd8 17. c4 b4 18. a4 Bd7 19. Nf5 19... Re8 {On the Queenside and in
the centre the game is completely closed, and if there is still anything to be
done, it must be on the Kingside. The position of Black's f-pawn gives White
an opportunity to open the g-file} 20. g4 $1 20... Bf8 (20... g5 {
To keep the g-file closed} 21. h4 {opening the h-file}) 21. Kh2 Nf7 22. Rg1
22... g6 {A critical moment. If the Knight retreats then Black plays ... Ph6.
Then when White plays Ph5 Black replies ... Pg5} 23. g5 $1 {With this sacrifice
White forces his plan through. Such a piece sacrifice is a favourite device
for opening a file.} 23... Qd8 (23... gxf5 {
Black can hardly afford to take the Knight} 24. gxf6+ Kh8 25. exf5 Bh6 (25...
Qd8 26. Ng5 Qxf6 27. Qh5 27... Nxg5 28. Bxg5) 26. Bxh6 Nxh6 27. Rg7) 24. Qf1 $1
24... Kh8 (24... gxf5 25. gxf6+ Kh8 26. Qg2 Bh6 27. Bxh6 Rg8 28. Bg7+ Rxg7 29.
Qxg7#) 25. Qg2 Ra7 26. Qg3 $1 26... Be7 27. Nxe7 Qxe7 28. Qh4 28... fxg5 {
givning White a quick finish} (28... f5 29. exf5 Bxf5 30. Bxf5 gxf5 31. Qh5 {
hopeless for Black}) 29. Nxg5 Nxg5 30. Bxg5 Qf7 31. Bf6+ Kg8 32. Rxg6+ {
Violently opening the g-file} 32... Qxg6 33. Rg1 Qxg1+ 34. Kxg1 Kf7 35. Bd1
Rg8+ 36. Kh2 Ke8 37. Bh5+ Kf8 38. Bd8 1-0

[Event "03"]
[Site "Saltsjobaden izt  ,IZT"]
[Date "1952.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Steiner"]
[Black "Eliskases"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E81"]
[Annotator "13: Opening a File"]
[PlyCount "87"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Various open files} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4 O-O 5. f3 d6 6. Bg5 h6
7. Be3 e5 8. Nge2 c6 9. Qd2 Kh7 10. O-O-O 10... Nbd7 {Positions with one King
castled Queenside and the other castled Kingside, set the players special
problems. both sides feel constrained to attack vigorously, since passive play
by either side will allow the opponent's attack to gather momentum  It is
quite obvioius that in playing for an attack, the first requirement is to get
a file open for the Rooks; but this creates it's own problems. Any attempt to
follow the advance given earlier in this chapter - not to embark on a flank
attack until the centre is closed - would in the present case run into trouble,
for if White play Pd5, Black can open the c-file without more ado. White
therefore maintains the tension in the centre} 11. g4 Qa5 12. h4 (12. g5 hxg5
13. Bxg5 {White might not find it easy to complete the opening of the file})
12... b5 13. g5 13... Nh5 $1 {White achives his aim in full, but will have to
be content with a half-open file} (13... hxg5 $2 14. hxg5+) (13... Ng8 14. h5)
14. gxh6 Bh8 15. cxb5 15... cxb5 {Now we can draw up a provisional balance
sheet. White has won a pawn - not as yet a very important pawn - and has
succeeded in half opening the g-file. Black's g-pawn and the Knight at h5,
however, block any further progress in this sector. White has support point at
d5, which may prove very important. Black for his part rejoices in the fully
open c-file} 16. Kb1 Nb6 17. Nc1 Nc4 18. Bxc4 bxc4 19. dxe5 19... Bxe5 {
With these last few moves Black has made distinct progress. The b-file is an
even better file for attacking the White King, and his dark squared Bishop is
now a powerful reinforcement. Ohwever, the sequel will show that there is more
to it than} 20. N1e2 Rb8 21. Bd4 {Shutting out the dangerous Bishop} 21... Bb7
{To prevent White from Nd5} 22. Ka1 Ba8 23. Rhg1 Rb4 24. f4 $1 {
Playing his important trump card} 24... Bxd4 25. Qxd4 Rfb8 26. f5 $1 {
White forces open the g-file and suddenly the Ph6 becomes a major element in
the game} 26... Qb6 (26... Rxb2 27. fxg6+ fxg6 28. Qxd6 R2b6 29. Qe7+ Kh8 30.
Rd7) (26... gxf5 27. Rg7+ Kxh6 28. Rxf7 Qb6 29. Qd2+ Kg6 30. Rd7 $18) 27. fxg6+
fxg6 28. Qxd6 Qxd6 29. Rxd6 Rxb2 30. Nd4 Rf2 31. Rdxg6 {White Rooks have found
each other, and this fact coupled with the gain of a second pawn, means that
the rest is no more than a question of technique} 31... Rd8 32. Ndb5 Rd3 33.
Ra6 Rf7 34. Rg5 Ng3 35. Rg7+ Rxg7 36. hxg7 Nxe4 37. Kb2 Nxc3 38. Nxc3 Rd7 39.
Nb5 Bd5 40. Kc3 Bf7 41. Nd6 Bg6 42. h5 Bb1 43. Ne8 Rd3+ 44. Kb2 1-0

[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1932.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Davidson"]
[Black "Spielmann"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "A43"]
[Annotator "13: Opening a File"]
[PlyCount "36"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The White pawn on h3 gives Black the opportunity to open the g-file} 1. d4 e6
2. Nf3 c5 3. c3 Nf6 4. Nbd2 cxd4 5. cxd4 d5 6. e3 Nc6 7. Be2 Bd6 8. O-O Qc7 9.
h3 $2 {Thanks to White's passive handling of this opening, Black already has
the much better of it. His advantages are:  1) His Bishop on d6 more active
than White's on e2  2) His Knight on c6 more active than White's on d2  After
the last move he also has a third advantage - the weakening of White's castled
position. This is all the more serious in that Black has not yet castled, and
so can throw up his Kingside pawns without endgangering his own King. This
sort of thing is an accepted part of opening theory} 9... Rg8 $1 10. Qc2 g5 11.
e4 {White reacts in the centre to Black's flank attack} 11... g4 12. hxg4 12...
Nxg4 {The pawn advance has achieved its desired effect - the open g-file} 13.
e5 (13. exd5 13... exd5 14. Qxh7 Ne7 15. Qd3 (15. Bb5+ Bd7 16. Bxd7+ 16... Qxd7
17. -- O-O-O) 15... Rh8) 13... Ncxe5 $1 14. Qxh7 (14. Qxc7 Nxf3+ 15. gxf3 15...
Nf6+ {White is a pawn short}) 14... Nf6 15. Qh4 15... Ng6 $1 {
This is the sharpest continuation} 16. Qg5 (16. Qxf6 16... Be7 $19 {
trapped Queen}) 16... Nf4 17. Bb5+ Ke7 18. Qh6 Bd7 0-1

[Event "Venice"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kotov"]
[Black "Golombek"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "13: Opening a File"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r2qnrk1/p1p4p/1pPp1pp1/n2PpN2/4PP2/P1PQB3/6PP/R3K2R w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "37"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Opening a file by sacrifice of a piece  Opportunities to open a file for the
Rooks by means of a piece sacrifice are naturally very numerous} 1. Nh6+ Kg7 2.
f5 $1 2... g5 3. h4 (3. Ng4 h5 4. Nf2 4... Nb3 {Black would have a
satisfactory position, for if White were to take the Knight he could recapture
with the d-pawn and have a useful square for the other Knight at d6}) 3... Nb3
{After this White gets his wish right away - the open h-file} (3... Kxh6 4.
hxg5+ Kg7 5. g6 Rh8 6. Bh6+ Kg8 7. Qg3 Ng7 8. Bxg7 Kxg7 9. Rh6 $3 9... Qe7 (
9... Kxh6 10. g7 Qe8 11. gxh8=Q Qxh8 12. Kf2) 10. Ke2 Kf8 11. Rah1 {
followed by the opening of the h-file gives White a decisive advantage}) 4. Rb1
Nc5 5. Bxc5 dxc5 6. Qg3 Kh8 (6... Kxh6 {
the game ends with a typical Rook file combination} 7. hxg5+ Kg7 8. gxf6+ Kh8
9. Rxh7+ Kxh7 10. Qg6+ Kh8 11. Ke2) 7. hxg5 fxg5 8. Ng4 $1 (8. Qxe5+ 8... Qf6)
8... Nf6 9. Qxe5 Qd6 (9... Qe8 10. Nxf6 Qxe5 11. Rxh7# {The power of the h-file
}) 10. Qxd6 cxd6 11. Nxf6 Rxf6 12. Kd2 Re8 13. Kd3 Kg7 14. a4 $1 {
The b-file is to be opened as well} 14... Rf7 15. a5 bxa5 16. g4 Rfe7 17. Rhe1
Kf6 18. e5+ dxe5 (18... Rxe5 19. Rxe5 Rxe5 20. c7 Re8 21. Rb8 $18) 19. d6 1-0

[Event "It"]
[Site "Kemeri (Latvia)"]
[Date "1939.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Flohr"]
[Black "Apsheniek"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "D36"]
[Annotator "14: Minority Attack"]
[PlyCount "87"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The respective opportunities} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bg5 Be7 5. e3
O-O 6. Nf3 c6 7. Qc2 Nbd7 8. cxd5 exd5 9. Bd3 Re8 10. O-O Nf8 11. Ne5 $2 {
This was customary twenty years ago, but it is now established that the
minority attack is White's bestline} (11. Rab1) 11... Ng4 $2 {This leads to
the removal of two pairs of minor pieces, and helps Black considerably,
enabling him to maneuver with freedom. A waiting game, on the other hand,
would have been dangerous for Black, since then his opponent, in addition to
his Queenside prospects, could choose to make the Kingside his hunting ground,
leading off with Pf4} 12. Bxe7 Qxe7 13. Nxg4 Bxg4 14. a3 {
This is the prelude to Pb4-5} 14... Rad8 {
This move and the next move mark the beginning of a Kingside attack} 15. Rfe1 {
A valuable defensive move, which frees the square f1 and takes an option on e4}
15... Rd6 16. Ne2 Rh6 17. Ng3 Bc8 18. b4 {Now that White has attended to the
defence of his Kingside position, he resumes his advance of the Queenside. He
threatens to open a file at once by playing ... Pb5} 18... a6 19. Rab1 19...
Qc7 {Black intends to bring his Knight via d7-f6-e4 (the furthest available
square on the half-open file!)} (19... Qh4 20. Nf1 {achives nothing}) 20. a4
Nd7 21. Rec1 Nf6 22. Nf1 Ne4 23. b5 {Both players according to plan} 23... axb5
24. axb5 Bd7 25. Qa2 Qd8 26. bxc6 Bxc6 27. Bb5 Rg6 28. Bxc6 28... bxc6 {
The minority attack is at an end, and Black's weak c-pawn is the result.
Indeed the whole Queenside is completely under White's control. Nevertheless,
as the sequel will show, there is no cause for Black to despair. Hisoperations
in the half-open e-file and on the Kingside in general are beginning to bear
fruit in the form of a menacing attack} 29. Rb2 h5 30. Rbc2 {
Putting the weakness under fire} 30... Qd7 {
Protecting the c-pawn but also casting an eye towards the White King} 31. Kh1
31... h4 {Threatening ... Ph3 and envisaging possible Rook sacrifices on g2}
32. h3 32... Qf5 33. Nh2 Qg5 34. Ng4 f5 35. f4 Qh5 36. Ne5 36... Rg3 {
Black's c-pawn is doomed, but he threatens to win the White e-pawn in return}
37. Re1 (37. Rxc6 Rxe3 38. Qxd5+ 38... Kh7 {
Black has threats of ... Re2 and ... Nf2}) 37... Rb8 38. Kh2 (38. Rxc6 Rxe3 39.
Rxe3 Qd1+ 40. Kh2 Rb1 41. Qa8+ Kh7 42. Rh6+ gxh6 43. Qa7+ Kh8 44. Qa8+ {
Draw by perpetual check}) 38... Kh7 39. Nxc6 (39. Rxc6 Qe8 40. Rc2 {Black would
have full compensation for the pawn since his pieces are more active} (40. Qxd5
40... Rb2 $1)) 39... Qg6 $1 40. Rg1 (40. Nxb8 Rxh3+ 41. gxh3 Qg3+ 42. Kh1 Qxe1+
43. Kg2 43... Qg3+ {Black gains at least a pawn}) 40... Rxe3 41. Nxb8 Qg3+ 42.
Kh1 Qxf4 43. Rd1 Ng3+ 44. Kg1 1/2-1/2

[Event "Venice"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kotov"]
[Black "Pachman"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D65"]
[Annotator "14: Minority Attack"]
[PlyCount "139"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Passive defence offers drawing chances at best} 1. d4 e6 2. c4 Nf6 3. Nf3 d5
4. Bg5 Be7 5. e3 O-O 6. Nc3 Nbd7 7. Rc1 a6 8. cxd5 exd5 9. Bd3 Re8 10. O-O c6
11. Qc2 Nf8 12. a3 g6 13. b4 Ne6 14. Bxf6 {This exchange is notworthy in that
it permits White to push on with the minority attack without delay} (14. Bh4
Ng7 15. Rb1 Bf5 16. a4 Bxd3 17. Qxd3 17... Nf5 $132) 14... Bxf6 15. a4 Ng7 (
15... b5 {This would weaken the c-pawn, but it will be weak in any case}) 16.
b5 axb5 17. axb5 17... Bf5 {This is the idea behind Pg6, to exchange White's
good Bishop for Black's bad one} 18. Bxf5 Nxf5 19. bxc6 bxc6 20. Na4 {
The assault on the weak pawn now begins, which means that the minority attack
proper is over. What remains must be reagarded as the technique pahse, in
which the advantage gained is to be converted into a win  This technical phase,
however, is so closely integrated with the minority attack that the reader
should give it his attention. The whole procedure is very characteristic of
such positions} 20... Rc8 21. Qc5 (21. Nc5 {another scheme}) 21... Nd6 22. Nd2
22... Re7 23. Rb1 Rb7 24. Rxb7 Nxb7 25. Qa7 Nd6 26. Qa6 Qc7 27. Rc1 {
Keeping the c-pawn under siege} 27... Bd8 28. Nc5 Qa5 29. Qd3 {
The exchange of Queens would afford some relief to Black} 29... Qb5 30. g3 Bb6
(30... Qxd3 31. Nxd3 Ba5 32. Nb3) 31. Rb1 Qxd3 32. Nxd3 Ba5 33. Nb3 Bd8 (33...
Rb8 34. Ndc5 Rb6 35. Ra1) 34. Nbc5 Be7 35. Nd7 Rc7 36. Nb8 Nc4 37. Ra1 37...
Rc8 38. Nd7 Rc7 39. Ra8+ Kg7 40. N7e5 Nxe5 41. Nxe5 Bd6 42. Nd3 {This is a vita
l moment. Black has found the best defence and reached a position in which a
draw seems probable. In practical play however, the task of the defender is
extremely arduous. Fatal consequences can follow the smallest inexactitude}
42... Kf6 {
This is it. It was essential for Black to prevent the advance that follows} (
42... h5 {Kotov}) (42... f5 {Pachman}) 43. g4 $1 {Creating a new weakness in
the enemy camp - namely the h-pawn.  White's strategic intention is to prevent
Black from playing ... Ph5, and to play Pg5 himself. Two advantages will
accrue from this:  1) The weak h-pawn will be fixed  2) The Black Bishop will
become "bad" with respect to the Kingside pawns} 43... Ke6 (43... Kg5 44. h3 h5
45. f4+ Kh4 46. Kg2 hxg4 47. Rh8#) (43... c5 44. dxc5 Bxc5 45. Rd8 {
The second weakness as a result of the backward pawn} 45... Ke6 46. Nf4+ {
costs a pawn}) 44. Kg2 Rb7 45. Re8+ Re7 46. Rh8 f6 47. h4 Rb7 48. Kf3 Rf7 49.
Re8+ Re7 50. Rd8 $1 50... Ra7 51. Nc5+ {Now it begins to look serious} 51...
Ke7 (51... Bxc5 52. dxc5 52... Ra6 (52... Rd7 $2 53. Rc8) 53. Rd6+ Ke7 54. g5 {
White forces his way into Black's camp}) 52. Rc8 Bxc5 53. dxc5 Kd7 54. Rh8 Ke6
55. Rd8 $1 55... Ke7 (55... Rc7 56. Rd6+ Ke5 57. Ke2 $1 57... g5 58. hxg5 fxg5
59. Kd3 Rc8 60. Rd7 h6 61. Rd6 {Winning a pawn (Kotov)}) 56. Rd6 Ra6 57. g5 $1
{Forcibly freeing the square e5, and the White King will presently make
grateful use of the square} 57... fxg5 58. hxg5 Kf7 59. Kg3 $1 (59. Kf4 $2
59... Ra4+ 60. Ke5 $4 60... Re4#) 59... Ke7 60. f3 Ra3 61. Kf4 Ra4+ 62. Ke5
62... Ra3 $1 (62... Ra6 63. Re6+ Kd7 64. Kf6 {
The second weakness coming into play}) 63. Rxc6 Rxe3+ 64. Kxd5 Rd3+ (64... Rxf3
65. Rc7+ Ke8 66. Rxh7 Rf5+ 67. Ke6 Kd8 68. Kd6) 65. Ke4 Rc3 66. f4 Rc1 67. Rc7+
Kd8 68. Rxh7 Rxc5 69. Rf7 69... Rc6 70. Ke5 1-0

[Event "Bucharest"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1953.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Filip"]
[Black "Szabo"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D36"]
[Annotator "14: Minority Attack"]
[PlyCount "85"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Bg5 Be7 6. e3 O-O 7. Qc2 Re8 8.
Nf3 Nbd7 9. Bd3 Nf8 10. O-O c6 11. Rab1 {Straight for the goal} 11... g6 12. b4
Ne6 13. Bh4 Nh5 (13... a6 14. a4 Ng7 15. b5 Bf5 16. bxc6 bxc6 17. Ne5 {
White has a distinct pull, thanks to the completion of his minority attack})
14. Bxe7 Rxe7 15. Na4 {Black playing ... Pc5 is a possibilty White must always
be prepared with, and it is often a good idea to occupy the c5 square with a
Knight} (15. b5 c5 16. dxc5 16... Nxc5 {
White must permit the exchange of Bishops} 17. Be2 $2 17... Bf5) 15... Rc7 16.
Rfc1 Nhg7 17. Qb3 Bd7 18. Nc5 (18. b5 cxb5 19. Bxb5 Bxb5 20. Qxb5 20... Rac8 {
The open c-file would be of little use to White}) 18... Be8 19. Rc3 Rac8 20.
Rbc1 20... Ng5 {Black has done everything possible for the defence of his
Queenside, and now deems the moment propitioius for his own counterattack} 21.
Nxg5 Qxg5 22. b5 {uncommonly strong} 22... cxb5 23. Nxb7 $1 23... Rxc3 24. Rxc3
Rxc3 25. Qxc3 25... Qg4 {In spite of the exchange of all of the Rooks, White's
control of the c-file is now a serious matter. Black has now prevented Qc8 but
now the White Queen threatens to enter at c7} 26. Nd6 $1 26... Bd7 27. Qc7 $1
27... Nh5 (27... Qe6 28. Qb8+ Ne8 29. Nxe8 Qxe8 30. Qxa7) 28. Bxb5 Qd1+ (28...
Bxb5 29. Qxf7+ Kh8 30. Qf8#) 29. Bf1 {
With a sound extra pawn and the attack, White must easily win} 29... Qa4 30.
Qd8+ Kg7 31. Qe7 Be6 32. Ne8+ Kg8 33. Qd8 Kf8 34. Nc7+ Kg7 35. Nxe6+ fxe6 36.
Qe7+ Kh6 37. g4 Ng7 38. Qh4+ Nh5 39. gxh5 g5 40. Qg4 Qxa2 41. Qxe6+ Kxh5 42.
Qh3+ Kg6 43. Bd3+ 1-0

[Event "Saltsjobaden"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1948.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Pachman"]
[Black "Ragozin"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D36"]
[Annotator "14: Minority Attack"]
[PlyCount "40"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{White plays Pb5 too hastily, and Black gets the advantage with ... Pc5} 1. d4
d5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. c4 e6 4. Nc3 c6 5. cxd5 exd5 6. Qc2 6... g6 $1 7. Bg5 Bg7 8.
e3 Bf5 9. Bd3 Bxd3 10. Qxd3 Nbd7 11. O-O O-O 12. Rab1 Qe7 13. Rfc1 Qe6 14. Nd2
Rfe8 15. Bxf6 Bxf6 16. b4 Rac8 17. b5 $2 17... c5 $1 18. dxc5 Nxc5 19. Qf1 (19.
Qxd5 {White overlooked} 19... Bxc3 20. Qxe6 20... Nxe6 $19) 19... d4 20. exd4
20... Bxd4 {Although equilibrium has not been decisively broken, it is evident
that Black now has the better chances. His pieces are more purposefully placed,
the Bishop being particularly dangerous} 1-0

[Event "Vimperk"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1949.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "Fichtl"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D65"]
[Annotator "14: Minority Attack"]
[PlyCount "127"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black plays to get a passed a-pawn} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bg5 Be7 5.
e3 O-O 6. Nf3 Nbd7 7. Rc1 a6 8. cxd5 exd5 9. Bd3 c6 10. Qc2 Re8 11. O-O 11...
g6 {
The only difference here is that Black has played ... Pg6 instead of ... Nf8}
12. Rb1 12... Nb6 $1 {This time it seems ... Pg6 has an entirely different
motive - not only to screen the point h7, but also to have the possibility of .
.. Pf5 handy, so as to start operations on the half-open e-file. The move ...
Nb6 is significant. The first intention is to bring c4 under fire; it is
always a weak square as soon as the b-pawn moves. Besides this there is a
second point, which emerges presently} 13. Ne2 Nh5 14. Bxe7 Rxe7 15. b4 15...
Ng7 {preparing ... Bf5 to exchange bishops} 16. Ng3 {
White's not going to have his Good Bishop exchanged for Black's bad bishop}
16... Be6 {Increasing pressure on the c4 square} 17. a4 17... Nc8 {This is the
second intention of Black's 12th move. The Knight is coming to d5, from which
vantage point it observes c4 and e4} (17... Nc4 18. Bxc4 dxc4 19. e4 (19. Ne5
Qd5 20. Ne4 20... Ne8) 19... b5) 18. b5 cxb5 19. axb5 19... a5 {These last
s of Black have put an entirely new complexion on the game, for the passed
a-pawn could be very dangerous. In view of the fact that White still has the
initiative through his control of the c-file, Black would have been wiser to
play ... Rc7 first} (19... Rc7 {gaining control of the c-file first}) 20. Rfc1
Nd6 21. Qa4 21... Ngf5 {the text is in line with Black's chosen strategy} (
21... Nc4 22. Bxc4 dxc4 23. Ne5 {White wins the pawn}) 22. Nxf5 Bxf5 23. Bxf5
Nxf5 24. Rc5 {Drawing a bead on the weak d-pawn and threatening Pb6} 24... b6
25. Rc6 Nd6 26. Ne5 f6 27. Nd3 27... Kf7 $2 {with the aim to prevent Nf4-e6} (
27... Nc4 28. Nf4 28... -- 29. Nxd5 Qxd5 30. Qxc4 {removing the guard}) (27...
Kh8 {getting the King off the diagonal from a2-g8}) 28. Nf4 Nf5 (28... Nb7 29.
Qa2 Rd7 30. Ne6 {The b-[awn falls}) (28... Ne4 29. Qa2 Rd7 30. f3 Ng5 31. h4 {
trapped piece}) 29. Qa2 Rd7 30. Nxd5 Rxd5 31. e4 Ne7 32. Rc2 Kg7 33. exd5 Nxd5
34. Rbc1 {White has won the exchange but the Black Knight is established at
his blockade post and the game is still not easy to win. White renews the
pressure on the open c-file} 34... Qd7 (34... Nb4 35. Rc7+) 35. Qc4 Re8 36. g3
Qf5 37. Re2 37... Rd8 {If Black permits the Rook exchange, he will be unable
to keep the White pieces out of his back rank} 38. Rce1 Rc8 39. Qa2 g5 40. Qb1
Qxb1 41. Rxb1 Rc4 42. Ree1 {The d-pawn being no more than an obstruction to
the White Rooks, White decides to hand it over gratis.} 42... Nc3 (42... Rxd4
43. Rbd1 Rxd1 44. Rxd1 Nc3 45. Rd6 Nxb5 46. Rxb6 {
The ending is now technically a simple win for White}) 43. Re7+ Kg6 44. Rbe1
Rxd4 45. Rb7 Na4 46. Ree7 {Two Rooks on the sevent: the ultimate objective of
everyone who operates on an open file} 46... h5 47. Rbd7 Rb4 48. Rg7+ Kf5 49.
Rd6 {White switches to the sixth rank, which is more promising in this case}
49... Ke5 50. Rc6 Rxb5 51. Rg6 Rd5 52. Rcxf6 Kd4 53. h4 $1 53... b5 (53... gxh4
54. Rf4+ {winning the Knight}) 54. hxg5 b4 55. Rg8 Nc5 56. g6 b3 57. g7 Rd7 58.
Rf4+ $1 (58. Rd8 $2 58... b2 (58... Rxd8 $2 59. Rf8)) 58... Kd5 (58... Kd3 59.
Rf3+ Kc2 (59... Kd4 60. Rd8 b2 61. Rxd7+ Nxd7 62. Rb3) 60. Rxb3 $1 60... Rxg7
$1 61. Rbb8) 59. Rf5+ Kd4 60. Rxc5 $1 60... Rxg7 {
Black's last hope is his well advanced connected passed pawns} 61. Rgc8 $1
61... Rb7 62. Rxa5 b2 63. Rd8+ Kc3 64. Rd1 {Although this new plan which Black
introduced in this game did not lead to the desired result, this game is an
interesting contribution to the theory of the minority attack. It seems by no
means impossible that this scheme - the creation of a passed a-pawn combined
with the pressure against the c4 square - may be instrumental in banishing the
dread of the minority attack, or at least considerably reducing it.} 1-0

[Event "Amsterdam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Bouwmeester"]
[Black "Euwe"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D36"]
[Annotator "14: Minority Attack"]
[PlyCount "146"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black makes good use of the half-open e-file} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4.
Bg5 Nbd7 5. e3 c6 6. cxd5 exd5 7. Bd3 Be7 8. Qc2 8... Nh5 {Another method of
using the half open e-file consists of the maneuver ... Ne4. The text is more
direct, as Black rapidly arrives at ... Pf5, starting a minority attack on his
own accoutn} 9. Bxe7 Qxe7 10. Nge2 (10. Nf3 10... Nf4 {unpleasant}) 10... g6
11. O-O f5 12. Rab1 O-O 13. b4 13... a6 {Although this move doesn't ultimately
prevent Pb5, it does provide an open a-file which may be important} 14. a4
14... f4 $1 {Black gets his blow in first} 15. Nxf4 Nxf4 16. exf4 16... Rxf4 {
Now the f-file is half open, with the f-pawn as a target, while the White
d-pawn has beenisolated} 17. Ne2 Rf6 18. b5 axb5 19. axb5 Nf8 20. bxc6 bxc6 21.
Rb6 21... Bd7 {The Queenside action has taken its normal course and achieved
its normal advantages. Against the weakness of Black's c-pawn must be set the
weakness of White's d-pawn. The game is evenly poised} 22. Rfb1 Rf7 23. Qd2 Qh4
24. f3 {A slight loosening} (24. Qe3) 24... Ne6 25. Qe3 Re7 26. Rb8+ Rxb8 27.
Rxb8+ Kf7 28. Qf2 Qh6 29. f4 29... Ng7 {preventing Pf5} 30. Bc2 {
Losing a vital tempo} (30. Rb7 30... Bf5 31. Rxe7+ Kxe7 32. Qe3+ $11) 30... Bf5
31. Bxf5 31... Nxf5 32. h3 32... Nd6 {In this sort of situation a Knight on d6
watching both e4 and c4 is a trump for Black} 33. Qf3 Qh4 34. Rb1 34... Nb5 {
In this special case the Knight is even stronger at b5 than at d6, chiefly
because of the weak Whited-pawn} 35. Rd1 Qf6 (35... Rxe2 36. Qxe2 Nc3 37. Qe1
$19) 36. Rd2 Re4 37. Qf2 h5 38. Rd3 Kg7 39. Rd2 {White can only mark time}
39... Nd6 40. Rd3 h4 41. Rc3 Nf5 42. Kh2 Qe6 (42... Qe7) (42... Nxd4 43. Nxd4
Rxd4 44. Rxc6 44... Qxf4+ {White has good drawing prospects}) 43. Rc2 Re3 44.
Ng1 {Quite correctly, White offers the pawn against, for if he continues doing
nothing Black can easilty continue to strengthen his position} 44... Nxd4 45.
Ra2 g5 (45... Qe7 46. Ra7 Qxa7 47. Qxe3 Nb5 48. Qe5+ {White has good chances})
46. Ra7+ Kg6 47. Qb2 Qf6 48. Qb7 Qxf4+ 49. Kh1 Qf8 50. Qh7+ Kf6 51. Ra1 Re4 52.
Rf1+ Rf4 53. Rxf4+ gxf4 54. Qxh4+ Ke5 55. Qe1+ Kf5 56. Qd1 Qf6 57. Qh5+ Ke6 58.
Qe8+ Kd6 59. Qb8+ Kd7 60. Qb7+ Kd6 61. Qb8+ Kd7 62. Qb7+ Ke8 63. Qc8+ Kf7 64.
Qd7+ Kg6 65. Qg4+ Kh6 66. Qd1 c5 67. Qc1 c4 68. Qb1 Qe5 69. Qb6+ Kh5 70. Qc5
70... f3 $1 71. gxf3 Nf5 72. Qc8 Kh4 73. Qg8 Ng3+ 0-1

[Event "Leeuwarden"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1948.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Dijkstra"]
[Black "Kramer"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D36"]
[Annotator "14: Minority Attack"]
[PlyCount "72"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black plays ... Pa5 to gain time for his Kingside attack} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3.
Nc3 c6 4. Nf3 Nf6 5. cxd5 exd5 6. Bg5 Be7 7. Qc2 Bg4 8. Ne5 Bh5 9. e3 Nbd7 10.
Nxd7 Qxd7 11. h3 Bg6 12. Bd3 Bxd3 13. Qxd3 Qe6 14. O-O O-O 15. Rab1 15... a5 {
Preventing Pb4 for the moment, and so gaining time for the Kingside attack.
Curiously enough, this move is hard ever seen in actualpractise} 16. Rfc1 (16.
a3 16... a4) (16. Na4 {premature} 16... b5 17. Nc5 Bxc5 18. dxc5 Ne4) 16... Bd6
17. Bxf6 Qxf6 18. Na4 {Resuming the minority attack. As the direct advance of
the b-pawn is not possible. White proceeds to occupy the furthest available
square on the half open file - a device already familar to us.} 18... Rfe8 19.
Nc5 Re7 20. a3 20... g5 $1 {This method of sharpening the struggle on the
Kingside is also typical of this kind of situation. It is very effective here,
because White's Ph3 has weakened his King position} (20... a4 21. Qc2 21... b6
22. Nd3 {induced the weakning of the c-pawn}) 21. Qd1 (21. e4 Bxc5 22. e5 Rxe5
23. dxe5 Bxf2+ 24. Kf1 Qf4 25. Qf3 Qxf3 26. gxf3 26... Bd4 {
Favourable endgame for Black}) (21. -- 21... g4 {the threat} 22. hxg4 Qh4)
21... Qg6 22. b4 axb4 23. axb4 f5 24. b5 {White has succeeded in carrying out
his plan, but meanwhile the Black counterattack has assumed decisive
proportions} 24... g4 $1 25. hxg4 25... fxg4 26. g3 Rf8 27. Nd3 {
Succour for the threatened King, but it is too late} 27... Bxg3 28. fxg3 28...
Rxe3 29. Nf4 (29. Ne5 Rxg3+ 30. Kh2 30... Qh5+ $1 31. Kxg3 Qh3#) 29... Rxg3+
30. Kh2 Qh6+ 31. Kxg3 Qxf4+ 32. Kh4 {mate in five} (32. Kg2 Qf2+ 33. Kh1 Qh4+
34. Kg1 Qg3+) 32... Qh6+ 33. Kxg4 Rf4+ 34. Kg3 Qh4+ 35. Kg2 Qf2+ 36. Kh3 Rh4#
0-1

[Event "Beverwijk"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "Van Scheltinga"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D36"]
[Annotator "14: Minority Attack"]
[PlyCount "81"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Nf3 Nbd7 5. Bg5 c6 6. cxd5 exd5 7. e3 Be7 8.
Qc2 O-O 9. Bd3 Re8 10. O-O h6 11. Bh4 Ne4 12. Bxe7 Qxe7 13. Bxe4 (13. Rab1
13... Nd6 $1 14. b4 14... b5 {Blunting White's minority attack with the
magnificent support point of c4 for the Black pieces. It is fair to conclude
that in such positions it is always a good idea for Black to play a Knight to
d6. White must now modify his Queenside plans in some way}) (13. Rac1 Nd6 14.
Na4 {But it is clear that long preparations will be needed before the b-pawn
can be advanced with any hope of profit.}) 13... dxe4 14. Nd2 14... Nf6 {
This type of position arises frequently from the QGD. The essential difference
between it and the foregoing examples is the advanced position of the Black
e-pawn. This generally betokens a slight imporvement in Black's prospects, for
the e-pawn can be an important element in a Kingside attack, while the strong
square d5 can also be veryuseful} 15. b4 $1 {
This advance is possible without preparation} 15... Bd7 (15... Qxb4 16. Ncxe4
$44 {White gets good compensation}) 16. Rfc1 16... h5 $2 {Black is right to
seek counterchances on the Kingside, but this does not mean that he can leave
his Queenside completely in the lurch} (16... Rac8 $1) 17. Rab1 17... h4 {
This practically forces the following weakening move} 18. h3 g5 19. b5 {
White must hurry, or his Kingside will be overrun} 19... g4 {
Black must also push on. It is too late for defence} (19... c5 20. dxc5 Qxc5
21. Ncxe4 Nxe4 22. Nxe4 Qxc2 23. Nf6+ $1 23... Kh8 24. Rxc2) (19... cxb5 20.
Nxb5 Rac8 21. Qb2 a6 22. Nc7) 20. hxg4 Bxg4 21. bxc6 bxc6 22. Na4 Nd5 (22...
Rac8 23. Qc5 {Black would have to enter a bad endgame where he has weak pawns
(can't allow Qg5+)}) 23. Qxc6 Rad8 (23... Qg5 24. Nxe4 {overloaded Re8}) 24.
Nc5 Bf5 25. Nb7 Qg5 (25... Rd7 26. Rc5) 26. Nxd8 Rxd8 27. Kh2 Nf6 28. Qc7 Ng4+
29. Kg1 h3 30. gxh3 $1 {
The discovered Check is not as dangerous as White has Qh3} 30... Ne5+ 31. Kh2
Rxd4 32. Rg1 $2 (32. Qxe5 {simpler} 32... Rxd2 33. Rb8+ Kh7 34. Rh8+ Kg6 35.
Rg8+) 32... Ng4+ 33. hxg4 (33. Rxg4 {direct win} 33... Bxg4 34. exd4 Qxd2 35.
Rb8+) 33... Qh4+ 34. Kg2 Rxd2 35. Qg3 Qxg4 36. Qxg4+ Bxg4 37. Kg3 Bh5 38. Rb8+
Kg7 39. a4 Ra2 40. Rb4 Bg6 41. Rgb1 1-0

[Event "Mar del Plata"]
[Site "Mar del Plata"]
[Date "1945.??.??"]
[Round "10"]
[White "Najdorf"]
[Black "Sanguinetti"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D68"]
[Annotator "14: Minority Attack"]
[PlyCount "65"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Invasion on the c-file} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bg5 Be7 5. e3 Nbd7 6.
Nf3 O-O 7. Rc1 c6 8. Bd3 dxc4 9. Bxc4 Nd5 10. Bxe7 Qxe7 11. O-O Nxc3 12. Rxc3
e5 13. Qb1 e4 14. Nd2 Nf6 15. b4 {The promptness with which White can start
his minority attack results from his 13. Qb1. The question is really whether
Black, in these circumstances, should have played 13. ... Pe4. We do not
propose to argue this point here, as it belongs properly in to the domain of
the openings} 15... a6 16. Rfc1 Bg4 (16... Bd7 17. -- Rac8) 17. a4 17... Rad8 {
intending ... Rd6 for a Kingside attack} (17... Rac8) 18. h3 18... Bh5 $2 {
the Bishop can not be spared from the Queenside} (18... Bc8) 19. b5 axb5 20.
axb5 20... c5 {With this move, which is based on the unprotected position of
the White Knight, Black avoids being left with a weak c-pawn, but he jumps out
of the frying pan into the fire} 21. Nb3 $1 {
Black has to open the c-file himself} 21... cxd4 (21... b6 22. dxc5 bxc5 23.
Nxc5 Qxc5 24. Bxf7+) 22. Nxd4 Bg6 (22... Rc8 23. Bxf7+) (22... Nd5 23. Bxd5
Rxd5 24. Rc7 Rd7 25. Rxd7 Qxd7 26. Qxe4) 23. Bb3 Ne8 (23... Nd5 24. Rc5) 24.
Qa2 Rd7 25. Qa5 Qd8 26. b6 $1 26... Rd6 27. Rc8 Qe7 (27... Qxb6 28. Qa8) 28.
Qc5 {full mastery of the open file than this there can not be!} 28... Rd7 29.
Ba4 Qxc5 (29... Rd6 30. Bxe8 Rxe8 31. Qxd6 {overloaded Queen}) 30. R1xc5 Re7
31. Rd8 h6 (31... Nf6 32. Rcc8) 32. Rcc8 f6 33. Rb8 1-0

[Event "Mar del Plata"]
[Site "Mar del Plata"]
[Date "1945.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Najdorf"]
[Black "Stahlberg"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D68"]
[Annotator "14: Minority Attack"]
[PlyCount "86"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The significance of Black's support point at d5} 1. d4 Nf6 2. Nf3 d5 3. c4 e6
4. Nc3 Be7 5. Bg5 Nbd7 6. e3 O-O 7. Rc1 c6 8. Bd3 dxc4 9. Bxc4 Nd5 10. Bxe7
Qxe7 11. O-O Nxc3 12. Rxc3 e5 13. Bb3 e4 14. Nd2 14... Nf6 {This position is
nearly the same as ther previous, except White has played Bb3 instead of Qb1.
This little difference clearly favours Black, since White must spend a tempo
to unblock his b-pawn.  Black's advanced pawn on e4 is more in place here than
in the previous example, and theory has not yet quite overcome the tactical
problems produced by this pawn} 15. Qc2 15... Bg4 $1 {
The best counter to Rc5-e5 winning the e-pawn. Black now threatens Be2-d3} 16.
Re1 $2 (16. Rc1 16... Be2 17. Bc4) 16... Kh8 17. a3 Rae8 18. Nf1 $2 {
the Knight is no better here than it was on d2} (18. Ba2 -- 19. b4 {
more purposeful}) 18... Be6 19. Bxe6 Qxe6 20. b4 20... Nd5 {An important
success for Black. The occupation of this support point enables him to work up
a powerful offensive on the Kingside} 21. Rc5 a6 22. Ng3 (22. Rb1 f5 23. a4
23... f4 {no time for White thematics. The Black attack is a long way towards
its consummation, but for that matter the move played is not a lot better})
22... f5 23. Qd2 23... Qh6 $1 24. a4 (24. f4 {If White tries to parry the
threat to open the c-file, Black opens the g-file ... the purpose of ... Qh6}
24... g5) 24... f4 25. exf4 (25. Nf1 f3 26. Ng3 26... Qh4) 25... Nxf4 26. Re3
Nd5 27. Re2 Qxd2 28. Rxd2 28... e3 $1 {Now both Rooks have open files} (28...
Nxb4) 29. fxe3 Rxe3 30. Rc1 Nxb4 31. Nf1 31... Ra3 {This horizontal activity
of the Rooks once they control an open file, has already come to our notice}
32. Re1 Kg8 33. Re7 b6 34. h4 Ra1 35. Rf2 Rxa4 36. Rxf8+ Kxf8 37. Rb7 Nd5 38.
Ng3 Rxd4 39. Nf5 39... Re4 $1 40. Nd6 Re6 41. Rf7+ Kg8 42. Rd7 h6 43. Nf5 Rf6
0-1

[Event "Weston-supre-Mare"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1924.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Znosko-Borovsky"]
[Black "Euwe"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "B83"]
[Annotator "14: Minority Attack"]
[PlyCount "82"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Be2 e6 7. O-O Be7 8.
Be3 O-O 9. Nb3 a6 10. f4 b5 11. Bf3 11... Bb7 {This position is entirely
different from those we have been looking at previously, but there is one
essential similarity - the half open c-file, with the possibilty of a minority
attack for Black. We shall soon see that there is considerable degree of
correspondence between the positions} 12. Ne2 {preparing c3} 12... Na5 {
Heading for the furthest available square on the half open file} 13. Nxa5 Qxa5
14. Ng3 Rac8 15. c3 Rfd8 16. Qb3 d5 17. e5 17... Ne4 {Comparing the Queenside
pawn formations arising from the Queen's Gambit Exchange variation, we come to
the suprising conclusion that apart from unimportant discrepancies, the are
the same with the colours reversed. There are other openings as well which
give rise to the same type of position - notably the French and Caro-Kann
defences.  The strategic plan is now applicable, but the tactical differences
may be considerable. For instance, it is important to notice that in the
present case, White can't start an immediate Kingside attack} 18. Ne2 (18. Bxe4
dxe4 19. f5 {Black would then have himself the open d-file at once by ... Rd3}
19... Rd3) 18... Bc5 19. Bxc5 Rxc5 20. Rad1 Rc4 21. Nd4 {
Occupying the support point} 21... g6 {
Preventing Nf5 .. White should hit out with Pg4} 22. Kh1 22... Ba8 {
So as to push on with ... Pb4} 23. Be2 Rc5 24. Qc2 $2 (24. Qb4 Qxb4 25. cxb4
Rc7 26. Rc1 $11) 24... Qb6 25. a3 a5 26. Bd3 b4 27. axb4 27... axb4 {
The climax of the minority attack} 28. Nb3 (28. Qb3 28... Rb8 $1) (28. c4 dxc4
29. Bxe4 Bxe4 30. Qxe4 30... Rcd5 {
Black regains his piece with decisive advantage}) (28. Bxe4 dxe4 29. c4 Rcc8
30. Nb3 (30. Ne2 b3 31. Qc3 Rxd1 32. Rxd1 32... Qf2 $1 33. Nc1 e3 34. Rg1 34...
Rd8) 30... Bd5 31. Nd2 e3) 28... Rcc8 29. Bxe4 dxe4 30. c4 (30. Rxd8+ 30...
Rxd8 31. Nd4 {better chances}) 30... Bd5 31. Rd4 Bxc4 32. Rxc4 32... Qa6 33.
Nd2 $2 (33. Rc1 {Back rank tactics} 33... Rxc4 34. Qxc4 Qxc4 35. Rxc4 Rd1#) (
33. Na5 Rc5 34. Rc1 $15) 33... e3 $1 34. b3 exd2 35. Rd1 Rxc4 36. bxc4 Qa3 37.
g3 Qc3 38. Qe4 b3 39. Kg2 Qc2 40. Qe2 Qxd1 41. Qxd1 b2 0-1

[Event "Amsterdam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Van Scheltinga"]
[Black "Van der Berg"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E69"]
[Annotator "14: Minority Attack"]
[PlyCount "91"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. g3 Bg7 4. Bg2 O-O 5. Nc3 d6 6. Nf3 Nbd7 7. O-O e5 8. e4
c6 9. h3 exd4 10. Nxd4 a5 11. Be3 Nb6 12. b3 12... a4 {Black intends to open
the a-file and exchange a pair of Rooks - always a good policy in a cramped
position} 13. Qc2 axb3 14. axb3 Rxa1 15. Rxa1 Nfd7 16. Rd1 {There is nothing
to be done on the a-file, so White comes back to the half-open d-file, where
the backward pawn is a welcome target} 16... Qf6 (16... Nc5 $2 17. Nxc6 bxc6
18. Bxc5 {pin tactic}) 17. Nde2 Nc5 18. b4 $1 {In the thick of the fight,
White starts a minority attack - the ultimate aim of which is to produce a
majority attack!} (18. e5 Qxe5 19. Bf4 Qf6 20. Bxd6 Bf5 21. Qc1 21... Nd3 {
tactical point against Pe5}) 18... Ncd7 19. c5 dxc5 20. bxc5 Na8 (20... Nc4 21.
Bd4 Qe7 22. Bxg7 Kxg7 23. Na4 Nce5 24. f4 {trapped Knight}) 21. Bd4 Qe7 22.
Bxg7 Kxg7 23. Na4 {The result of the minority attack is that the Black
Queenside is cripple, the d-file is fully open, and that the White Kingside
maority now becomes an important factor} 23... Nc7 24. Nd4 Re8 25. Nb3 {
Before White can mobilize his Kingside majority he must thoroughly protect his
vulnerbale minority pawn onc5} 25... Nf8 26. f4 Rd8 27. Qc3+ Kg8 28. Rxd8 Qxd8
29. Qd4 Qxd4+ 30. Nxd4 30... Nb5 $2 {After this White assume decisive advantage
} (30... Be6 31. Nxe6 Nfxe6 32. Bf1 32... Kf8 {Black can hold}) 31. Nb3 31...
Be6 32. Na5 Nd7 (32... Bc8 33. Nb6 {removing the guard}) 33. e5 Nd4 34. Nxb7 f6
35. exf6 Nxf6 36. Na5 Nd7 37. Nxc6 Nb3 38. Nd8 Nbxc5 39. Nxc5 Nxc5 40. Nxe6
Nxe6 41. Bd5 Kf7 42. Kf2 Kf6 43. Bxe6 Kxe6 44. Kf3 Kd5 45. Ke3 h6 46. Kd3 1-0

[Event "San Remo"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1930.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "Nimzowitsch"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C17"]
[Annotator "15: Controlling the Open File"]
[PlyCount "59"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e5 c5 5. Bd2 Ne7 6. Nb5 Bxd2+ 7. Qxd2 O-O 8. c3
b6 9. f4 Ba6 10. Nf3 Qd7 11. a4 Nbc6 12. b4 {
Not only spoiling Black's scheme, but also forcing him to show his hand.} (12.
-- 12... cxd4 {opening the file and taking the initiative by .... Na5-c4
(occupying the furtherest available point on the open file)}) 12... cxb4 (12...
c4 {
the whole Queen side is blocked, giving White a free hand on the opposite wing}
) 13. cxb4 Bb7 14. Nd6 14... f5 {According to Alekhine, this is the decisive
strategic misjudgement.  By means of a few strong positional moves, Alekhine
guarantees himself control of the only open file (Kotov)} (14... a5 {necessary}
15. Bb5 axb4 16. O-O) 15. a5 $1 15... Nc8 (15... bxa5 16. b5 16... Nd8 17. Rxa5
$16) 16. Nxb7 Qxb7 17. a6 Qf7 (17... Qe7 18. Bb5 $1 18... Nxb4 19. Rb1 $18) 18.
Bb5 {Now Black is forced to defend the c6 square with all the men he can, so
as to black the action of the white rooks downs the c-file. If this bastion
falls, then the rooks will break in and wreak destruction along the seventh
and eight ranks} 18... N8e7 19. O-O h6 20. Rfc1 {
This initiates the siege of the Black position via the c-file} 20... Rfc8 21.
Rc2 21... Qe8 {Black buttresses the knight on c6 with all the means at his
disposal, so as to prevent the invasion down the c0file. The natural
countermeausure in the fight for an open file - name, the exchange of some
pieces - is unfortunately not available to him.} (21... Nd8 22. Rac1 Rxc2 23.
Rxc2 Rc8 24. Rxc8 Nxc8 25. Qc3 Ne7 26. Qc7 $18) 22. Rac1 (22. Ra3 $1 22... --
23. Rac3 -- 24. Qc1) 22... Rab8 23. Qe3 Rc7 24. Rc3 Qd7 25. R1c2 {The decisive
regrouping! It is very important that the Queen should act from behind the
rooks. In that way it is easiest to penetrate into the enemy position, as the
rooks can invade on squares which are covered by enemy rooks, whereas a queen
would be too valuable to sacrifice (Kotov)} 25... Kf8 26. Qc1 {The tripling
process is complete, and Black is bound hand and foot. Only the King can move,
and he will arrive on the scene too late} 26... Rbc8 27. Ba4 $1 {
This threatens to break into the Black defensive lines} 27... b5 28. Bxb5 Ke8
29. Ba4 29... Kd8 {guarding Rc7 so that the N can move if Pb5} 30. h4 $22 {
The last straw. Black has only his h-pawn and g-pawn left to move. As soon as
these have exhausted their moves, he will have to move ... Qe8 and then Pb6
demolishes hisposition} (30. b5 Nb8) 1-0

[Event "USSR"]
[Site "Moscow ch-SU"]
[Date "1952.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Botvinnik"]
[Black "Kan"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A30"]
[Annotator "15: Controlling the Open File"]
[PlyCount "98"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{White masters the d-file by means of a pawn sacrifice} 1. Nf3 c5 2. c4 Nf6 3.
g3 b6 4. Bg2 Bb7 5. O-O g6 6. d3 Bg7 7. e4 O-O 8. Nc3 Nc6 9. Ne1 Ne8 10. Bg5
Nc7 11. Qd2 Nd4 12. Bh6 e6 13. Bxg7 Kxg7 14. Nc2 Nxc2 15. Qxc2 Rb8 16. Rad1 Qe7
17. d4 cxd4 18. Rxd4 18... Bc6 {In this position, nine out of ten players
would move 19. Rfd1, intensifying the pressure on the backward d-pawn.
Botvinnik selects an entirely different method} 19. e5 $3 {This move involves
a pawn sacrifice which Black is virtually bound to accept, in view of the
positional threat Ne4 - preceded perhaps by the exchange of Bishops. The
Knight would then threaten to penetrate permanently into the Black position on
d6 or f6} 19... Qc5 20. Qd2 Qxe5 21. Bxc6 dxc6 22. Re1 {Before occupying the
seventh rank, White forces the Black Queen to an unfavourable square} 22... Qf5
23. g4 $1 {Driving the Queen back to f6, so that later on the White Knigt can
gain a tempo by attacking the Queen as it crosses over} 23... Qf3 24. Re3 Qf6
25. Rd7 {Over the years this idea of playing a Rook to the seventh rank has
become a standard objective. It is the consummation of play in an open file}
25... Rfd8 26. Red3 Rxd7 27. Rxd7 Ne8 (27... Rc8 28. Ne4 Qf3 29. Nd6 Qxg4+ 30.
Kf1 Qh3+ 31. Ke1 $18 {tactic of removing the guard}) 28. Ne4 {
the tempo set up earlier by Pg4} 28... Qf3 29. Qd4+ Kg8 30. Ng5 c5 31. Nxf3
cxd4 32. b3 (32. Nxd4 Nf6 33. Rxa7 33... Rd8 {Black develops activity.
Recognizing possibilities to reduce opponent's counterplay is a fine art})
32... Rc8 (32... Nf6 33. Rxd4 Rb7 34. Ne5 g5 35. Kg2 Kf8 36. Rd8+ {
Black can not move a finger to help himself}) 33. Nxd4 Nf6 34. Rxa7 Nxg4 35.
Rb7 Rd8 36. Nf3 Rd1+ 37. Kg2 Ra1 38. h3 Nf6 39. Ng5 Rxa2 40. Kf3 $1 (40. Rxf7
40... Ne4 $19 {tactic of removing the guard}) 40... Rb2 41. Rxb6 {
White connected passed pawns must be decisive} 41... h6 42. Ne4 Nd7 43. Rb5 Kf8
44. Ke3 f5 45. Nd2 Ke7 46. c5 Nf6 47. Rb7+ Kd8 48. Nc4 Nd5+ 49. Kd4 Nc7 1-0

[Event "Buenos Aires WCh (12)"]
[Site "Buenos Aires WCh (12)"]
[Date "1927.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "Capablanca"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D64"]
[Annotator "15: Controlling the Open File"]
[PlyCount "81"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Open file with support points} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Bg5 Nbd7 5. e3
Be7 6. Nf3 O-O 7. Rc1 c6 8. Qc2 a6 9. a3 h6 10. Bh4 Re8 11. Rd1 b5 12. cxb5
cxb5 13. Bd3 Bb7 14. O-O {Here it is obvious that the open c-file is of
dominating importance. The routine idea of occupying the furthest available
square on the open file is already on the cards; Black can play ... Nb6-c4.
White can hardly occupy c5 just yet, not having played Pb4. From this point of
view, Black is a little ahead. On the other hand, White retains the option of
evicting a Black piece from c4 by playing Pb3. While Black holds the
initiative, however, this may not be an easy matter} 14... Rc8 15. Qb1 Qa5 (
15... Bxa3 16. bxa3 Rxc3 17. a4 {White simply regains the pawn}) (15... Nb6 {
simpler}) 16. Ne2 16... Nb6 {The boxed in White Queen offers White the
opportunity to make tactical complications} (16... b4 {more prudent}) 17. Ne5 (
17. Bxf6 $1 {
The Black cramped Queen offers tactics: White removes the guard of h7} 17...
Bxf6 (17... gxf6 $1 18. Nf4 18... Nc4 19. Nxe6 fxe6 20. Bxc4 Rxc4 21. Qg6+ {
perpetual check}) 18. b4 Qxa3 (18... Qa4 19. Rd2 Nc4 20. Ra2 20... -- 21. Qa1
-- 22. Rb1 -- 23. Nc3) 19. Bh7+ {the idea behind Bxf6, to remove the guard of
h7 to vacate the d3 square for White's Rooks} 19... Kh8 20. Rd3 Qa4 21. Nc3 $16
{trapped piece}) 17... Nc4 18. Bxf6 18... Bxf6 $1 (18... gxf6 19. Nxf7 Kxf7 20.
Bxc4 Rxc4 21. Qh7+ Kf8 22. Nf4) 19. Bh7+ Kf8 20. Nd7+ Ke7 21. Nc5 Qb6 (21...
Rxc5 $1 22. dxc5 (22. b4 22... Nxa3 $1 23. bxa5 (23. Qb3 Qa4 24. Qxa4 bxa4 25.
dxc5 25... g6 {Trapped Bishop}) 23... Nxb1 24. dxc5 24... Na3 {
Black wins at least a second pawn}) 22... Nxb2 23. Rc1 23... Qxa3 $17 {
decisive advantage to Black}) 22. Nxb7 Qxb7 23. Bd3 23... Rc7 {To double Rooks
and thus extract full value out of his occupaton of c4. However, White can
undermine the Knight with Pb3} (23... Kf8 24. -- 24... Be7 {preventing Pb3})
24. Qa2 $1 24... Rec8 25. b3 Nd6 26. Qd2 Qb6 27. Rc1 Kd7 28. Rxc7+ Rxc7 29. Bb1
{Exchanging one pair of Rooks, White has just about freed himself. He could,
of cource, play for further exchanges by Rc1, but with this Bishop move he
undertakes an interesting attempt to revive his own winning chances. He
vacates d3 as a round for his own Knight outpost on c5} 29... Be7 30. Nf4 Kc8
31. Qe2 (31. Nd3 31... Ne4) 31... g6 32. Nd3 Ne4 33. b4 {
Thr struggle for possession of the outpost reaches it's climax} 33... Rc3 $2 {
This move in combination with the next move forms an instructive mistake} (
33... Nd6 34. Nc5 Nc4 35. e4 $1 {Whtie still keeps the initiative}) 34. Qb2 Qc7
(34... Rc7 {have to lose a tempo}) 35. Nc5 {interference} 35... Bxc5 36. dxc5
Qe5 37. f4 $1 37... Qg7 (37... Qf6 38. Bxe4 dxe4 39. Rf2) 38. Bxe4 dxe4 39. Kf2
Qf6 40. g3 g5 41. Rc1 1-0

[Event "GRONINGEN"]
[Site "GRONINGEN"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Botvinnik"]
[Black "Vidmar"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E00"]
[Annotator "15: Controlling the Open File"]
[PlyCount "117"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Mastery of the 7th rank} 1. d4 d5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. c4 e6 4. g3 dxc4 5. Qa4+ Qd7
6. Qxc4 Qc6 7. Nbd2 Qxc4 8. Nxc4 Bb4+ 9. Bd2 Bxd2+ 10. Nfxd2 Nc6 11. e3 Nb4 12.
Ke2 Bd7 13. Bg2 Bc6 14. f3 Nd7 15. a3 Nd5 16. e4 N5b6 17. Na5 Bb5+ 18. Ke3
18... O-O-O {It is often difficult to draw the line between the middlegame and
the endgame. Here for instance, one might say that it begins to look like an
endgame, with the Queens off; but equally it is true that with all the Rooks
and most of the minor pieces still in play, plenty of middlegame character
remains. The use that is made of the half-open c-file, makes this a very
instructive game for our purpose} 19. Rhc1 Nb8 20. b3 20... Bd7 {
Black is cramped, and therefore should not boject to further exchanges} (20...
Nc6 21. a4 21... Nxa5 22. axb5 {The Knight is lost}) 21. Bf1 Nc6 22. Nxc6 Bxc6
23. a4 {Strictly, this is a minority attack, but it deviates sharply from the
characteristic course taken by the previous examples} 23... Be8 {
The threat is Pa5-a6} 24. a5 24... Na8 {Not a pretty square for a Knight, but
it does provide an effective square for the c-pawn} (24... Nd7 25. a6 b6 26.
Rc3) 25. a6 b6 26. b4 Kb8 (26... c6 27. Bb5 27... Kc7 {
Barring Black's a8 Knight of freedom}) 27. Rc3 c6 28. Rac1 f6 29. Nb1 Bd7 30.
Na3 {Threatening Pb5 to open the c-file} 30... Nc7 31. b5 $1 {
By means of pawn sacrifice, White conquers the seventh rank} 31... Nxb5 32.
Bxb5 cxb5 33. Rc7 {An interesting position, which provides an excellent
demonstration of the power of a Rook on the seventh rank} 33... Rc8 (33... --
34. Rb7+ Ka8 35. Rcc7 {The immediate threat - the usual result whenever two
Roos get to the seventh rank in the middlegame}) (33... Bc8 34. Nxb5 Rd7 35.
Rxd7 Bxd7 36. Nxa7 Kxa7 37. Rc7+ Kxa6 38. Rxd7 {
The strength of Black's passed b-pawn could be a saving factor}) 34. Rb7+ Ka8
35. Rxd7 $1 {A pretty sacrifice of the Exchange, by means of which White
definitely ensures complete mastery of the seventh rank} (35. Rxc8+ Bxc8 36.
Rxg7 36... Bxa6 {Black has adeqate compensation}) 35... Rxc1 36. Nxb5 Rhc8 (
36... -- 37. Rxa7+ Kb8 38. Rb7+ Ka8 39. Nc7+) 37. Rxg7 h6 38. Rxa7+ Kb8 39.
Rb7+ Ka8 40. Ra7+ Kb8 41. Rb7+ Ka8 42. g4 {The last few moves were played only
to reach time-control. Now White initiates the final phase. The idea is to
play Ph4-h5, and then to win Black's h-pawn by Rh7} 42... e5 {
Black does not await events. Now White treads a different path to victory} 43.
d5 R1c5 44. Ra7+ Kb8 45. Rb7+ Ka8 46. Rxb6 46... Rb8 {Putting an end once and
for all to the dangerous forays of the White Rook. The Rook has done his job
well and what he has left of the Black position is now an easy prey to the
Knight} 47. Rxb8+ Kxb8 48. a7+ Kb7 (48... Ka8 49. d6 {decides the game}) 49.
Nd6+ Kxa7 50. Ne8 Kb6 51. Nxf6 Rc3+ 52. Kf2 Rc7 53. h4 Rf7 54. Nh5 Kc7 55. g5
hxg5 56. hxg5 Rh7 57. Nf6 Rh2+ 58. Kg3 Rh8 59. g6 1-0

[Event "Petersburg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1914.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lasker"]
[Black "Tarrasch"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D30"]
[Annotator "15: Controlling the Open File"]
[PlyCount "91"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Bishop and Rooks cooperate to win the open file} 1. d4 d5 2. Nf3 c5 3. c4 e6
4. cxd5 exd5 5. g3 Nc6 6. Bg2 Nf6 7. O-O Be7 8. dxc5 Bxc5 9. Nbd2 d4 10. Nb3
Bb6 11. Qd3 Be6 12. Rd1 Bxb3 13. Qxb3 Qe7 14. Bd2 14... O-O {The position has
various well marked features, such as the isolated d-pawn, and the White
light-square Bishop in fianchetto; the open c-file is not quite such an
overriding characteristic this time. Nevertheless, as the sequel shows, it
still has an important part to play} 15. a4 $3 {The intention is to march this
pawn to the sixth rank where it will undermine the position of the Black
Knight. The result will be that Black will be unable to other sufficient
resistance in the c-file} 15... Ne4 (15... Qxe2 16. Re1 Qa6 17. Bf1 {
Trapped piece}) (15... Bc5 16. a5 a6) 16. Be1 16... Rad8 {It seems from this
move that Black was not aware of the danger threatening on the c-file.
Otherwise he would have played this Rook to c8} 17. a5 Bc5 18. a6 bxa6 (18...
b6 19. Qa4 {White breaks all resistance in the c-file ... followed by Pb4}) 19.
Rac1 $1 {This is the whole point of the preceding maneuvers. Notice also that
the advance of the a-pawn has made the White light squared Bishop very active,
for the removal of the Black b-pawn has weakened the whole of the long white
diagonal} 19... Rc8 20. Nh4 $1 20... Bb6 (20... -- 21. Bxe4 Qxe4 22. Rxc5) 21.
Nf5 Qe5 22. Bxe4 Qxe4 23. Nd6 {Tactic based on fork} 23... Qxe2 24. Nxc8 Rxc8
25. Qd5 {Thus White forces a speedy exchange of Rooks, and so reduces his task
to one of technique.} 25... Qe6 26. Qf3 h6 27. Bd2 Ne5 28. Rxc8+ Qxc8 29. Qe4
Nd7 30. Rc1 Qf8 31. Bxh6 {fork tactic} 31... Nc5 32. Qg4 f5 33. Qg6 Qf7 34.
Qxf7+ Kxf7 35. Bg5 Nd3 36. Rb1 $1 36... Ke6 37. b3 Kd5 38. f3 a5 39. h4 Nc5 40.
h5 d3 41. Kf1 a4 42. bxa4 Nxa4 43. Bf6 $1 43... Ke6 44. Bxg7 Kf7 45. Be5 Nc5
46. Rd1 1-0

[Event "Zuerich"]
[Site "Zuerich"]
[Date "1953.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Stahlberg"]
[Black "Taimanov"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "E15"]
[Annotator "15: Controlling the Open File"]
[PlyCount "84"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black finds an unusual way of conquering the c-file} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3
b6 4. g3 Ba6 5. Qa4 Be7 6. Bg2 O-O 7. Nc3 c6 8. Ne5 8... Qe8 {This serves not
only to defend the c-pawn, but also to prepare ... Pb5 and so to open the
c-file} 9. O-O d5 10. Re1 $2 (10. cxd5 {White should have opened the c-file.
Now he is forced into a disadvantageous position}) 10... b5 11. cxb5 cxb5 12.
Qd1 b4 13. Nb1 (13. Na4 13... Bb5 14. Nc5 $132) 13... Nc6 14. Nxc6 $2 {
Now Black holds all the trumps} (14. Bf4) (14. Nf3) 14... Qxc6 15. Nd2 15...
Qb6 {Attacking the d-pawn, forcing White to forgo his intended Pe4} (15... Rac8
16. e4 16... Qc2 $2 17. Qxc2 Rxc2 18. exd5) 16. e3 (16. Nf3 Rac8 (16... Ne4 17.
Bf4 17... Rac8 {strong pressure in the c-file}) 17. Bg5 Rc4) 16... Rac8 17. Bf1
Rc6 18. Bxa6 Qxa6 19. Nf3 Rfc8 20. Qb3 Ne4 21. Nd2 {White offers two minor
pieces for a Rook, intending thereby to get full possession of the c-file for
himself} (21. Bd2 Rc2 22. Rad1 (22. Red1 Qe2) 22... Qc4 $1 {
Complete loss for White}) 21... Rc2 $1 (21... Rxc1 22. Rexc1 Nxd2 23. Rxc8+
Qxc8 24. Qd1 {White obtains some drawing chances}) 22. Nxe4 dxe4 23. a3 23...
h5 $1 {Now that Black complete control of the c-file, it is a good idea to
take the initiative on another front} 24. d5 R8c4 25. Rd1 {
Offering a pawn in order to complete his development.} (25. dxe6 25... Qxe6 26.
-- Rxc1 27. Raxc1 Rxc1) 25... exd5 26. Bd2 Qf6 27. Rab1 h4 28. Qa4 28... Qf5 $1
{
Prevents the White Queen from hurrying across to the threatened Kingside via d7
} 29. Qxa7 Bf8 30. Qb8 g5 31. gxh4 gxh4 32. Qf4 {leads to a lossed ending} (32.
Be1 d4 33. Rxd4 Rxd4 34. exd4 34... e3 $1) 32... Qxf4 33. exf4 d4 34. b3 Rc6
35. axb4 f5 36. h3 Ra6 37. Rbc1 Rxc1 38. Rxc1 Ra2 39. Be1 Rb2 40. Kg2 Rxb3 41.
Rc8 Rb1 42. Bd2 e3 0-1

[Event "New York"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1924.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Yates"]
[Black "Reti"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "16: Play on the Ranks"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r2r2k1/1p3pp1/1np1p1p1/p3N3/2PPN2q/bP1R4/4QPPP/4R1K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "7"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A sudden raid} 1. Rh3 Qe7 2. Ng5 $3 {
White's threat is so formidable that Black resigns} 2... Qxg5 3. Rh8+ Kxh8 4.
Nxf7+ 1-0

[Event "Warsaw"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1935.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Marshall"]
[Black "Stoltz"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "16: Play on the Ranks"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "2r2rk1/pp1q1ppp/4p3/2Pp4/3Q4/P1R1PP2/1P3P1P/5RK1 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "9"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{With a suprising pawn sacrifice, Black prepares a Rook foray on his third
rank  Positionally, White's situation is not at all bad. He has the Queenside
pawn majority, and an open g-file which may have great future possibilities.
For the moment the one feature which overshadows all others is the weakening
of White's King position. This is the background of the following combination} 
1... e5 $3 2. Qxe5 Rc6 3. e4 (3. Kh1 Qh3 4. Rg1 Qxf3+) 3... d4 $1 {This forces
the White Rook along the third rank to an undefended square, and so eliminates
the defence by Pf4} (3... Qh3 4. f4 $1) 4. Rd3 4... Qh3 {
now ... Pf4 isn't possible} 5. Rxd4 Rg6+ 0-1

[Event "Bad"]
[Site "Bad"]
[Date "1928.??.??"]
[Round "5"]
[White "Capablanca"]
[Black "Mieses"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "16: Play on the Ranks"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "1rb1kn2/1p2r1pp/p1p2p2/3p4/N2P4/2RNPP2/PP3KPP/2R5 w - - 0 25"]
[PlyCount "17"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Positional intermezzo  Capablanca preferred not to push the pawns too early.
The advantage of this rule is exemplified in this position, where the familiar
minority attack is rejected in favour of operations with Knights and Rooks} 25.
Rb3 {White wants to provoke ... Pb5} 25... Nd7 26. g4 26... b5 27. Nac5 Nb6 (
27... Nxc5 28. Rxc5 Bb7 29. Nb4 Kd7) 28. Nb4 Bb7 29. Nxb7 Rbxb7 30. Rxc6 a5 31.
Rxb6 31... axb4 (31... Rxb6 32. Nxd5 {fork tactic}) 32. Rxb7 Rxb7 33. Rxb4 1-0

[Event "4th match game"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1908.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tarrasch"]
[Black "Lasker"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "16: Play on the Ranks"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r2q2k1/pppnrpp1/3p3p/1N6/4P3/2Q5/PPP2PPP/3RR1K1 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "37"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Lasker's famous Rook maneuver  White's Nb5 attacks c7 and prepares Nd4-f5. It
will support a dangerous - possibly decisive - Kingside attack. Another
characteristic maneuver for White in such a position, would be to bring a Rook
into strong play along the third rank, but Lasker is one jump ahead} 1... Re5
$1 {Indirect defence of the c-pawn} 2. Nd4 (2. Nxc7 $2 2... Rc5 {fork}) (2.
Qxc7 Qxc7 3. Nxc7 3... Rc8 {trapped piece}) 2... Rc5 3. Qb3 Nb6 4. f4 {
Cutting off the Rooks return to e5. It looks as though the Black Rook foray is
going to be provedpremature} 4... Qf6 5. Qf3 Re8 6. c3 6... a5 {
Support for the Rook} 7. b3 a4 8. b4 8... Rc4 {
Still deeper into the enemy lines} 9. g3 9... Rd8 {Preparing ... Pc5} 10. Re3 {
Protecting the c-pawn so that the Knight can be dispatched on a Rook hunt}
10... c5 11. Nb5 cxb4 12. Rxd6 {This is the combination which White had hoped
would refute the whole of Black's strategy} 12... Rxd6 13. e5 13... Rxf4 $1 {
The flaw in White's calculation} 14. gxf4 Qg6+ 15. Kh1 {
Upset by the total collapse of his plans, White now makes a serious blunder} (
15. Kf1) 15... Qb1+ 16. Kg2 Rd2+ 17. Re2 Qxa2 18. Rxd2 Qxd2+ 19. Kg3 19... a3
$1 0-1

[Event "24"]
[Site "Zurich"]
[Date "1953.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Keres"]
[Black "Smyslov"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "16: Play on the Ranks"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "2rq1rk1/pb2bppp/1pn1p3/3p4/2PP4/PPR2N2/1B3PPP/3QRBK1 w - - 0 16"]
[PlyCount "26"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{All that glitters is not gold} 16. Ne5 Nxe5 17. Rxe5 $2 {White goes in for
Rook operations on the third and fifth ranks, but these will be convincingly
refuted. Recapturing with the pawn was correct} (17. dxe5) 17... Bf6 18. Rh5 g6
19. Rch3 {A suprising move based on} 19... dxc4 $1 {
Now Black threatens to take the Rook, since Be4 defends h7} (19... gxh5 20.
Qxh5 Re8 21. a4 $1) 20. Rxh7 c3 21. Qc1 Qxd4 22. Qh6 Rfd8 (22... -- 23. Rg7+ (
23. Rh8+ Bxh8 24. Qh7#) 23... Bxg7 24. Qh7#) 23. Bc1 Bg7 24. Qg5 Qf6 25. Qg4 c2
26. Be2 26... Rd4 $1 27. f4 Rd1+ 28. Bxd1 Qd4+ 0-1

[Event "The Hague"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1928.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Nilsson"]
[Black "Euwe"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "B24"]
[Annotator "17: Struggle for Diagonals"]
[PlyCount "76"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black storms with his Queenside pawns in order to control the long
dark-squared diagonal with his Bishop} 1. e4 c5 2. Nc3 Nc6 3. g3 g6 4. Bg2 Bg7
5. Nge2 d6 6. O-O (6. d3 -- 7. Be3 {the threat of Pd4}) 6... Rb8 7. d3 {
White's treatment of the opening has not been particularly exact. There was no
hurry to get castled; it would have been wiser to play Pd3 and Be3 with the
threat of Pd4 to keep Black busy. By neglecting this he allows Black's
operations to developsmoothly} 7... b5 8. Nd5 e6 9. Ne3 Nge7 10. c3 {
Just about compulsorty} (10. Rb1 b4 11. Bd2 11... a5 {Black continues strongly}
) 10... b4 11. Bd2 O-O 12. Qc1 bxc3 13. bxc3 (13. Bxc3 Nd4 14. Bxd4 cxd4 15.
Nc2 15... Qb6 {Black has a promising game, but at least White would have had
the advantage of keeping the dangerous diagonal closed}) 13... Ba6 14. Qc2 Qa5
15. Rab1 15... Ne5 $1 16. c4 {
Now Black's aim is achieved; the diagonal is definitely open} 16... Qa3 17. Bc3
N7c6 18. f4 18... Nd4 $1 {
Forcing the following liquidation which is in Black's favour} 19. Bxd4 cxd4 20.
fxe5 dxe3 21. exd6 Qxd6 22. Rxb8 Rxb8 23. Rb1 23... Rb4 $1 24. Rb3 (24. Rxb4
24... Qxb4 {Black's Queen has a chance to get to d2 or e1}) 24... Qb6 25. Bf3
Qa5 26. Nc1 (26. -- Rxb3 27. Qxb3 Qe1+ 28. Kg2 Qf2+) 26... Bd4 27. Kf1 e5 28.
Rxb4 Qxb4 29. Nb3 Bc8 30. Ke2 30... a5 $1 {The decisive advance, compelling
White to abandon his positions so that the storm troops can infiltrate} 31.
Nxd4 exd4 32. c5 a4 33. c6 a3 34. c7 Qb2 35. Kd1 Qa1+ 36. Ke2 Qg1 37. -- Qf2+
38. Kd1 Qf1# 0-1

[Event "Moskva"]
[Site "Moskva"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "8"]
[White "Capablanca"]
[Black "Lilienthal"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A12"]
[Annotator "17: Struggle for Diagonals"]
[PlyCount "107"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Involving various diagonals} 1. Nf3 d5 2. c4 c6 3. b3 Bf5 4. Bb2 e6 5. g3 Nf6
6. Bg2 Nbd7 7. O-O h6 8. d3 Be7 9. Nbd2 O-O 10. Rc1 a5 11. a3 Re8 12. Rc2 Bh7
13. Qa1 {"Doubling" on the diagonal - an idea typical of the so-called
hypermodern style, which originated around 1920 with the masters Reti and
Breyer. The centre was not occuped by pawn, but controlled from a distance by
long-range pieces} 13... Bf8 (13... Bd6 {more active} 14. -- e5) 14. Re1 14...
Qb6 15. Bh3 Bc5 16. Rf1 Bf8 17. Rcc1 Rad8 18. Rfe1 Bc5 19. Rf1 Bf8 20. Bg2 Bd6
21. Ne5 {So far both sides have been groping for a plan of campain, but this
move prepitates a phase of battle for the diagonals} 21... Bxe5 22. Bxe5 Nxe5
23. Qxe5 Nd7 24. Qb2 24... Nf6 $2 {Black persevers with his waiting policy} (
24... c5 $1 {striking at the centre} 25. cxd5 25... exd5 {opening the e-file}
26. Bxd5 Rxe2) 25. b4 $1 25... axb4 26. Qxb4 Qxb4 27. axb4 Ra8 28. Ra1 Nd7 29.
Nb3 29... Kf8 30. Ra5 {An idea familiar to us from previous chapters. White
forces a clearing-up of the open file situation by occupying its furthest
available square} 30... dxc4 $2 {
This exchange is grist ot White's mill, extending the range of his Bishop} (
30... Ke7 {essential}) 31. dxc4 Nb6 32. Rxa8 {
A strong move, now that White can work with tactical devices} 32... Rxa8 33.
Na5 Ra7 34. Rd1 Ke8 (34... -- 35. Bxc6 {threat of a Knight fork} 35... bxc6 36.
Rd8+ Ke7 37. Nxc6+) 35. Nxb7 35... Rxb7 36. Bxc6+ Rd7 37. c5 {
removing the guard} 37... Ke7 38. Bxd7 Nxd7 39. c6 Nb6 40. c7 Bf5 41. Rd8 e5
42. Rb8 Nc8 43. b5 Kd6 44. b6 Ne7 45. Rf8 Bc8 46. Rxf7 Nd5 47. Rxg7 Nxb6 48.
Rh7 Nd5 49. Rxh6+ Kxc7 50. e4 Ne7 51. f3 Kd7 52. h4 Ke8 53. Rf6 Ng8 54. Rc6 1-0

[Event "Zurich"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1934.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "Roselli"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "17: Struggle for Diagonals"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "2rq1r2/pb2npk1/1p1bpnp1/3pN2p/2PP1PP1/PP1B3P/1B1NQ3/2R2RK1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "5"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The long diagonal again} 1. c5 1... Bxe5 (1... bxc5 2. dxc5 Bxc5+ 3. Rxc5 $1
3... Rxc5 4. g5 {tactic based on a discovered check ... but more deeply the
struggle for the diagonals}) 2. fxe5 Nd7 3. b4 {
White's positional advantage is decisive} 1-0

[Event "Stolp"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1934.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lachmann"]
[Black "Muller"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "17: Struggle for Diagonals"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r3rbk1/p1q2pp1/1n5p/2pp4/4N3/1PQ3P1/PB2PP1P/3R1RK1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "15"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Yet another long diagonal combination} 1. Nf6+ $3 {
Tactic based on the struggle for diagaonls} 1... gxf6 2. Qxf6 2... d4 {
Shutting the dangerous diagoanl, but White was ready for this} 3. Rxd4 cxd4 4.
Bxd4 Kh7 5. g4 $3 {Now Defence to Qh8+} (5. Qh8+ Kg6 6. g4 {
Black can save himself with a discovered attack on White's Queen} 6... Qxh2+ 7.
Kxh2 7... Bd6+) 5... -- 6. Qh8+ Kg6 7. Qg8+ Bg7 8. Qxg7# 1-0

[Event "Budapest"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1952.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Szabo"]
[Black "Keres"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E19"]
[Annotator "17: Struggle for Diagonals"]
[PlyCount "53"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A characteristic finesse} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 b6 4. g3 Bb7 5. Bg2 Be7 6.
O-O O-O 7. Nc3 Ne4 8. Qc2 Nxc3 9. Qxc3 Be4 10. Bf4 d6 11. Qe3 Bb7 12. Rfd1 Nd7
13. b4 Nf6 14. a4 Qd7 15. a5 15... b5 $2 16. Ne5 $3 16... dxe5 17. dxe5 (17.
Bxb7 17... exf4 $19) 17... Qc8 18. exf6 Bxf6 19. Rac1 19... Bxg2 {The outcome
of White's combination is that the enemy Queenside is seriously weakened,
especially in the c-file} 20. Kxg2 e5 21. Bg5 Bxg5 22. Qxg5 Qb7+ 23. Kg1 Rae8
24. cxb5 Qxb5 25. Qd2 Qa6 26. Qd3 $1 26... Qe6 27. Rxc7 1-0

[Event "Mahrisch-Ostrau"]
[Site "Mahrisch-Ostrau"]
[Date "1923.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Rubinstein"]
[Black "Hromadka"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "18: Converging Lines"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "kb1r2r1/pp2qpp1/2p4p/P3p3/2B1Pn2/2PP1R1P/1PK2QP1/R5B1 w - - 0 23"]
[PlyCount "13"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A potpourri of files and diaganals  What is the most important feature of
this position for White? Is it the open f-file? Is it the diagaonal from g1 to
the left? Is it the a-file which is yet to be opened? Will the half-open
d-file be valuable to Black?  The answers are given in the form of a sparkling
combination} 23. g3 $3 23... Nxh3 24. Rxf7 Qd6 (24... Nxf2 25. Rxe7 $16 {
White's Rook control the seventh rank}) 25. Qb6 $3 {One of the most staggering
moves in the whole of chess. Is it an accident that the only right square for
this move is b6, a sort of commont factor of all the lines and diagonals
mentioned above? Very definitely not!} 25... Rd7 (25... axb6 26. axb6+ Ba7 27.
Rxa7+ Kb8 28. Rfxb7+ Kc8 29. Ba6) 26. Bc5 $1 {This is the reaal point} 26...
Rxf7 27. Bxd6 Rf2+ 28. Qxf2 Nxf2 29. Bc5 $1 1-0

[Event "Nottingham"]
[Site "Nottingham"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "Bogolyubov"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "18: Converging Lines"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "4r3/p1qnrk1p/1p2ppp1/1P6/3B1PP1/2P2Q2/4R2P/4R1K1 w - - 0 35"]
[PlyCount "25"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Explosion at the crossroads
} 35. g5 $1 35... fxg5 (35... f5 36. h4) 36. f5
$3 {A highly unexpected move, which suddenly throws the emphasis on files and
diagonals hitherto unused} 36... Qf4 (36... exf5 37. Qd5+ Kf8 38. Bg7+ {
Overloaded King}) (36... gxf5 37. Qh5+ Kf8 38. Qh6+ Kg8 39. Qxg5+) (36... e5
37. Qd5+ Kf8 38. Qc6 $1 {With the idea of Queening the c-pawn after the
exchanges on the e-file. d8 will be unavailable for the King!} 38... Qxc6 39.
bxc6 exd4 40. Rxe7 Rxe7 41. Rxe7 Kxe7 42. c7 {All sorts of apparently chance
features play a part in this combination - various open files and diagaonals
and even the support point at c6}) 37. fxe6+ Rxe6 38. Qd5 (38. Qh3 Qh4 39. Rf1+
Kg8 40. Rxe6 {Also leads to a win (Alekhine)}) 38... Nf6 39. Bxf6 Qg4+ 40. Rg2
Qf5 41. Be5 (41. Qc4 $2 41... Qc5+ $19) 41... Kg8 42. Rf2 Qg4+ 43. Kh1 h5 44.
Rg1 Qh4 45. Rf6 Kh7 46. Rxe6 Rxe6 47. Qd7+ 1-0

[Event "6th match"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1893.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Chigorin"]
[Black "Tarrasch"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C00"]
[Annotator "18: Converging Lines"]
[PlyCount "118"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Various features pass in review} 1. e4 e6 2. Qe2 c5 3. g3 Nc6 4. Bg2 Nd4 5.
Qd3 Be7 6. Nc3 Bf6 7. Nb5 Nxb5 8. Qxb5 Qb6 9. Qe2 d6 10. Nf3 Bd7 11. c3 {
We have chosen for our last game in this section, one which provides us with
illustrations of several of the features we have been studying. We keep our
notes concise, and base them in the main on the excellent analysis byTarrach}
11... Bb5 {Many years after this game was played, Tarrasch used to be accused
of playing too dogmatically; for instance he strongly condemned the playing of
any piece twice in the opening. It is certainly not so in this game, for
rather than complete his development by ... Ne7, he prefers to solely devote
several tempi solely to inducing a weakening of the White pawn structure. It
is curious to think that some twenty-five years later this strategy in the
hands of Reti was to be called new and hypermodern} 12. d3 12... Qa6 $1 13. c4
13... Bc6 {The pawn position has been completely transformed ... now
classified as a pseudo-Stonewall} 14. O-O 14... h6 {
Black doesn't want to have his active Bishop exchanged with Bg5} 15. Be3 Qb6
16. Rab1 a5 17. a3 $2 (17. b3) 17... a4 $1 {classic clamp} 18. Rfd1 18... e5 {
Naturally White is not allowed to play Pd4. After this last move we have a
double PseudoStonewall} 19. Nd2 Ne7 20. Nf1 Bd7 21. Bd2 21... Nc6 22. Bc3 (22.
Ne3 {The idea to use d5 himself} 22... Nd4 23. Qf1 -- 24. Bc3 -- 25. Nd5 {
Tarrasch}) 22... Nd4 23. Bxd4 23... cxd4 {The pawn formation has undergone
another change, and is now the "Blocked Oblique Centre" with the d-pawn
forward, with the difference, however, that Black has a pawn on d6 instead of
c5} 24. Bf3 Qc7 25. Bg4 {This move shows that Chigorin, consciously or
unconsciouly, knows all about the "bad Bishop". He offers to exchange his bad
Bishop for Black's good Bishop} 25... Bc6 26. Rdc1 Bg5 27. Rc2 Qe7 28. Qe1
28... h5 {
Not only to repel the Bishop, but also in due course to open the h-file} 29.
Bd1 (29. Bh3) 29... Qe6 30. f3 Bd8 31. Qf2 {White blocks himself in} (31. f4)
31... h4 32. Qg2 Rh6 33. g4 {
To keep the game closed, but White is condemned to complete passivity} 33...
Bg5 34. h3 Kf8 35. Qe2 Kg8 36. Qe1 36... g6 {Black's plan of entry into the
White position is threeforl: First ... Pf5, then ... Pb5 to open the b-file;
finally ... Pd5 breaking into the centre} 37. Rg2 Rh7 38. Bc2 Rg7 39. Qd1 {
White can only await his fate, without being able to do anything at all to
fend off the impendingdanger} (39. b4 axb3 40. Rxb3 {
In spite of the risks involved, White should have opened the b-file}) 39... Qd7
40. Qe1 f5 41. Bd1 Rf8 42. Be2 fxe4 43. fxe4 43... Rgf7 {The first file is
open, and Black has already has his Rooks doubled on it. As yet, however, he
cannot penetrate; he must proceed with the second part of his plan} 44. Qd1 b5
45. cxb5 Bxb5 46. Nh2 Be3+ 47. Kh1 47... g5 $1 {
Eliminating any counterchacne White might have manufactured by Pg5 and Bg4} 48.
Nf1 d5 49. Nd2 {The last attempt to hold on to the blockade square e4} (49.
Nxe3 dxe3 50. Qc1 dxe4 51. dxe4 Bd3 52. Bxd3 52... Qxd3 $17) 49... Bc6 50. exd5
Bxd5 51. Ne4 Qc6 52. Ra1 52... Rf4 $1 (52... Bxe4 53. dxe4 53... Qxe4 54. Bc4)
53. Kh2 53... Rxe4 {the strongest continuation} 54. dxe4 Bxe4 55. Bf1 Bxg2 56.
Bxg2 56... Rf2 {Right to the end, this game demonstrates the importance of the
convergent lines. Here the Queen on the long diagonal and the Rooks on the
seventh rank converge on g2} 57. Qh1 e4 58. Qb1 Qd6+ 59. Kh1 Rxg2 0-1

[Event "England"]
[Site "It, Nottingham"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Botvinnik"]
[Black "Vidmar"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D60"]
[Annotator "19: Isolated Pawn"]
[PlyCount "47"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The strength of the isolated d-pawn} 1. c4 e6 2. Nf3 d5 3. d4 Nf6 4. Bg5 Be7
5. Nc3 O-O 6. e3 Nbd7 7. Bd3 c5 8. O-O cxd4 9. exd4 dxc4 10. Bxc4 10... Nb6 $2
{In accordance with the principle of controlling as quickly as possible the
square in front of the isolated pawn - in this case d5.} (10... a6 11. a4 11...
Nb6 {
White's weakened b4 square would have provided extra counterchances for Black})
11. Bb3 {It is very important to maintain the Bishop on this diagonal, as the
following play will make clear} 11... Bd7 12. Qd3 12... Nbd5 $2 {With this move
, admittedly Black occupies the vital d5 square; but at the same time he is
neglecting another important requirement - the need to simplify} (12... Nfd5 $1
13. Bc2 (13. Ne4 Ba4) 13... g6) 13. Ne5 Bc6 14. Rad1 {It is always difficult
to judge how to make the best use of the Rooks in a case like this. They could
be planted on the open file (c and e), but then the weakness of the d-pawn
stands out  Another placing would be c1 and d1; but the ideal arrangement is
that chosen by Botvinnik. It will soon become clear why the Rook is best left
at f1} 14... Nb4 {This merely drives the Queen to a better square} (14... Rc8
15. Nxc6 15... Rxc6 {Starting operations on the c-file}) (14... Qa5 15. -- Nxc3
16. bxc3 16... Ba4 {simplifying}) 15. Qh3 Bd5 16. Nxd5 16... Nbxd5 $2 {
After this move, the White attack breaks with full intensity} (16... Nfxd5 17.
Bc1 17... Rc8) 17. f4 $1 {Played at the right moment} 17... Rc8 (17... g6 18.
Bh6 Re8 19. Ba4 {trapping the Rook}) (17... Ne4 18. Nxf7 Rxf7 (18... Kxf7 19.
Rde1 $40) 19. Qxe6) 18. f5 exf5 19. Rxf5 {Now it is clear why the Rook stayed
on f1, and what an important duty awaited the Bishop on b3. The White pieces
now work together like components of a well-oiled machine} 19... Qd6 {
Giving his opponent the opportunity to force the game prettily} (19... Rc7 20.
Rdf1 a6 (20... Nb6 21. Qh4 Nbd5 22. Nxf7 Rxf7 23. Bxd5 Nxd5 24. Rxf7 Bxg5 25.
Qxg5 {Overloaded Queen} (25. Rf8+ Qxf8 26. Rxf8+ Kxf8 27. Qxg5)) 21. Nxf7 Rxf7
22. Bxd5 Nxd5 23. Rxf7 Bxg5 24. Qe6 $1 {Panov}) 20. Nxf7 $1 {Always this same
sacrifice. It is no accident that the offer is made on the square where the
lines of action of the Rooks and Bishop meet. In problem terminology, this is
a cutting-point, so we may describe this as a cutting-point combination} 20...
Rxf7 (20... Kxf7 21. Bxd5+) 21. Bxf6 Bxf6 (21... Nxf6 22. Rxf6 22... Bxf6 23.
Qxc8+) 22. Rxd5 Qc6 23. Rd6 $1 (23. Rc5 $2 23... Bxd4+) 23... Qe8 24. Rd7 1-0

[Event "It"]
[Site "Nottingham (England)"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Flohr"]
[Black "Vidmar"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D62"]
[Annotator "19: Isolated Pawn"]
[PlyCount "115"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The weakness of the Isolated d-pawn} 1. c4 e6 2. Nc3 d5 3. d4 Nf6 4. Bg5 Be7
5. e3 O-O 6. Nf3 Nbd7 7. Qc2 c5 8. cxd5 Nxd5 9. Bxe7 Qxe7 10. Nxd5 exd5 11. Bd3
g6 12. dxc5 Nxc5 13. O-O Bg4 14. Nd4 Rac8 15. Qd2 a6 16. Bc2 16... Qg5 {
A comparision with the previous example shows that the player fighting agains
the isolated d-pawn has already achieved two successes  1) He has occupied the
blockade square with a Knight  2) He has exchanged two pairs of minor pieces 
We shall now see to what extent White's advantage is capable ofexpansion} 17.
f3 {This weakens the e-pawn, but on the other hand it takes control of the e4
square. This square had the potential to form the basis of a Kingside attack
by the opponent} 17... Bd7 18. Rfe1 Rfd8 19. Rad1 Qf6 20. Bb3 20... Ba4 $1 {
Correct, Black gets rid of his bad Bishop} 21. Bxa4 Nxa4 22. Rc1 Nc5 23. Red1
Qb6 24. Ne2 {Beginning the direct attack on the weak d-pawn} 24... Nd7 {
With a counter-attack against the c-pawn} 25. Qd4 Qxd4 26. Nxd4 {Everything
ceeds according to plan. White has preserved his advantage into the endgame}
26... Ne5 27. b3 Kf8 28. Kf1 Rxc1 29. Rxc1 Nc6 30. Nxc6 {Although White has
been able to make things go just as he wished, it is still doubtful whether he
could have achieved more than a draw after Ke7. Now he has the opportunity to
transfrom one type of advantage into another} 30... Rc8 31. Rc5 {
Black had reckoned on recapturing with the Rook, but now finds this impractible
} 31... bxc6 {The Black d-pawn is no longer isolated, but instead Black is
saddled with an isolated a-pawn, together with a backward c-pawn. These two
handicaps between them are quite decisive} (31... Rxc6 32. Rxd5 Rc1+ 33. Ke2
Rc2+ 34. Rd2) 32. Ke2 32... Ke7 33. Kd3 Kd6 34. Ra5 Ra8 35. Kd4 f5 36. b4 Rb8
37. a3 Ra8 38. e4 fxe4 39. fxe4 dxe4 40. Kxe4 Ra7 41. Kf4 h6 42. h4 Ke6 43. Kg4
Ra8 44. h5 g5 45. g3 Ra7 46. Kf3 Ra8 47. Ke4 Ra7 48. Kd4 Kd6 49. Ke4 Ke6 50.
Re5+ Kd6 51. Re8 c5 52. Rd8+ Kc6 53. Rc8+ Kb6 54. Rxc5 Rh7 55. Re5 Kc6 56. Re6+
Kb5 57. Kf5 Rf7+ 58. Rf6 1-0

[Event "Munich"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1941.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Stoltz"]
[Black "Richter"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D40"]
[Annotator "19: Isolated Pawn"]
[PlyCount "63"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The significance of the third rank} 1. e4 d5 2. exd5 Nf6 3. c4 c6 4. d4 cxd5
5. Nc3 e6 6. Nf3 Be7 7. Bd3 O-O 8. O-O dxc4 9. Bxc4 Nc6 10. Be3 Bd7 11. Qe2 Nb4
12. Ne5 Nbd5 13. Bg5 Bc6 14. Rad1 h6 15. Bc1 Rc8 16. Bb3 Bb4 17. Rd3 {
This Rook protects the Nc3, but even more important, is standss ready to
cooperate strongly in a Kingsideattack} 17... Ne7 18. Rg3 $5 {
White offers too tempi in order to decoy the Black Knight to f5} 18... Nf5 19.
Rd3 19... Bd5 $2 (19... Nxd4 20. Qd1 20... Qc7 21. Nxf7 Nxb3 22. Nxh6+ gxh6 23.
Qxb3 $17) 20. Nxd5 Nxd5 21. Qe4 Be7 22. Ng6 $1 {
Overloaded pawn ... thematic Ne5 tactics} 22... Nf6 (22... fxg6 23. Qxe6+ Kh8
24. Bxd5) 23. Nxe7+ Qxe7 24. Qf3 Rfd8 (24... Nh4) (24... Nd6) 25. d5 $1 {
Thematic breakthrough} 25... Nh4 {Black should not be trying for advantage} (
25... Qd7 26. g4 Nh4 27. Qh3 Ng6 28. g5 hxg5 29. Bxg5 exd5 30. Qxd7 Rxd7 31.
Bxf6 gxf6 32. Rxd5 Rxd5 33. Bxd5 $11) 26. Qe3 $1 26... Nf5 27. Qh3 Qd7 28. g4
$1 28... Ne7 29. g5 hxg5 (29... Nfxd5 30. gxh6 30... Ng6 {Black's last chance})
30. dxe6 $3 {Zwinzenchung} 30... Qxd3 31. exf7+ Kf8 32. Qh8+ 1-0

[Event "Amsterdam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1954.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Szabo"]
[Black "Unzicker"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D42"]
[Annotator "19: Isolated Pawn"]
[PlyCount "76"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 d5 4. Nc3 c5 5. cxd5 Nxd5 6. e3 Nc6 7. Bd3 cxd4 8.
exd4 Be7 9. O-O O-O 10. Re1 Nf6 11. a3 b6 12. Bg5 Bb7 13. Bc2 Ba6 14. Qd2 Rc8
15. Qf4 $1 15... Re8 16. Rad1 16... h6 $2 {Another weakening} (16... g6 17. Qh4
Nd5 18. Nxd5 exd5 19. Rxe7 $2 {
Based on dark square tactic, but Black removes the f5 guard} 19... Nxe7 20. Bf6
20... Rxc2 21. Qh6 21... Nf5) 17. Bxf6 $1 17... Bxf6 18. d5 $1 {The possessor
an isolated d-pawn must be constantly on the lookout for the chance of this
breakthrough} 18... exd5 (18... Bxc3 19. dxc6) 19. Rxe8+ 19... Qxe8 20. Qf5 {
This is the real point. Black cannot now prevent the penetration at h7 since
the g-pawn is the only defence onBf6} 20... Bxc3 (20... Ne7 21. Qh7+ Kf8 22.
Qh8+ Ng8 23. Bh7 {followed by Re1}) (20... Kf8 21. Re1 Qd8 22. Nxd5 Bxb2 23.
Nf4 $1) 21. Qh7+ Kf8 22. bxc3 22... Ne5 $1 23. Nd4 $1 (23. Qh8+ Ke7 24. Qxe8+
Kxe8 25. Nxe5 25... Rxc3 $132) 23... Ng6 24. h4 $1 24... h5 (24... Qe5 25. h5
25... Qxh5 {Black can't defend the g7 square}) 25. Bf5 $1 25... Rxc3 26. Ne6+
$1 {By means of this pretty continuation, the Black King is now bereft of his
protecting pawns} 26... fxe6 27. Bxg6 Qc6 28. Qh8+ Ke7 29. Qxg7+ Kd6 30. Re1 $1
30... Bc8 (30... Rc1 31. Qf8+ Kc7 32. Qf4+) 31. Bxh5 Qc5 32. Bg4 Rc2 33. Qf6
Kc6 34. h5 $1 {Shortest way to a win} 34... Rc1 35. Rxc1 Qxc1+ 36. Kh2 Qxa3 37.
h6 Qd6+ 38. f4 Qc7 1-0

[Event "Zaandam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Stoltz"]
[Black "Thomas"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E57"]
[Annotator "19: Isolated Pawn"]
[PlyCount "63"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Strategic breakthrough with Pd5} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Nf3 c5 5. e3
Nc6 6. a3 cxd4 7. exd4 dxc4 8. Bxc4 Be7 9. O-O O-O 10. Re1 a6 11. Ba2 b5 12. d5
$1 {The strategic breakthrough on d5 is simply the result of the fact that the
owner of the isolated d-pawn has extra control of Black's blockade square at
d5. The result of the break is that the isolated pawn disappears, but also
that the advantages persist for a long time in the form of extra freedom of
maneuver} 12... exd5 13. Nxd5 Nxd5 14. Qxd5 14... Qd6 {
This costs two minor pieces for a Rook} (14... Bb7 15. Bg5 Bxg5 (15... Na5 16.
Qf5 Bxg5 17. Nxg5 g6 18. Nxf7 $1) 16. Nxg5 Qxd5 17. Bxd5 h6 18. Ne4) 15. Rxe7
$1 15... Qxe7 16. Qxc6 Bg4 17. Be3 Rac8 18. Qd5 Rfd8 19. Qg5 Qxg5 20. Nxg5 {
The rest just demonstrates how two minor pieces win against a Rook} 20... Rd7
21. f3 Bf5 22. g4 Bd3 23. Rd1 Rcd8 24. Bb6 Bc4 25. Rxd7 Rxd7 26. Bxc4 bxc4 27.
Ne4 f5 28. gxf5 Kf7 29. Ba5 Rd5 30. Bc3 h5 31. Kf2 Kg8 32. f6 1-0

[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1952.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Najdorf"]
[Black "Reshevsky"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D40"]
[Annotator "19: Isolated Pawn"]
[PlyCount "113"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The Black Kingside weakened} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e3 O-O 5. Bd3 c5
6. Nf3 d5 7. O-O Nc6 8. a3 dxc4 9. Bxc4 cxd4 10. exd4 Be7 11. Re1 b6 12. Bf4
Bb7 13. Ba2 13... Rc8 $2 (13... Nd5 {cut across White's plan of attack}) 14.
Qd3 (14. d5 exd5 15. Nxd5 Nxd5 16. Bxd5 16... Na5 $32 {
White has a slight pull in development}) 14... Qd7 15. Rad1 Nd5 16. Bb1 {
The right idea at the wrong moment} 16... g6 17. Bh6 Rfe8 18. Ne4 {Having force
d the weakening ... Pg6, White now begins to direct his pieces as the
resulting holes at h6 and f6. At the same time, as far as possible, he avoids
exchanging pieces} 18... Bf8 $2 {
Black wants to exchanges, but this is the Bishop needed} (18... Nf6) 19. Bxf8
Rxf8 20. Ne5 $1 20... Qe7 (20... Nxe5 21. dxe5 {White controls f6}) 21. Qg3
Rcd8 22. Ng5 $1 {The direct attack gets going} 22... Nf6 (22... -- 23. Nxh7
Kxh7 24. Nxg6 fxg6 25. Qxg6+ Kh8 26. Rd3) 23. Qh4 Nxe5 (23... -- 24. Nxc6 {
removing the guard} 24... Bxc6 25. Nxh7) 24. Rxe5 Qd6 25. Re3 Kg7 26. Rh3 Rh8 (
26... h5 27. Rg3 27... -- 28. Nxf7 Rxf7 29. Rxg6+) 27. Qh6+ Kg8 28. Ba2 $1 {
Having nothing more to achieve on the b1-h7 diagonal, the Bishop seeks fresh
fields} 28... Qf8 29. Qh4 Kg7 (29... Bd5 30. Bxd5 Rxd5 31. Rf3 $1 $16) 30. Bxe6
{fork tactic} 30... Bd5 31. Bxd5 Rxd5 32. Qh6+ Kg8 33. Qh4 Kg7 34. Qh6+ Kg8 35.
Qh4 Kg7 36. Nf3 Qd6 (36... b5) 37. Qh6+ Kg8 38. Re1 Qf8 39. Qf4 Nh5 40. Qc7 Kg7
41. Re7 $1 41... Kg8 42. Rh4 Rd8 43. g3 Nf6 44. Qe5 Nd7 45. Qe2 h6 46. Rhe4 Nf6
47. R4e6 $1 47... Nd5 48. Rxa7 Rh7 49. Rc6 f6 50. Qe6+ Kh8 51. Nh4 Rg7 52. Qg4
g5 53. Rxg7 Qxg7 54. Nf5 Qg6 55. Qe4 h5 56. Qe6 Qg8 57. Rxb6 {
removing the guard} 1-0

[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "????.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Fine"]
[Black "Stahlberg"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D62"]
[Annotator "19: Isolated Pawn"]
[PlyCount "105"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The effect of the advance e4} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Nf3 Be7 5. Bg5
Nbd7 6. e3 O-O 7. Qc2 c5 8. cxd5 cxd4 9. Nxd4 Nxd5 10. Bxe7 Qxe7 11. Nxd5 exd5
12. Bd3 12... Qb4+ {So as not to lose a tempo defending his h7 square} 13. Qd2
13... Ne5 {An interesting continuation which was used by Capablanca in one of
his games with Flohr} 14. Be2 (14. Qxb4 Nxd3+) 14... Qb6 {Following the rule
that the weakness of an isolated pawn is less serious in the middle game than
in an ending. This rule holds true only in so far as one's extra freedom fo
movement can be utilized in a Kingside attack. In the present game Black will
not be able to mount an assault on the King, so the text is faulty} (14...
Qxd2+ 15. Kxd2 {Debatable whether the advantage is sufficient for a win}) 15.
b3 Nc6 16. Rd1 {Obviously White is not going to allow his opponent to make the
pawn position symmetrical by exchanges on d4} 16... Be6 17. O-O Rac8 18. Qb2
18... Nxd4 {In order to double the Rooks on the c-file} 19. Rxd4 Rc5 20. Rfd1
Rfc8 21. R4d2 h6 22. Bf3 Qc6 23. h3 {In view of an eventual ... Rc1 by Black,
a flight square is necessary for the King} 23... Rc7 {Black is marking time,
but it soon appears that the Rook is not well placed at c7. It is very
difficult to find any freeing maneuver} (23... Rc2 24. Qd4 Rxd2 25. Rxd2 Rd8
26. e4) 24. Qe5 f6 25. Qf4 25... Rc8 {
Black parries this threat, but now danger comes from another quarter} (25... --
26. Bxd5 Bxd5 27. Rxd5 Rxd5 28. Rxd5 Qxd5 29. Qxc7) 26. e4 $1 {
Leading to a liquidation which is very much in white's favour} 26... dxe4 27.
Rd6 {The point.} 27... exf3 (27... Qe8 28. Qxe4 {Double attack}) 28. Rxc6 R8xc6
29. Qxf3 Rc1 30. Rxc1 Rxc1+ 31. Kh2 31... Rc6 {The technical problems posed by
this endgame are now solved by Fine in exemplary fashion} 32. Qf4 a6 33. Qb8+
Bc8 34. b4 $2 (34. a4) 34... Kh7 35. a4 f5 36. Qe5 Rf6 37. Qc7 Rc6 38. Qe7 Rg6
39. f3 Rc6 40. b5 axb5 41. axb5 Rc4 42. h4 Rc2 43. h5 Rc4 44. Qf7 Rc5 45. Kg3
Rc2 46. Qg6+ Kg8 47. Qe8+ Kh7 48. Kf4 Rc1 49. Qg6+ Kg8 50. Ke5 Bd7 51. Qb6 Bc8
52. Kd6 Kh7 53. Qd4 1-0

[Event "Moskva"]
[Site "Moskva"]
[Date "1935.??.??"]
[Round "13"]
[White "Flohr"]
[Black "Capablanca"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "D62"]
[Annotator "19: Isolated Pawn"]
[PlyCount "104"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The isolated d-pawn in the endgame} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Nf3 Nbd7
5. Bg5 Be7 6. e3 O-O 7. Qc2 c5 8. cxd5 Nxd5 9. Bxe7 Qxe7 10. Nxd5 exd5 11. Bd3
cxd4 12. Nxd4 Qb4+ 13. Qd2 Nc5 14. Bb5 Qxd2+ 15. Kxd2 a6 16. Bd3 Be6 17. Rac1 {
The fact there is only one fully open file means that White can force an
ending with a strong Knight against bad Bishop. It is precisely this ending
which is vital to understand for the conduct of an isolated d-pawngame} 17...
Rfc8 18. Rc2 Nxd3 19. Kxd3 Rxc2 20. Kxc2 Kf8 21. Kd2 Rc8 22. Rc1 Rxc1 23. Kxc1
Ke7 24. Kd2 Kd6 25. Kc3 {An important moment: White has the pawn position, and
moreover - or rather - the Knight is stronger than Black's Bishop. Is this
advantage sufficient for a win? This question must, provisionally, be answered
in the negative} 25... b6 26. f4 Bd7 27. Nf3 f6 28. Kd4 {White has achieved
his first objective - Kd4. His second aim - Nc3, attacking the isolated pawn -
follows without difficulty} 28... a5 29. Nd2 Bc8 30. Nb1 Be6 31. Nc3 Kc6 32. a3
h6 33. g3 {Rabinovitch put forward an interesting plan in the tournament book
- that White should try for Pf5 and Pg4 followed by transferring the Knight to
f4, threatening Ne6 or Nh5, according to circumstance} (33. g4 -- 34. f5 Bd7
35. Ne2 -- 36. Nf4 {Rabinovitch's plan}) 33... h5 34. b4 axb4 (34... -- 35. b5+
Kd6 36. f5 Bf7 (36... Bxf5 37. Nxd5 Bd7 38. a4) 37. Ne2 {White gains advantage}
) 35. axb4 Kd6 36. b5 g6 37. Na4 Kc7 38. Nc3 Kd6 39. f5 gxf5 (39... Bxf5 40.
Nxd5 Bd7 41. Nxb6 Bxb5 42. Nd5 {winning a pawn}) 40. Ne2 Bd7 41. Nf4 Be8 42.
Nxd5 Bxb5 43. Nxb6 {The isolated pawn has disappeared and White still has a
slight pull, but not a winning one} 43... Bc6 44. Nc4+ Ke6 45. Nb2 Bb5 46. Nd1
Be2 47. Nf2 Bf1 48. Nd3 Bxd3 49. Kxd3 Ke5 50. Ke2 Ke4 51. h3 Kd5 52. Kf3 Ke5
1/2-1/2

[Event "Vevey"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1953.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "Schumacher"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "19: Isolated Pawn"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "2b3k1/5ppp/pp3n2/3p4/1P1N4/3BP3/P4PPP/6K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "61"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Another example of the isolated pawn in the endgame} 1. f3 {Not only avoiding
any unpleasanteness which might arise from Black's Knight coming to the e4 or
g4 square, but also facilitating an eventual e4} 1... g6 {
The same idea; Black avoids having his f5 square invaded by a Knight or Bishop}
2. Kf2 2... Bb7 $2 {This is not the best. The prime essential was to begin to
centralize the King by ... Kf8} (2... Kf8) 3. Nb3 3... Ne8 $2 (3... Nd7 4. a4
Ne5 5. Ke2 Nc6 6. b5 axb5 7. axb5 Ne5) 4. a4 $1 4... Nc7 5. a5 {This way White
ensues that at least one Black pawn will be fixed on the same colour squares
as the Bishop} 5... b5 (5... bxa5 6. Nxa5 Bc8 7. Ke2 Kf8 8. Kd2 Ke7 9. Kc3 Kd6
10. h4 $1 {White still has possibilities on both sides of the board, but still
nothing clearly decisive}) 6. Nc5 Bc8 7. Ke2 Ne6 (7... Kf8 8. Kd2 Ke7 9. Kc3
Kd6 10. Kd4 Ne6+ 11. Nxe6 Bxe6 (11... fxe6 12. f4 $1 12... Bb7 13. e4 Bc8 14.
exd5 exd5 15. Be2 Bb7 16. Bf3 Bc6 17. g4 Bb7 18. f5 {
Second weakness .. outside passed pawn}) 12. e4 $1 12... dxe4 13. Bxe4 13...
Bc8 14. g4 $1 {Black must give way and lose}) 8. Nxe6 fxe6 9. e4 $1 (9. f4 Kf7
10. Kd2 Ke7 11. Kc3 11... e5 $11) 9... Bb7 (9... d4 10. e5) (9... dxe4 10. Bxe4
Kf7 11. Ke3 e5 12. Bd5+ Ke7 13. Ke4 Kd6 14. g4 $22) 10. Ke3 Kf7 11. Kd4 Kf6 12.
e5+ Ke7 13. Kc5 Kf7 14. Kb6 Bc8 15. h4 Ke7 16. Kc7 Bd7 17. Kb7 Kd8 18. Kxa6 Kc7
19. Bxb5 h6 20. Bxd7 Kxd7 21. Kb5 Kc7 22. Kc5 Kb7 23. b5 Kb8 24. b6 Kb7 25. Kb5
Kb8 26. a6 Ka8 27. Kc6 d4 28. Kc7 d3 29. b7+ Ka7 30. b8=Q+ Kxa6 31. Qb6# 1-0

[Event "Beverwijk"]
[Site "Moskva"]
[Date "1952.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Euwe"]
[Black "Fuster"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "D62"]
[Annotator "19: Isolated Pawn"]
[PlyCount "89"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The isolated d-pawn against the isolated c-pawn} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 dxc4 3. e3 Nf6
4. Bxc4 e6 5. Nf3 c5 6. O-O cxd4 7. exd4 Be7 8. Qe2 O-O 9. Nc3 Nbd7 10. Bg5 Nb6
11. Bb3 Bd7 12. Rad1 Bc6 13. Ne5 13... Nfd5 $2 14. Nxc6 bxc6 15. Bc1 {
Black was wrong to allow himself to be saddled with the isolated c-pawn which
will prove weaker than the White d-pawn. White, with his greater freedom of
movement, will now have chances of a Kingside attack. He already threatens Rd3
and Black finds it essential to bring reinforcements across to the King'swing}
15... Nd7 16. Rd3 Nxc3 17. Rxc3 $1 {It is important to keep the c-file open,
and Black would therefore have done better to make the exchange one move
earlier} 17... Rc8 18. Be3 18... Bg5 {Black breaks up White's Bishop pair} (
18... Qa5 {Attempting to dissolve the IQP} 19. Rfc1 c5 20. Qc2 {
Winning the pawn}) 19. Rfc1 Bxe3 20. fxe3 Nb8 21. Bc2 {To put another attack
on the c-pawn by Be4. Moreover, White has Qh5 in hand, so that Black still has
to reckon with the possibility of Kingside trouble in the future} 21... Qd6 22.
Be4 22... f5 23. Bf3 23... e5 {bid for freedom} 24. Qc4+ (24. dxe5 Qxe5 25.
Bxc6 Nxc6 26. Rxc6 Rxc6 27. Rxc6 27... f4 $132) 24... Kh8 25. Qc5 $1 {
The refutation} 25... Qxc5 26. Rxc5 exd4 (26... e4 27. Bd1 27... Rcd8 28. Ba4)
27. exd4 {White's d-pawn is again isolated, but in view of the threat Pd5, it
is now anything but weak} 27... Rcd8 28. R1c4 g6 (28... Rf6 29. Bxc6 Nxc6 30.
Rxc6 Rxc6 31. Rxc6 Rxd4 32. Rc8+) 29. Bxc6 Nxc6 30. Rxc6 Rd7 31. Rc7 Rfd8 32.
Rxd7 Rxd7 33. Kf2 Kg7 34. Ke3 Kf6 35. b4 Rd6 36. b5 Re6+ 37. Kd3 Re1 38. Rc7
Rg1 39. Rxa7 Rxg2 40. a4 Rxh2 41. b6 Rb2 42. a5 f4 43. Rxh7 g5 44. b7 f3 45. a6
1/2-1/2

[Event "Berlin"]
[Site "Berlin"]
[Date "1928.??.??"]
[Round "5"]
[White "Capablanca"]
[Black "Rubinstein"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D02"]
[Annotator "19: Isolated Pawn"]
[PlyCount "87"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Isolated d-pawn on the 5th rank} 1. d4 (1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nd2 c5 4. exd5
exd5 5. Ngf3 Nc6 6. dxc5 Bxc5 7. Bb5 Nge7 8. O-O O-O 9. Nb3) 1... d5 2. Nf3 c5
3. dxc5 e6 4. e4 Bxc5 5. exd5 exd5 6. Bb5+ Nc6 7. O-O Nge7 8. Nbd2 O-O 9. Nb3
Bb6 10. Re1 Bg4 11. Bd3 Ng6 12. h3 Bxf3 13. Qxf3 Nce5 14. Qf5 Nxd3 15. Qxd3 {
Such positions arise mostly from the French Tarrasch. A comparison with the
positions dealt with so far shows that the difference consists in the fact
that White has an unmoved c-pawn on e3. The advantage from White's point of
view s that the e-file is open; the disadvantage is that the f2 square is
vulnerbale.   A vital decision confronts Black: whether or not to push his
d-pawn to the fourth rank. Generally this is good policy; leading to greater
freedom of movement.} 15... d4 $2 {Here the advance only makes things more
difficult for Black. At d4 the pressure, which has the effect of reducing
Black's Bihops to a second rate piece. Another great handicap for Black is
that her cannot - or at any rate can only with great difficulty - get control
of the blockade square d3} (15... Qf6 16. Rf1 16... Rad8 {
Black's pieces are actively placed}) 16. Bd2 Qf6 17. Re4 $1 17... Rad8 (17...
Ne5 18. Qg3 Rfe8 19. Rae1) 18. Rae1 Qc6 19. g3 Rfe8 20. Ba5 $1 {
Begins the direct attack on the isolated pawn} 20... Rxe4 (20... -- 21. Bxb6
axb6 22. Rxe8+ Rxe8 23. Rxe8+ Qxe8 24. Qxd4) 21. Qxe4 Nf8 (21... Qxe4 22. Rxe4
Bxa5 23. Nxa5 {Capablanca}) 22. Qxc6 bxc6 23. Re7 23... Rd5 $2 {
Leaves Black in a throroughly passive state} (23... -- 24. Rxa7 Bxa7 25. Bxd8)
(23... d3 24. cxd3 (24. Rxa7 {to keep any winning chances} 24... Bxa7 25. Bxd8
dxc2 26. Bg5 $1 26... Ne6 27. Bc1) 24... Rxd3 25. Bxb6 axb6 26. Rb7 b5 27. Rc7
Rd1+ 28. Kg2 28... Rb1 $11) 24. Bxb6 axb6 25. Rb7 25... Nd7 {Now White has a
clear endgame advantage which he converted in the following instructive way}
26. Rc7 {Picking on the pawn weaknesses} 26... Rd6 27. Rc8+ Nf8 28. Nd2 c5 29.
Nc4 29... Re6 30. Rb8 30... Re1+ 31. Kg2 g5 32. a4 Ra1 33. Nxb6 Kg7 34. Rc8
34... Ne6 35. Nd7 Rxa4 36. Nxc5 Rb4 37. Nd3 Rb5 38. Kf3 h6 39. b4 h5 40. g4
hxg4+ 41. hxg4 f6 42. Rc4 42... Kf7 43. Nc5 43... Nd8 44. Nb3 1-0

[Event "Hastings"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Fine"]
[Black "Vidmar"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "D34"]
[Annotator "19: Isolated Pawn"]
[PlyCount "107"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Isolated d-pawn on the 5th rank} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 c5 4. cxd5 exd5 5.
g3 Nc6 6. Nc3 Nf6 7. Bg2 Be7 8. O-O O-O 9. dxc5 d4 10. Na4 10... Bf5 {
A well known form of the Tarrasch Defence in which, by menas of a pawn
sacrifice, Black has pushed his isolated pawn to the fourth rank. According to
Tarrasch, Black's space advantage is ample compensation for the lostpawn} 11.
Nh4 (11. Bf4) (11. a3 Ne4 12. b4 Nc3 13. Nxc3 dxc3 14. Qxd8 Raxd8 15. Bg5 Bxg5
16. Nxg5 16... Nd4 $132) 11... Bg4 12. a3 Nd5 13. Qb3 13... Be6 $1 {
White can't take the b-pawn} 14. Nf5 $1 (14. Qxb7 Na5 15. Qa6 Nb3 16. Rb1 Bxh4)
14... Nb6 $1 15. Nxe7+ Qxe7 16. Qd1 Nxa4 17. Qxa4 17... Qxc5 {Black has recover
ed his pawn and stands well. Black also has a good bishop unlike the previous
game} 18. Bf4 Qb6 19. b4 Bc4 20. Qc2 Qa6 21. Rfe1 Rfe8 22. Be4 h6 23. Bh7+ Kh8
24. Bd3 Bxd3 25. Qxd3 Qxd3 26. exd3 26... a6 {The pressure which black exerts
on the open e-file is almost bound to give rise to this sort of endgame. It
would be going too far for us to discuss it in any detail; suffice it to say
that Black's position is certainly not inferior.} 27. Kf1 Kg8 28. Rac1 f6 29.
Bc7 Kf7 30. Re4 g5 31. Rc5 Rxe4 32. dxe4 Re8 33. f3 33... Re7 $1 34. Bb6 g4 35.
fxg4 Rxe4 36. Rc4 Rxg4 37. a4 Rg5 38. Ke2 Rd5 39. Rc5 39... d3+ $2 40. Kd2 Rd7
41. b5 axb5 42. axb5 Nd4 43. Rc7 43... Rxc7 $2 (43... Nf3+ 44. Ke3 Rxc7 45.
Bxc7 d2 46. Ke2 h5) 44. Bxc7 Nxb5 45. Bf4 h5 46. Kxd3 Ke6 47. h3 f5 48. Kc4
Nd6+ 49. Kc5 Nc8 50. Bb8 Kd7 51. Bf4 Ne7 52. Bg5 Nc6 53. Kd5 b5 54. Bd2 1/2-1/2

[Event "Carlsbad"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "????.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Bernstein"]
[Black "Teichmann"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[Annotator "20: Hanging Pawns"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r4rk1/p3qppp/Q4n2/2pp4/8/2R1PN2/PP3PPP/5RK1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "44"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Hanging pawns on the defensive  Most minor pieces have gone, and the weakness
of the hanging pawns become a serious matter. White now tries to lure them
forward} 1. Qa3 1... Ne4 {
Guards the c-pawn, but now the d-pawn has been weakened} 2. Rd3 2... Rfd8 3.
Rfd1 Qe6 4. Nd2 Qb6 5. Nf1 $2 (5. Nxe4 dxe4 6. Qxa7 $3 {Whits wins in all
variations. The incredible shot Qxa7, unnoticed for 75 years in numerous
publications of this game, was discovered by New Orleans Master Jude Acers})
5... Nf6 6. Ng3 Rac8 7. h3 h6 8. Ne2 Rd7 9. Nc3 Qe6 10. Qa5 10... d4 $1 {
The fighter agains the hanging pawns must always reckon with this advance. Now
we come to the situation of an isolated d-pawn on the fourth rank. The
difference here is that is also a passedpawn} 11. exd4 cxd4 12. Nb5 12... Qf5
$1 13. Qa4 13... Rc1 $1 14. Rxc1 (14. -- Qxd3) (14. Rxd4 Rxd1+ 15. Rxd1 Rxd1+
16. Qxd1 Qxb5) 14... Qxd3 15. Rc8+ Kh7 16. Qc2 Qxc2 17. Rxc2 d3 18. Rd2 Ne4 19.
Rd1 Rb7 20. Nc3 Nxc3 21. bxc3 Rb2 22. Rxd3 Rxa2 1/2-1/2

[Event "Neuhausen"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1953.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Euwe"]
[Black "Reshevsky"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "E28"]
[Annotator "20: Hanging Pawns"]
[PlyCount "78"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e3 c5 5. Bd3 O-O 6. a3 Bxc3+ 7. bxc3 b6 8. Ne2
Bb7 9. O-O d6 10. Qc2 d5 11. cxd5 Qxd5 12. Nf4 Qc6 13. c4 cxd4 14. exd4 Nbd7
15. Bb2 Rfe8 16. Rfe1 Rac8 17. Rac1 17... Nf8 18. Bf1 {In view of Blak'cs
threat ... Ng6, White must do something about the impending mate at g2} (18. f3
Ng6 19. Nxg6 hxg6 20. Qf2) 18... Ng6 19. Nxg6 $2 {
Now White will be on the defensive} (19. Nd3 $1 19... b5 20. Nc5 {
better propsects}) 19... hxg6 20. Re3 20... Red8 21. Qe2 {
White must leave the c-file in view of Black's threatened ... Pb5} 21... Qd6
22. Rh3 22... Qf4 $1 {Showing how vital are the vacant central squares} 23. Rd1
Ba6 24. Rf3 Qe4 25. Re3 Qg4 26. f3 Qf4 27. g3 {White succeeds in controlling
the vacant central squares at the cost of weakening his King position} 27...
Qh6 28. Rc3 Qg5 29. Qf2 Rd7 30. Rdc1 Rdc7 31. R1c2 31... Qa5 32. Bc1 $2 {
A serious mistake} (32. Rc1 {
A passive procedure, but a policy by which he might have been able to survive})
32... Nd5 {pint tactic} 33. cxd5 Rxc3 34. Rxc3 Qxc3 (34... Rxc3 35. Bd2) 35.
Bb2 Qb3 36. Bxa6 Rc2 37. d6 Rxf2 38. d7 Qd5 39. Kxf2 Qxd7 0-1

[Event "17"]
[Site "Moskva ch-SU  (13.12.51)"]
[Date "1951.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Keres"]
[Black "Taimanov"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A17"]
[Annotator "20: Hanging Pawns"]
[PlyCount "73"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. c4 Nf6 2. Nf3 e6 3. Nc3 d5 4. e3 Be7 5. b3 O-O 6. Bb2 b6 7. d4 Bb7 8. Bd3
dxc4 9. bxc4 c5 10. O-O cxd4 11. exd4 Nc6 12. Qe2 {The Queen stands best here,
not only protecting the c-pawn, but also taking part in all sorts of tactical
twists on the Kingside} 12... Re8 (12... Nxd4 13. Nxd4 Qxd4 14. Nd5 Qc5 15.
Bxf6 $1 15... Bxf6 (15... gxf6 16. Qg4+ Kh8 17. Qh4) 16. Qe4) 13. Rfd1 Rc8 14.
Rac1 14... Qd6 {Heading for the vacant central square at f4.} (14... Bd6 15.
Ne4 Nxe4 16. Qxe4 f5 17. Qe2 17... Bf4 {
The Bishop would take over the duty instead of the Queen}) 15. Bb1 Qf4 16. d5
$1 {The flood gates open ... this move is associated with opening the a1-h8
diagonal} 16... exd5 17. cxd5 Nb8 (17... Ba3 18. dxc6 Rxe2 19. cxb7 $1) 18. Rd4
18... Qd6 {The Queen takes on the role of blockader - a task for which she is
by no means the ideal piece} 19. Rcd1 Bf8 20. Ne4 Nxe4 21. Rxe4 Rxe4 22. Qxe4
22... Qh6 23. Ng5 $1 23... Bd6 (23... g6 24. Nxf7 Kxf7 25. Qe6#) 24. h4 {
White is not going to be satisfied with the win of a pawn, but quite rightly
expects to get more out of theposition} 24... Nd7 25. Qf5 $1 25... Nf6 26. Bxf6
gxf6 27. Nxf7 $1 27... Qc1 (27... Kxf7 28. Qd7+) 28. Qxh7+ Kf8 29. Nxd6 Qxd1+
30. Kh2 Qxd5 31. Nxb7 Qe5+ 32. g3 Rc7 33. Qh8+ Kf7 34. h5 $1 34... Rxb7 35.
Qh7+ Ke6 36. Qxb7 Qxh5+ 37. Kg2 1-0

[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1942.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "Van der Tol"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D31"]
[Annotator "20: Hanging Pawns"]
[PlyCount "85"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The effect of Pd5 played later} 1. c4 e6 2. Nc3 d5 3. d4 Bb4 4. a3 Bxc3+ 5.
bxc3 Nf6 6. e3 O-O 7. cxd5 Qxd5 8. c4 Qd6 9. Nf3 c5 10. Be2 Nc6 11. Bb2 cxd4
12. exd4 Rd8 13. Qc2 b6 14. O-O Bb7 15. Rfd1 {
The ideal arrangement for White would be Rad1, Bd3 and Qe2} (15. Bd3 Nxd4 16.
Nxd4 (16. Bxd4 Bxf3 17. Bxf6 Qxd3) 16... e5) (15. Rad1 Rac8 16. Bd3 16... Na5
$1 17. Qe2 Bxf3 18. Qxf3 18... Nxc4 $17) 15... Qf4 (15... Rac8 16. Bc3 {
to stop ... Na5}) 16. Bd3 Rac8 17. Qe2 Na5 18. Nd2 {Now White has made his
hanging pawns secure, and can set about building hs own ideal position} (18.
Ne5 Nb3) 18... Rd7 19. Re1 Rcd8 (19... Rdc7 $2 20. d5) 20. Rad1 {
Now White has the position he wanted} 20... Bc6 21. Bc2 Nb7 22. Nf1 Nd6 23. Ng3
Qh4 24. d5 $1 {Yet agains the same breakthrough. This combination is based on
the bad position of the Black Queen, and the possibility of a mate on the back
rank} 24... exd5 25. Rd4 $1 25... Nde4 (25... Qg5 26. Bc1) (25... Qh6 26. Bc1
g5 27. h4 $1 {pin tactic}) (25... Nfe4 26. f3 Nxg3 27. hxg3 Qf6 (27... Qxg3 28.
Rg4 {trapped piece}) 28. Rg4 $1 28... Qxb2 29. Bxh7+) 26. Bxe4 dxe4 (26... Nxe4
27. f3 Nxg3 28. Qe8+ $1) 27. Nf5 {
threatening not only Nxf4 but Ne7+ (back rank)} 27... Rxd4 28. Bxd4 (28. Nxh4
28... Rd2 {suit Black fine}) 28... Qh5 29. Ne7+ Kf8 30. Qxh5 $1 (30. Nxc6 Qxe2
31. Rxe2 Rd6 32. Bxf6 $2 32... Rd1+) 30... Nxh5 31. Nxc6 Rd6 32. g4 $1 {
This is the point: Black can't recover the piece} 32... Nf4 33. Be5 Rxc6 34.
Bxf4 Rxc4 35. Rc1 Ra4 36. Rc7 Ke8 37. Bd6 Rd4 38. Be5 Ra4 39. Bb2 b5 40. Kf1 a5
41. Rb7 b4 42. axb4 axb4 43. Bxg7 1-0

[Event "Karlsbad"]
[Site "Karlsbad"]
[Date "1907.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Rubinstein"]
[Black "Nimzowitsch"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D32"]
[Annotator "20: Hanging Pawns"]
[PlyCount "88"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Blockaded security by means of the advance ... Pc5} 1. d4 d5 2. Nf3 e6 3. c4
c5 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Nc3 Nc6 6. Bf4 cxd4 7. Nxd4 Bb4 8. e3 Nf6 9. Nxc6 bxc6 10.
Bd3 O-O 11. O-O Bd6 12. Bg3 Bxg3 13. hxg3 c5 14. Rc1 Be6 15. Qa4 (15. e4 d4 16.
Na4 Bxa2 17. Nxc5 {Marco}) 15... Qb6 16. Qa3 16... c4 $1 17. Be2 a5 18. Rfd1
Qb4 19. Rd4 Rfd8 (19... Qxa3 20. bxa3 {
White would either win the b-pawn or get control of the b-file} 20... Rab8 21.
Bf3 Rfd8 22. Rcd1) 20. Rcd1 Rd7 21. Bf3 Rad8 22. Nb1 $2 {The game was
approaching a state of deadlock, this move partially relaxes the pressure on
Black's d-pawn, gives Black his opportunity of bringing the White b-pawn under
fire in return} (22. Kf1 {waiting policy}) 22... Rb8 $1 23. R1d2 23... Qxa3 $1
(23... Rdb7 24. Qc3 Qxc3 25. Nxc3 Rxb2 26. Rxb2 Rxb2 27. Bxd5 Nxd5 28. Nxd5
Rxa2 29. Rxc4 {White has saved himself (Nimzowitsch)}) 24. Nxa3 Kf8 (24... Rdb7
25. Nxc4 {back rank}) 25. e4 {Virtually forced, else the b-pawn falls} 25...
dxe4 26. Rxd7 Nxd7 27. Bxe4 Nc5 28. Rd4 (28. Bc6 $1 28... Rb4 29. Bd5 Na4 30.
Bxe6 fxe6 31. Rd8+ Ke7 32. Ra8 $11) 28... Nxe4 29. Rxe4 Rxb2 30. Nxc4 Rb4 31.
Nd6 Rxe4 32. Nxe4 32... Bxa2 {And Black clinched the win as follows} 33. Nc3
Bc4 34. f4 Ke7 35. Kf2 Kd6 36. Ke3 Kc5 37. g4 Kb4 38. Kd4 Bb3 39. g5 a4 40. Nb1
Be6 41. g3 Kb3 42. Nc3 a3 43. Kd3 g6 44. Kd4 44... Kc2 $22 0-1

[Event "ct"]
[Site "Zurich"]
[Date "1953.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Szabo"]
[Black "Petrosian"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D58"]
[Annotator "20: Hanging Pawns"]
[PlyCount "78"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{How White can maintain the initiative against Black's blockaded security} 1.
d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Bg5 Be7 5. e3 O-O 6. Nf3 h6 7. Bh4 b6 8. Bd3 Bb7
9. O-O Nbd7 10. Rc1 c5 11. Qe2 a6 12. cxd5 exd5 13. dxc5 bxc5 14. Rfd1 Re8 15.
Bc2 {The bishop is going to b3, virtually forcing Black to play c4 and accept
what Nimzowitsch called a blockaded security. The only question is whether
this security is really secure} 15... Qb6 16. Bb3 c4 17. Ba4 Bc6 18. Bxc6 Qxc6
19. b3 {This is the normal way of attacking the hanging pawns} (19. Nd4) 19...
Rac8 20. Na4 $2 {
Beating the air; this only induces the Black Queen to improve her position} (
20. bxc4 20... dxc4 21. Nd4) 20... Qb5 21. Nc3 Qa5 22. Bxf6 {This exchange
suits White's strategy, relieving him from the necessity of constantly
watching the threat ... Nc5-d3} 22... Nxf6 23. bxc4 23... dxc4 {Black's hanging
pawns have now disappeared, and he is left instead with an isolated, but
passed c-pawn. This pawn may be either strong or weak. There is no general
rule about this, for even the slight modification of the position may alter
the result completely. In the present case, the pawn is weak, and White could
win it in several ways} (23... Rxc4 24. Nxd5 $1 {In between move tactic}) 24.
Nd2 $2 {This is not the way to go about it} (24. Rd4 24... Bb4 25. Rxc4 Bxc3
26. R1xc3 Qxc3 27. Rxc3 27... Rxc3 {Black has little to fear. With two Rooks
against a Queen and pawn, he can face the future with equanimity}) 24... Rc6
25. Nxc4 $2 {A decisive mistake: White now gets into a deadly pin} 25... Qc7
26. Na4 Rc8 27. Rd4 (27. Nab2 27... Ba3 {removing the guard}) (27. Nab6 Rxb6
28. Nxb6 Qxc1 29. Nxc8 Qxc8 30. e4 {drawing chances}) 27... Ne8 28. e4 Bf6 29.
e5 Bxe5 30. Re4 30... Nf6 $1 {the point} 31. Nab6 (31. Rxe5 Rxc4 32. Rxc4 Qxc4
33. Qd1 33... Qxa4 $1 34. Qxa4 Rc1+) 31... Rxb6 32. Rxe5 Rc6 (32... Qxc4 33.
Rxc4 33... Rb1+ $19) 33. Re7 Rxc4 34. Re1 Qc6 35. h3 Rc1 36. Rxc1 Qxc1+ 37. Kh2
Qc4 38. Qf3 Qxa2 39. Ra7 Qd5 0-1

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1940.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Makagonov"]
[Black "Stolberg"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "D59"]
[Annotator "20: Hanging Pawns"]
[PlyCount "106"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Direct attack on the hanging pawns by Pe4} 1. d4 e6 2. c4 Nf6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Bg5
Be7 5. e3 h6 6. Bh4 O-O 7. Nf3 b6 8. cxd5 Nxd5 9. Bxe7 Qxe7 10. Nxd5 exd5 11.
Rc1 Be6 12. Bd3 c5 13. dxc5 bxc5 14. O-O Nd7 15. e4 $1 {
A very important stroke which transforms the whole picture of the battle} 15...
dxe4 (15... d4 16. Nd2 {It is clear White has many advantages:  1) Hanging
pawns are blocked and vulnerable  2) White is firmly in control of the vital
c4 square  3) White' Kingside majority is mobile and likely to be a decisive
weapon  On the other hand, it would not be correct to suppose Black is
entirely without counterplay. With the open b-file at his disposal, he could
force White to play Pb3, after which he could set White some problems by
advancing his a-pawn}) 16. Bxe4 Rad8 17. Re1 $2 {
Now Black can alwas exchange the dangerous Bishop} (17. Qc2) 17... Nf6 18. Qc2
Nxe4 19. Rxe4 Rd5 20. h3 20... Rfd8 {In compensation for his weak a-pawn and
c-pawn, Black has control of the open d-file} 21. Re5 Rxe5 22. Nxe5 Qg5 23. Nf3
Qf4 24. Qc3 (24. Qxc5 Bxh3 25. -- Bxg2 26. Kxg2 Qg4+) 24... c4 {
The weak pawn turns out to be strong} 25. Qe3 Qxe3 26. fxe3 Rb8 27. Rc2 Bf5 28.
Rxc4 (28. Rd2 Bb1 29. a3 29... Rb3 {Black has the initiative}) 28... Rxb2 29.
Ra4 29... Rb7 {Chances arae equal} 30. a3 Kf8 31. Nd4 Bd7 32. Ra5 Ke7 33. Kf2
g6 34. g4 Rc7 35. Kg3 Kd6 36. h4 Ke7 37. h5 g5 38. Ra6 f6 39. Nf5+ Bxf5 40.
gxf5 Rb7 41. a4 Kf7 42. a5 Re7 43. Kf3 Kg7 44. e4 Kf7 45. Rc6 g4+ 46. Ke3 g3
47. Rc4 Ke8 48. Kf3 Rg7 49. Kg2 Kd7 50. Rc3 Rg4 51. Rxg3 Rxe4 52. Rg7+ Kd6 53.
Rxa7 Ra4 1/2-1/2

[Event "Mar del Plata"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1953.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Ojanen"]
[Black "Trifunovic"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "E51"]
[Annotator "20: Hanging Pawns"]
[PlyCount "64"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The less familiar but nevertheless dangerous flank attack on the hanging
pawns by ... Pb5} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e3 O-O 5. Nf3 d5 6. a3 Bxc3+
7. bxc3 c5 8. cxd5 Nxd5 9. c4 Nf6 10. Qc2 cxd4 11. exd4 11... Bd7 $1 12. Be2
12... b5 {This strong flank attack is possible, thanks to the fact that White
is uncastled} 13. c5 {If White had allowed this pawn to be captured at c4, he
would have been left with an isolated d-pawn. The consequences of the move
actually played are even more serious, for he now gets all disadvantages which
we know are associated with "blockaded security", but not its advantages. The
usual advantage lies in the possiblity of an attack on the b-pawn, but in the
present case, with a pawn at b7, but already on b5, this simply doesn't arise}
(13. cxb5 Bxb5 14. Bxb5 Qa5+) 13... Bc6 14. O-O 14... Be4 {
Occupying a vital "vacant central square"} 15. Qc3 (15. Qb3 Nc6 (15... a6) 16.
Qxb5 Bxf3 17. Bxf3 Nxd4 18. Qd3 Nxf3+ 19. Qxf3 Qd5) 15... Nc6 16. Be3 (16. --
Bxf3 17. Bxf3 17... Nxd4 18. Bxa8 18... Ne2+) (16. Bxb5 Bxf3 17. Qxf3 Nxd4 18.
Qd3 Nxb5 19. Qxb5 19... Qc7 {
the weakness of the white c-pawn will be a serious liability}) 16... Nd5 17.
Qc1 Rb8 18. Ne5 Qc7 19. Nxc6 Qxc6 20. Bd2 $2 (20. f3 Bg6 (20... Nxe3 21. Qxe3
21... Bd5 {Black's twofold advantage consists of the weakness of the White
d-pawn and his ability to create a passed pawn on the extreme Queen's wing}))
20... Bxg2 $1 21. Re1 (21. Kxg2 Ne3+ 22. Kg3 Qg2+ 23. Kh4 Nf5+ 24. Kh5 g6#)
21... Ne7 22. Bf4 Rb7 23. Bd6 Bd5 24. Qc3 Rc8 25. Bxe7 Rxe7 26. Reb1 26... e5
$1 27. Bxb5 Qg6+ 28. Qg3 28... Qe4 29. f3 Qxd4+ 30. Qf2 Qxf2+ 31. Kxf2 Rxc5 32.
Bd3 g6 0-1

[Event "07"]
[Site "Saltsjobaden izt  ,IZT"]
[Date "1952.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Eliskases"]
[Black "Vaitonis"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D60"]
[Annotator "20: Hanging Pawns"]
[PlyCount "65"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{If White had already pushed his f-pawn two square, Black's pla against the
hanging pawns is very much hampered} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 d5 4. Nc3 Be7 5.
Bg5 Nbd7 6. e3 O-O 7. Bd3 dxc4 8. Bxc4 c5 9. O-O Nb6 10. Bb3 cxd4 11. exd4 Nfd5
12. Qd2 Bxg5 13. Nxg5 Nxc3 14. bxc3 Nd5 15. f4 h6 16. Nf3 Bd7 17. Ne5 Nf6 18.
Rae1 18... Bc6 19. f5 $1 {Before playing Pc4, White first opens the f-file.
This has to be done promptly, for Black was on the point of occupying a vacant
central square with ... Be4} 19... Bd5 20. c4 Be4 21. fxe6 fxe6 22. Rf4 Bh7 23.
c5 $1 {Evidently this advance (blocaded security once more!) has a rather
different significance here from that of the previous game. Here it heralds a
direct attack by White} 23... Nd5 24. Rxf8+ Qxf8 25. Rf1 Qe8 26. Rf7 Qb5 27.
Qf2 Qb4 28. h4 (28. Rd7 {Tournament book} 28... Rf8 29. Rxd5 $3 29... Rxf2 30.
Rd8+ Rf8 31. Bxe6+ Kh8 32. Nf7+ Kg8 33. Ng5+ Kh8 34. Rxf8+ Bg8 35. Rxg8#) 28...
Be4 29. Kh2 Kh8 30. h5 Rg8 31. Bc2 $1 {
revealing the point behind White's last few moves} 31... Nf6 (31... Bxc2 32.
Qxc2 Re8 33. Rxg7) 32. Rxf6 Qxd4 33. Qxd4 1-0

[Event "New Orleans-Wch"]
[Site "New Orleans-Wch"]
[Date "1927.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Nimzowitsch"]
[Black "Vidmar"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "B22"]
[Annotator "20: Hanging Pawns"]
[PlyCount "65"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Assault by the a-pawn; a defensive idea put forward by Nimzowitsch, and
elucidated in this game  } 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 e6 3. c3 Nf6 4. e5 Nd5 5. d4 cxd4 6.
cxd4 Be7 7. Nc3 Nxc3 8. bxc3 d5 9. exd6 Qxd6 10. Be2 O-O 11. O-O Nd7 12. a4 {
In the patent Nimzowitsch style. He gets in Pa4 now, anticpating that sooner
or later Black will have to play ... Pb6. There is an incidental threat of Ba3.
Another important Nimzowitsch dogma was that the Bishop should sustain the
hanging pawns from e2 - not from d3. This, to say the least, is a debatable
point, as our previous examples have shown  White's prospect of attack will be
better with the Bishop on d3, than if it is on e2. However, the dictum of
Nimzowitsch is sound enough in the sense that as a defender pure and simple
the Bishop functions better at e2  } 12... Qc7 13. Qb3 b6 14. c4 Bb7 15. a5 $1
15... Bf6 (15... bxa5 16. Bf4 $1 16... Qb6 17. Qa4) 16. axb6 axb6 17. Be3 h6
18. h3 Rfc8 19. Rfc1 Rcb8 (19... Rxa1 20. Rxa1 Bxf3 21. Bxf3 Qxc4 22. Qxc4 Rxc4
23. Ra8+ Nf8 24. d5 $132 {It is evident that Black's weakness at b6 is real
compensation for the weakness of the hanging pawns}) 20. Rxa8 Rxa8 21. Nd2 Be7
22. Bf3 Ra3 23. Qb2 Bxf3 24. Nxf3 Ra5 25. Qd2 Ba3 26. Rc2 Bd6 27. Rc1 {
White is content to defend. In view of the state of the tournament score it is
understandable that Nimzowitsch sought no more than a draw from this game  }
27... Ba3 28. Rc2 Bd6 29. Rc1 Qa7 30. Qd3 Ra3 31. Qe4 Nf6 32. Qc6 32... Rxe3 $1
33. Qxd6 (33. fxe3 Qa3 34. Re1 Bg3 35. Rf1 Qxe3+ 36. Kh1 36... Ne4 {
various threats
}) 1/2-1/2

[Event "Goteborg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1920.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Bogolyubov"]
[Black "Kostic"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C68"]
[Annotator "21: Doubled Pawns"]
[PlyCount "102"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Double pawns accompanied by the Bishop pair
} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6
4. Bxc6 dxc6 5. Nc3 f6 6. d4 exd4 7. Qxd4 Qxd4 8. Nxd4 Bd6 9. Be3 Ne7 10. Nb3
b6 11. O-O-O c5 12. Nd2 Be6 13. f4 {A familiar sort of position. White's pawn
position is decidedly preferable; a pure pawn ending would be a White win, but
the presence of the Black Bishop pair at least restores the balance  } 13...
O-O-O 14. Nf3 14... Nc6 (14... -- {threat of trapped Bishop} 15. e5 fxe5 16.
fxe5 Nf5 17. Bg5 Be7 18. Bxe7 $16) 15. h3 15... Rd7 $1 16. g4 {This is what
Black was waiting for. It would have been more prudent for White to presure
this move with Kb1} (16. Kb1) 16... Nd4 17. Nh4 (17. Nxd4 cxd4 18. Rxd4 18...
Bxf4 $1 19. Rxd7 19... Bxe3+ {intermediate check (that's why Kb1)}) 17... Re8
18. Ng2 18... Bc4 $1 {The two Bishops are beginning to show their faces} 19.
Rhe1 (19. -- Ne2+ 20. Nxe2 20... Bxe2 {Bf3} 21. Rde1 21... Bf3) 19... Nb5 $1 {
It is now apparent White's pawns are vulnerable; the e-pawn is especially weak
} 20. Bd2 Nxc3 21. Bxc3 21... Rde7 22. e5 fxe5 23. Ne3 23... Be2 $3 {
Black has been working with this pretty move in mind
} 24. Rxd6 (24. Rxe2 exf4
) (24. Rd2 exf4 25. Nf5 f3 26. Nxe7+ 26... Rxe7 $19) 24... cxd6 25. fxe5 (25.
Nf5 exf4 26. Nxd6+ Kd7 27. Nxe8 27... f3 $1) 25... Bf3 26. Nf5 26... d5 $1 27.
Nxe7+ 27... Rxe7 {Black emerges into a very favourable endgame, which although
is not essentail to out theme, it contains some interesting play} 28. Bd2 Be4
29. c4 Kd7 30. cxd5 Bxd5 31. a3 Rf7 32. h4 32... Ke6 $1 33. h5 Rf2 34. h6 gxh6
35. Bxh6 Rg2 36. g5 36... Bb3 $1 37. Rh1 Bc2 38. Bg7 Bd3 39. Rh3 c4 40. b3 b5
41. bxc4 bxc4 42. Bh8 Rxg5 43. Kd2 Kd5 44. Kc3 44... h5 $1 45. Rh2 Rg3 46. Rd2
Kc5 47. e6 Bf5+ 48. Kb2 Rb3+ 49. Ka2 Bxe6 50. Bd4+ Kc6 51. Ka1 c3 0-1

[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1909.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Janowsky"]
[Black "Lasker"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C49"]
[Annotator "21: Doubled Pawns"]
[PlyCount "64"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The weakness of a fixed doubled pawn
} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bb5
Bb4 5. O-O O-O 6. d3 d6 7. Bg5 Bxc3 8. bxc3 Ne7 9. Bc4 Ng6 10. Nh4 Nf4 11. Bxf4
exf4 12. Nf3 Bg4 13. h3 Bh5 14. Rb1 b6 15. Qd2 Bxf3 16. gxf3 16... Nh5 {
The Black doubled pawn blocks the White one, and produces such anuncomfortable
pressure that White's counteradvantages - central majority and open g-file -
carry ver little weight  } 17. Kh2 Qf6 18. Rg1 Rae8 19. d4 Kh8 20. Rb5 Qh6 21.
Rbg5 f6 22. R5g4 22... g6 23. Bd3 23... Re7 24. c4 {
Apparently hoping to sow confusion in the enemy ranks by an eventual Pc5} 24...
Ng7 $1 {So as to get at the White doubled pawns via e6} 25. c3 (25. Qxf4 Qxf4+
26. Rxf4 26... Ne6) 25... Ne6 26. Bf1 (26. Qd1) 26... f5 27. R4g2 Rf6 28. Bd3
28... g5 $3 29. Rh1 (29. exf5 29... Qxh3+ $3 {
ala Kotov (Zurich 1953) ... a thematic sacrifice} 30. Kxh3 Rh6+ 31. Kg4 Rh4#)
29... g4 30. Be2 Ng5 31. fxg4 f3 32. Rg3 fxe2 0-1

[Event "Carlsbad"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1907.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Salwe"]
[Black "Schlechter"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C50"]
[Annotator "21: Doubled Pawns"]
[PlyCount "69"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The value of the open files associated with doubled pawns
} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3
Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6 4. d3 Bc5 5. Nc3 d6 6. Be3 Bxe3 7. fxe3 Na5 8. Bb3 Nxb3 9. axb3
{White has two doubled pawns, and therefore two open files. No less an
authority than Steinitz was of the opinoun that this position was in Black's
favour, maintaining that the doubles pawns must be considered a serious
handicap to White  } 9... Ng4 10. Qd2 f5 (10... f6 {Steinitiz} 11. -- Nh6 12.
-- 12... Nf7 {In such a position, however, Black must be prepared for a long
defensive game, and in due course Tarrasch pronounced the text to be a better
move  }) 11. exf5 Bxf5 12. O-O O-O 13. h3 13... Nh6 {
Here the Knight is badly placed} (13... Nf6 14. Nxe5 $1 14... Bxh3 $1 15. Ng6
$1 15... hxg6 16. gxh3 {
Black is the one left with weak isolated doubled pawns
}) 14. e4 Bd7 15. d4 {
Thanks to the open a-file, this advance is particularly powerful
} 15... Nf7 (
15... exd4 16. Qxd4 b6 17. e5 dxe5 18. Qd5+ Kh8 19. Nxe5 Bf5 20. Qxd8 Raxd8 21.
Rf2 {threat Rxa7 and Raf1}) 16. dxe5 dxe5 17. Rfd1 Nd6 (17... Bc6 18. Qxd8 {
either a-pawn or e-pawn falls}) 18. Nxe5 Be6 19. Nf3 19... Rxf3 {
An attempt to salvage a strategically lost game by tactical means
} 20. gxf3
Qh4 21. Ra5 $1 {
The a-file is still very much in evidence. The entry of the Rook is decisive
}
21... Rf8 22. Qf2 Qxh3 23. Rd3 b5 (23... -- 24. Rg5 -- 25. Qg2) 24. Qh2 $1 (24.
Nxb5 Rf6) 24... Qxh2+ 25. Kxh2 g5 26. e5 Nf7 27. Rxb5 g4 28. fxg4 Ng5 29. Rc5
Rf2+ 30. Kg3 Rf7 31. Re3 Rf1 32. Ne4 Rg1+ 33. Kf2 Rxg4 34. Nxg5 Rxg5 35. Rg3
1-0

[Event "Breslau"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1889.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tarrasch"]
[Black "Berger"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C77"]
[Annotator "21: Doubled Pawns"]
[PlyCount "143"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A classic exampe of the weakness of a doubled pawn
} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3.
Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. Nc3 Bb4 6. Nd5 Be7 7. d3 d6 8. Nb4 Bd7 9. Nxc6 Bxc6 10.
Bxc6+ bxc6 11. O-O O-O 12. Qe2 c5 13. c3 {Intending Pd4. This will admittedly
afford his opponent a chance to rid himself a chance to rid himself of the
doubled pawn, but against this White will retain a formidable advantage in
freedom of movement. In addition to this method - preferred by Tarrasch -
White has the option of a different system which is really more appropriate to
the pawn formation, and which originated with Stenitiz. His scheme Nd2-c4-e3 :
suprisingly modern looking play  } 13... Nd7 14. d4 exd4 15. cxd4 15... Bf6 {
A good move, reanimating the Bishop} 16. Be3 (16. d5 16... Rb8 {
Suddenly his pieces are working together like parts of a well-oiled machine
})
16... cxd4 17. Bxd4 Re8 18. Qc2 {The Black doubled pawn has vanished, it is
true, but its after-effects will be felt for a very long time. As a result of
the method employed by White, the c-pawn will be a constant target} 18... Bxd4
$2 (18... c5 19. Bxf6 Qxf6 20. Nd2 20... Rab8 {the mobility of the Black
pieces would compensate to some extent for White's positional advantage  }) 19.
Nxd4 Nc5 20. f3 Qf6 21. Rfd1 Reb8 22. Rab1 22... a5 {
preventing Pb4 for the time being
} 23. Kh1 {A tactical intermezzo
} 23...
Rb6 {The rook is vulnerable here} (23... -- 24. e5 24... Qxe5 25. Nc6 {
Black doesn't have Qe3+}) (23... Rb7) 24. Ne2 24... Ne6 25. Nc3 25... Rc6 $2 (
25... Qd8 26. Nd5 26... Rb7 {(Tarrasch and Steinitz)}) 26. Qa4 Rc5 27. Nd5
27... Qd8 {Any other Queen move allows Pb4} 28. Rbc1 Rxc1 29. Rxc1 29... c5 {
From doubled pawn, via weak pawn, to backward pawn  A radical cure for the
weakness of the c-pawn, which however, only transfers the weakness to the
d-pawn.  This is a back ward pawn of the worst kind. It is the logical result
of White's plan of playing all the time against the weakness which began with
the doubled pawn. The weakness of a backard pawn consists in the fact that it
is fixed and cannot possibly be protected by another pawn. The result in the
present case is that White has full control of the central support pointd5} 30.
Rd1 30... Nd4 {This screening of the d-pawn is only temporary, since the
Knight can be driven back by Nc3-e2} 31. Qc4 Rb8 32. b3 32... Rc8 $2 (32... Qd7
{counterplay with ... Pa4}) 33. Rxd4 $1 33... cxd4 34. Ne7+ (34. Qxc8 $2 34...
Qxc8 35. Ne7+ Kf8 36. Nxc8 36... d3 $19) 34... Qxe7 35. Qxc8+ Qf8 36. Qxf8+
36... Kxf8 {Suddenly a second pawn has made its appearance in the Black game -
this time an isolated doubled pawn, of whose weakness there can be no doubt  }
37. Kg1 Ke7 38. Kf2 d5 39. e5 (39. exd5 Kd6 40. Ke2 Kxd5 41. Kd3 {Create an out
side passed pawn to divert the King ... principle of two weaknesses  }) 39...
Ke6 40. Ke2 $1 {Essential} (40. f4 g5 41. g3 gxf4 42. gxf4 42... Kf5 {
White weakness} 43. Kf3 43... d3 $19) 40... Kxe5 41. Kd3 h5 42. a3 h4 43. b4
axb4 44. axb4 Kd6 45. Kxd4 Kc6 46. b5+ $2 (46. f4 $1 46... Kd6 (46... g6 47.
b5+ Kxb5 48. Kxd5 $18) 47. b5 {two weaknesses}) 46... Kxb5 47. Kxd5 47... Kb4
$1 48. Kd4 Kb5 49. Ke5 Kc4 50. Kf4 Kd4 51. Kg4 51... Ke5 $2 (51... Ke3 52. Kxh4
Kf2 53. Kh3 53... g5 $1) 52. Kxh4 Kf4 53. Kh5 Kf5 54. g3 Kf6 55. Kg4 Kg6 56.
Kf4 Kf6 57. Ke4 Ke6 58. Kd4 Kd6 59. Kc4 Kc6 60. f4 Kd6 61. Kd4 Ke6 62. Kc5 Ke7
63. Kd5 Kd7 64. Ke5 Ke7 65. f5 f6+ 66. Kd5 Kd7 67. h4 Ke7 68. Kc6 Ke8 69. Kd6
Kd8 70. Ke6 Ke8 71. h5 Kf8 72. h6 1-0

[Event "Munich"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lilienthal"]
[Black "Marshall"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E39"]
[Annotator "21: Doubled Pawns"]
[PlyCount "59"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The doubled pawn as a weakening of the castled position} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3.
Nc3 Bb4 4. Qc2 c5 5. dxc5 Nc6 6. Nf3 O-O 7. Bg5 Qa5 8. Bxf6 gxf6 9. e3 Bxc5 10.
Be2 d5 11. O-O dxc4 12. Bxc4 Be7 13. Rad1 a6 14. Nd4 $1 14... Nxd4 15. exd4 $1
15... b5 16. Bb3 b4 17. Ne2 Bb7 18. d5 $3 {The isolated d-pawn is offered in
order to get possession of valuable squares from  which the White pieces can
menace the Black king} 18... Rac8 (18... Bxd5 19. Bxd5 exd5 20. Nf4 Rad8 21.
Qf5) 19. Qe4 Rfd8 (19... Kh8 20. Bc2 f5 21. Qe5+ Kg8 22. Rd3) (19... f5 20. Qe5
Qc7 21. d6 Qc6 22. Bd5 $1) 20. Qg4+ Kh8 21. Qh5 Kg8 22. Rd3 {
Against this incursion of the Rook there is no antidote
} 22... Bd6 23. Rh3
Kf8 24. Qh6+ Ke7 25. dxe6 Rg8 (25... fxe6 26. Qg7+) 26. Ng3 Bxg3 27. hxg3 Bd5
28. exf7 Bxb3 (28... Bxf7 29. Re1+) 29. fxg8=Q Bxg8 30. Qg7+ 1-0

[Event "04"]
[Site "Zurich"]
[Date "1953.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Smyslov"]
[Black "Stahlberg"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C11"]
[Annotator "21: Doubled Pawns"]
[PlyCount "65"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Another example of a castled position weakened by the doubling of a pawn
} 1.
e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bg5 dxe4 5. Nxe4 Be7 6. Bxf6 Bxf6 7. Nf3 Nd7 8.
Bc4 O-O 9. Qe2 Nb6 10. Bb3 Bd7 11. O-O Qe7 12. Rfe1 Rad8 13. Rad1 Ba4 14. Bxa4
Nxa4 15. Qb5 Nb6 16. c4 c6 17. Qb3 17... Qc7 $2 18. Nxf6+ gxf6 19. Qe3 19...
Kg7 $2 20. Ne5 $1 {In suprising fashion White lays bare the weakness of the
Black King position. The Knight can't be taken  Of course the Knight can't be
maintained at e5, but the move has set an irresistble attack in motion  } 20...
Qe7 (20... fxe5 21. Qg5+ Kh8 22. Qf6+ Kg8 23. Rd3 Rfe8 24. Qh6 {
White attack will go like butter through knife}) (20... -- 21. Qg3+ 21... Kh8
22. Ng6+) 21. Ng4 Rg8 (21... Nd7 22. Qh6+ Kh8 23. d5 cxd5 24. cxd5 e5 25. Re3
Rg8 26. Rh3 Rg7 27. Ne3) 22. Nh6 Qc7 (22... Nxc4 23. Nf5+ Kh8 24. Qh6 Qf8 25.
Qxf6+) 23. Nxg8 Rxg8 24. b3 {Now it is easy for White. Not only is Black
behind on material, but he is still plagued by his doubled pawn  } 24... Kh8
25. Qh3 Rg6 26. Qh4 Nd7 27. Re3 Qa5 28. Rh3 Nf8 29. Rg3 Qxa2 30. Rxg6 Nxg6 31.
Qxf6+ Kg8 32. Qf3 Qc2 33. Qd3 1-0

[Event "USSR"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1952.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Korchnoi"]
[Black "Bronstein"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C50"]
[Annotator "21: Doubled Pawns"]
[PlyCount "66"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A whole handful of doubled pawns
} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5 4. d3 Nf6
5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 Na5 7. Nd5 Nxc4 8. dxc4 c6 9. Nxf6+ gxf6 10. Be3 {A remarkable
position: each side has a doubled pawn already, and White, by his last move,
declares his willingness to accept another doubling. He judege, apparently,
that the open d-file and the f-file will afford him full compensation.} 10...
Qb6 11. Qd2 Be6 (11... Qxb2 12. Bxc5 $3 12... dxc5 (12... Qxa1+ 13. Ke2 Qxh1
14. Qxd6 $18) 13. O-O {dangerous attacking chances
}) 12. O-O-O O-O-O (12...
Bxc4 13. Bxc5 dxc5 14. Qh6 Ke7 15. Nxe5 $1 15... fxe5 16. Qd6+ Ke8 17. Qxe5+
$18) 13. b3 Rhg8 14. Rhg1 a5 15. Bxc5 Qxc5 16. Qe3 Qxe3+ 17. fxe3 {White has hi
s wish: he has two doubled pawns against Black's one, but Black also has a
backward d-pawn, and an isolated h-pawn  This position compresses the ideas of
"weak" pawns  } 17... Rg4 $1 {Forcing White into defensive play, for the
Knight move he now has to make deprives him of all play in the d-file  } 18.
Nd2 18... Rdg8 19. g3 19... Kd7 $1 20. Kb2 20... Ke7 {
Here the King is ideally placed for guarding both the d-pawn and f-pawn
} 21.
Kc3 h5 22. Rgf1 h4 23. gxh4 Rxh4 24. Rf2 Rgh8 25. Rh1 (25. Rff1 25... R8h6 {
White must still play his Rh1 to hold the h-pawn
}) 25... R8h6 26. Kd3 26...
d5 $1 {In chess everything is relative. Black now forces the win with the only
move which permits White to rid himself of both his doubled pawns!  } 27. cxd5
cxd5 28. c4 (28. exd5 Bxd5 29. e4 Rh3+ 30. Ke2 30... Bc6 $17) 28... dxc4+ 29.
Nxc4 29... Rh8 $1 30. Nxa5 (30. Nd2 30... Rc8 $3 31. Rhf1 31... Rhh8 {
irresistible attack
}) 30... Rd8+ 31. Kc3 Rxe4 32. h4 Rxe3+ 33. Kb2 f5 0-1

[Event "Zaandam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "Ekstrom"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D19"]
[Annotator "21: Doubled Pawns"]
[PlyCount "76"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The doubled pawns as a battering ram
} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 c6 3. Nf3 Nf6 4. Nc3
dxc4 5. a4 Bf5 6. e3 e6 7. Bxc4 Bb4 8. O-O O-O 9. Qe2 Bg6 10. Ne5 Nbd7 11. Nxg6
hxg6 12. f4 Qa5 13. Na2 Be7 14. Bd2 Qh5 15. b4 Rfd8 16. Qxh5 16... Nxh5 $1 {
Black would rather remain with doubled pawns than play ... gxh5, allowing
White to obtain powerful play for his Bishops byPf5} (16... gxh5 17. f5) 17.
Rfd1 Nb6 18. Bb3 Nd5 19. Bc2 (19. e4 19... Ndxf4 $1 20. g4 Ne2+ 21. Kf2 Nxd4)
19... f5 $1 {This cuts across White's plans
} 20. Rab1 Nhf6 21. g3 21... g5 $1
22. h3 (22. fxg5 Ng4 23. Rb3 23... Bxg5) 22... gxf4 23. gxf4 Kf7 24. Kg2 Rh8
25. Nc1 {The Knights aim to get back into the game via d3 is too late} 25... g5
$1 26. fxg5 (26. Nd3 Rag8 27. Ne5+ Ke8) 26... Rag8 27. Rh1 Rxg5+ 28. Kf3 Rgh5
29. Rb3 Rxh3+ 30. Rxh3 Rxh3+ 31. Kg2 Rh8 32. Nd3 Bd6 33. Ne5+ Bxe5 34. dxe5 Ng4
35. Rd3 Nxe5 36. Rd4 Rg8+ 37. Kf2 Ng4+ 38. Ke2 e5 0-1

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "Moscow"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Smyslov"]
[Black "Denker"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B24"]
[Annotator "22: Backward Pawn"]
[PlyCount "104"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The backward pawn as a weakness
} 1. e4 c5 2. Nc3 Nc6 3. g3 g6 4. Bg2 Bg7 5.
d3 e6 6. Be3 Nd4 7. Nce2 d6 8. c3 Nc6 9. d4 cxd4 10. Nxd4 Nxd4 11. Bxd4 11...
e5 $2 12. Be3 Ne7 13. Ne2 O-O 14. O-O Be6 15. Qd2 Qc7 16. Rfc1 $1 {
Very refined play against the square d5, preparing c4.} 16... f5 (16... b5 17.
a4 a6 18. Rd1 {With the constant threat of opening the a-file
}) 17. c4 fxe4
18. Nc3 {Another fine move
} 18... Nf5 (18... Bxc4 19. Nxe4 d5 20. Ng5 {
the positional aim is to control the squares e4 and d5
}) 19. Nxe4 Nxe3 (19...
Nd4 20. c5 d5 21. Ng5 Bf7 22. f4 {Smyslov
}) 20. Qxe3 h6 21. Rd1 Rfd8 (21...
Bxc4 22. Rac1 $1 (22. Nxd6)) 22. Rac1 Rac8 23. b3 b6 24. Nc3 Qe7 25. Bd5 $1 {
Thus Black is forced to relinquish the only piece with which he might have
been able to contest the d5 square, and is left with a bad Bishop which is no
match at all for the WhiteKnight} 25... Kh7 26. Bxe6 Qxe6 27. Rd3 Rc7 28. Rcd1
Rf7 29. Ne4 Bf8 30. Rd5 Qg4 31. R1d3 {The methodical text move, preparing to
treble the heavy pieces on the d-file, marks the doom of the backward pawn  } (
31. Nxd6 Bxd6 32. Rxd6 32... Qxd1+ $1 $132) 31... Be7 (31... Qe6 32. Qd2 Rfd7
33. c5 bxc5 34. Nxc5 $18) 32. Nxd6 Bxd6 33. Rxd6 {White aims are fully
achieved, and the rest of the game is outside our province  } 33... Rdf8 34.
Qxe5 Rxf2 35. Rd7+ R8f7 36. Rxf7+ Rxf7 37. Rd8 Rg7 38. Qe8 g5 39. Qh8+ Kg6 40.
Rd6+ Kf7 41. Qxh6 Qf5 42. Rd1 Qc5+ 43. Kg2 Qe7 44. Rf1+ Kg8 45. Qf6 Qe8 46. Qf5
g4 47. Rf2 Qe7 48. Qd3 Rg5 49. Re2 Qf8 50. Qe4 Rg7 51. Qd5+ Qf7 52. Re6 $1
52... Qc7 1-0

[Event "Ch Switzerland"]
[Site "Zurich (Switzerland)"]
[Date "1934.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Flohr"]
[Black "Johner"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A28"]
[Annotator "22: Backward Pawn"]
[PlyCount "143"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The siege of c7
} 1. c4 e5 2. Nc3 Nf6 3. Nf3 Nc6 4. d4 exd4 5. Nxd4 Bb4 6.
Bg5 O-O 7. Rc1 Re8 8. e3 Ne5 9. Be2 h6 10. Bh4 Ng6 11. Bxf6 Qxf6 12. O-O Bxc3
13. Rxc3 d6 14. Nb5 Qd8 15. Rc1 Bd7 16. Nc3 Bc6 17. Nd5 Rb8 18. Qd2 Ne7 19.
Rfd1 a6 20. Bf3 Qd7 21. Qc3 Rec8 22. Qa3 Re8 23. e4 Bxd5 24. cxd5 {White must
ow maneuver to pressure the c-pawn. For now Black has the mobility of his
Knight to set agains the weakening of his c-pawn  } 24... Ng6 25. g3 25... Re7
26. Qb4 26... Nf8 {Black directs counerplay against White's e-pawn
} 27. Rd2
Nh7 28. Rdc2 Qd8 29. Bg2 Nf6 30. f3 Ne8 31. Qd4 Nf6 32. Bh3 $1 {The first part
of White's problem is solved. His e-pawn is well secured, and the Bishop has
found a fine action station  } 32... Ne8 33. Rc3 Kf8 34. Rb3 $1 {
The threat of Qa7 forces a further weakening
} 34... b6 35. Ra3 Ra8 36. Qc4 a5
37. Rac3 Ra7 38. Qd4 Nf6 39. a3 {The forced weakening of the Black Queenside
means that White will be able to open a file on this flank  } 39... Ne8 40. Qa4
Nf6 41. Qc2 Kg8 42. Bf1 {At last things are getting really serious. This
Bishop is going to b5, from which vantage point it will cut off the Knigt from
the Queenside  } 42... Qd7 43. Rc6 Qd8 44. Bb5 Kf8 45. Rc3 Kg8 46. h4 {
This is a characterisitic feature of the tacking style of strategy being
followed here by White. When maneuvering like this it is essential to prepare
attacking chances on both wings. White now shifts his attention to the
Kingside  } 46... Qc8 47. Kh2 Kf8 48. Bf1 Qd7 49. Bh3 Qe8 50. Qd2 Qd8 51. Qc2
Qe8 52. Kg1 Kg8 53. Bf1 Qd7 54. b4 54... axb4 $2 {Black should have continued
his waiting game. Now the a-file will fall quickly into White's hands - a
normal consequence of the defender who lacks freedom of movement  } 55. axb4
Ne8 56. Qb2 Qa4 57. Bc4 Kf8 58. Rb1 Qd7 59. Bf1 Qa4 60. Rcc1 Qd7 61. Ra1 Rxa1
62. Qxa1 {The end of a vital phase: mastery of the open a-file
} 62... Qd8 63.
Qc3 Nf6 64. Bb5 Qc8 65. Kg2 Ne8 66. Qc6 $1 66... f5 67. Ra1 fxe4 68. Ra8 Qxa8
69. Qxa8 e3 70. Kf1 Kf7 71. Ke2 Nf6 72. g4 1-0

[Event "SUI"]
[Site "SUI"]
[Date "1953.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Geller"]
[Black "Najdorf"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B92"]
[Annotator "22: Backward Pawn"]
[PlyCount "121"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The backward pawn is weak whenever the opponent can occupy the square in
front of it with a piece  } 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6
6. Be2 e5 7. Nb3 Be6 8. O-O Nbd7 9. f4 Qc7 10. f5 10... Bc4 {The advance of
the White f-pawn has the advantage of preventing Black from ever play ... Pf5,
but the disadvantage of leaving White's own e-pawn weak. In the given
circumstances, Black can find no way of profiting from this weakening  } 11. a4
$1 11... Rc8 12. Be3 12... Be7 {The result of this will be that Blakc's b-pawn
will also become backward, although it will not be a glaring weakness while
the b-file remains closed.} (12... b6) 13. a5 $1 13... h5 14. Bxc4 Qxc4 15. Ra4
Qc7 16. h3 16... h4 {No lack of backward pawns in this game! White's g-pawn
now adds to the number. It gives Black no practical advantage at present,
however, since g3 is inaccessible ( ... Nh5 would give away the vital d5
square)  } 17. Rf2 17... b5 {Black resorts to violence, and quite correctly,
for a waiting policy would only allow White to carry out at leisure his plans
for the conquest of d5 by Rd2, Bg5 and Bxf6  } (17... -- 18. Rd2 -- 19. Bg5 --
20. Bxf6 {Conquest for d5
}) 18. axb6 Nxb6 19. Bxb6 {In this position the
Black Knight is more valuable than the White Bishop simply for the reason the
Bishop can't be brought to be on d5.} (19. Rxa6 Nc4 20. Bc1 20... Qb7 {
double attack
}) 19... Qxb6 20. Qe2 Ra8 21. Kh2 O-O 22. Rf1 Ra7 23. Rfa1 Rfa8
24. R1a2 Bd8 25. Na5 25... Rc8 26. Nc4 Qc6 27. Ne3 $1 {
The d5 square is the key to the position.} (27. b3 27... d5 $1 {
Black's position is suddenly free
}) 27... a5 28. Rc4 Qa6 29. b3 Bb6 30. Rxc8+
Qxc8 31. Ned5 Nxd5 32. Nxd5 {The battle for d5 is won. It remains only to
convert the advantage gained into a win  } 32... Qc5 33. Ra1 Qf2 34. Qxf2 Bxf2
35. Rf1 Bd4 (35... Bg3+ 36. Kg1 {
Things are easier for White since the Bishop is out of the way
}) 36. c3 Bc5
37. g4 {Necessary to get the White King in play
} 37... hxg3+ 38. Kxg3 Rb7 39.
Rb1 f6 (39... a4 40. b4) 40. Kf3 Kf7 41. Ke2 Rb8 42. b4 g6 43. Kd3 $2 (43.
fxg6+ {quicker
} 43... Kxg6 44. bxc5 Rxb1 45. c6 Rb8 46. c7 Rc8 47. Ne7+)
43... gxf5 44. exf5 axb4 45. cxb4 Bd4 46. Rc1 Kg7 (46... Rb7 47. Rc7+ $18) 47.
Rc7+ Kh6 48. Ke4 Kg5 49. Rh7 Bf2 (49... -- 50. h4+ Kg4 51. Nxf6+) 50. Rg7+ Kh4
51. Kf3 Be1 52. Kg2 Rf8 (52... -- 53. Rg4+ Kh5 54. Nxf6+ Kh6 55. Rg6#) 53. b5
Ba5 54. b6 Bxb6 55. Nxb6 Rb8 56. Rg4+ Kh5 57. Nd5 Rb2+ 58. Kf3 Rb3+ 59. Ke4
Rxh3 60. Nxf6+ Kh6 61. Rg6# 1-0

[Event "Saltsjobaden"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1952.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Unzicker"]
[Black "Taimanov"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "B58"]
[Annotator "22: Backward Pawn"]
[PlyCount "60"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The pieces take over the duty of guarding the square in front of the backward
pawn  } 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Be2 e5 7. Nf3
h6 8. O-O Be7 9. Re1 O-O 10. h3 a6 11. Bf1 b5 12. a3 Bb7 13. b3 Rc8 14. Bb2
14... Rc7 {Preparing on the one hand to double Rooks on the c-file; on the
other hand to redouble his pressure against e4 and d5 by means of ... Qa8  }
15. Nb1 (15. Nd5 Nxd5 16. exd5 16... Nb8 {The backward pawn is screened
})
15... Qa8 $1 {A very effective layout of hte Black pieces
} 16. Nbd2 Nd8 17.
Bd3 Ne6 18. Rc1 Rfc8 19. Nh2 {Black's pressure down the half-open c-file,
combined with his attack on the e-pawn, holds White completely on the
defensive. The idea of this Knight move is to prop up the e-pawn by Pf3 if the
need arises  } 19... Nd7 20. Nhf1 Ndc5 21. Ng3 21... g6 22. Ne2 $2 (22. Ndf1
22... Nxe4) 22... Bg5 $1 (22... Nxe4 23. Nxe4 Bxe4 24. Bxe4 Qxe4 25. Nc3 Qd4
26. Qxd4 exd4 27. Nd5 $16 {
White has the better game with firm control of the d5 square
}) 23. Nc3 Nd4
24. Ncb1 (24. -- 24... Nxd3 25. cxd3 Bxd2 26. Qxd2 Nxb3) 24... d5 $1 {
This advance of the backward pawn has automatically been made possible by the
systematic pressure of the Black pieces against the square in front of it  }
25. exd5 Nxd3 26. cxd3 Rxc1 27. Bxc1 27... Bxd5 {The extraordinary thing about
this game is that Black, who up to now has been demonstrating that his own
backward pawn was no disadvantage, now proceeds to show that White's backward
pawn is a very great disadvantage. The isolated White d-pawn in fact shows all
the characteristics of a backward pawn, but only in the negative sense.  } 28.
f3 28... Rc2 $1 29. a4 (29. Rxe5 29... Bxf3 30. gxf3 Rxc1 31. Qxc1 31... Nxf3+)
29... b4 30. Kh1 30... Qc6 {Hardly a move for White
} 0-1

[Event "Goteborg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1955.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Pilnik"]
[Black "Geller"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "B59"]
[Annotator "22: Backward Pawn"]
[PlyCount "76"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The screened backward pawn
} 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5.
Nc3 d6 6. Be2 e5 7. Nb3 Be7 8. O-O O-O 9. Be3 Be6 10. Bf3 10... a5 {sharp
} (
10... Na5 11. Nxa5 Qxa5 12. Qd2 12... Rfc8 {
The half-open c-file fully compensates Black for his backward d-pawn
} 13.
Rfd1 Qb4 14. Rab1 h6 15. a3 Qc4 16. Rbc1 a6 17. Be2 Qc7 18. f3 Nd7 19. Bf1 b5
20. a4 b4 21. Nd5 Bxd5 22. Qxd5 Nc5 23. b3 23... Bg5 {
Boleslavsky-Euwe, Zurich 1953
}) 11. Nd5 (11. a4 {Black would not have much
difficulty in the long run in arriving at the freeing advance ... Pd5  }) 11...
Bxd5 12. exd5 Nb8 13. c4 13... Na6 {The cards are on the table: White must
advance his Queenside majority, Black his Kingisde majority. White's troubles
lie in the fact that he will find it very difficult to get control of the c5
square, especially after Black's last move  } 14. Bd2 {
This is not in accordance with the needs of the position
} (14. Nd2 {
preapring Pb4 as soon as possible
} 14... Nd7 15. Be2 f5 16. f3 Bf6 17. Rb1
Nac5 18. b3 {Pa3-Pb4
}) 14... b6 15. Bc3 Nc5 16. Nxc5 16... bxc5 17. Qe1 (17.
Qd3 g6 18. Be2 Nd7 19. f4 19... f5 {
Black's pawn majority becomes more active than Whites
}) 17... Nd7 18. Bd1
18... a4 $1 {
This prevents White's bishop from getting into the thick of the fight via a4
}
19. Bc2 f5 20. Rd1 (20. f4 e4 21. g4 {White's best chance
}) 20... g6 21. Qe2
Bf6 22. f3 22... e4 $3 23. Bxf6 Qxf6 24. fxe4 24... f4 $1 {Black's pawn
sacrifice has brought him a whole string of positional advantages  1) His 3-2
majority on the Kingside is now extremely active  2) He controls the vital e5
square, and cna plant a Knight there as a blockader  3) The hapless White
Bishop is no match at all for the Black Knight  } 25. Rf2 Ne5 26. Rdf1 Qh4 27.
Bd1 Rf7 28. Qc2 28... g5 {Now the storm troops move into action
} 29. Qc3 Raf8
30. h3 h5 31. Be2 g4 32. Rxf4 {One last attempt to save the situation
} 32...
Rxf4 33. Rxf4 Rxf4 34. g3 34... Nf3+ {
This intermediate check ruins White's plans
} 35. Kf2 (35. Bxf3 Qxg3+) 35...
Qxh3 36. gxf4 g3+ 37. Kxf3 g2+ 38. Kf2 38... Qh2 $1 0-1

[Event "4th match game"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1908.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tarrasch"]
[Black "Lasker"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C66"]
[Annotator "23: Activity of the pieces"]
[PlyCount "82"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Lasker's celebrated Rook maneuver
} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 Nf6 4. O-O d6
5. d4 Bd7 6. Nc3 Be7 7. Re1 exd4 8. Nxd4 Nxd4 9. Qxd4 Bxb5 10. Nxb5 O-O 11. Bg5
h6 12. Bh4 Re8 13. Rad1 Nd7 14. Bxe7 14... Rxe7 {This position is closely
balanced, but White's control of more space gives him reason to seek for the
initiative  } 15. Qc3 {Attacking the c-pawn and vacating d4 for the Knight
with gain of tempo. Also, the Queen occupies the long diagonal, with
possibilities of attack against g7.} 15... Re5 $1 {Lasker has no wish to be
forced on the defensive. He fights for the initiative himself, and from the
sequel it is evident that he was willing to run considerable risk to get it  }
(15... Ne5 16. Nd4 16... -- 17. f4 Ng6 18. Nf5 {
Keeping Black busy with new threats, and this is typical of the initative

})
16. Nd4 (16. Nxc7 16... Rc5) 16... Rc5 $1 {A strange way of deploying a Rook,
for a Rook without an open file behind it is highly vulnerable. Lasker means
to call the tune at any price. The explanation of this move which he later
gave was: "The Rook must expose hiself to attack so as to draw the enemy fire"
  } 17. Qb3 17... Nb6 18. f4 {Cutting off the Rook's retreat.
} (18. Re3 Qe8
19. Nf5 Kh7) 18... Qf6 19. Qf3 19... Re8 {
White's Pf4 has weakened his e-pawn, giving Black's other Rook a target
} 20.
c3 20... a5 21. b3 a4 22. b4 Rc4 23. g3 {To protect Pf4 against ... Pc5
} (23.
-- c5 24. Nb5 (24. bxc5 24... Rxc5 {Rook is freed}) 24... d5 $1 25. exd5 Rxf4)
23... Rd8 $3 {Against Black is threatening to rescue his Rook by ... Pc5. Rd8
is designed to support the d-pawn after ... Pc5  } 24. Re3 {An attempt to
prevent ... Pc5 by combanative means. The Queen protects the Rook  } (24. -- c5
25. Nb5 25... cxb4 {Rook is freed
}) 24... c5 $1 25. Nb5 cxb4 26. Rxd6 Rxd6
27. e5 {If the Rook was on e1 then ... Qe7, Nxd6 Rxc3 advantageous Black.
Lasker, however, has seen a flaw in White's analysis  } 27... Rxf4 $3 {
A brillian refutation
} 28. gxf4 Qg6+ 29. Kh1 $2 29... Qb1+ 30. Kg2 Rd2+ 31.
Re2 Qxa2 32. Rxd2 Qxd2+ 33. Kg3 a3 34. e6 34... Qe1+ 35. Kg4 Qxe6+ 36. f5 Qc4+
37. Nd4 a2 38. Qd1 Nd5 39. Qa4 Nxc3 40. Qe8+ Kh7 41. Kh5 a1=Q 0-1

[Event "05"]
[Site "Salzburg  (12.06.42)"]
[Date "1942.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "Keres"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C86"]
[Annotator "23: Activity of the pieces"]
[PlyCount "113"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The tactical significance of the support point d5} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5
a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Qe2 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3 O-O 9. Rd1 Na5 10. Bc2 c5
11. d4 Qc7 12. Bg5 Bg4 13. dxe5 dxe5 14. Nbd2 Rfd8 (14... Nh5 15. h3 Bxf3 16.
Nxf3 Bxg5 17. Nxg5 17... Nf4 {tactic for occupation of f4}) 15. Nf1 15... Nh5
$1 {Black is looking for counterplay by occupying f4} 16. h3 Be6 (16... Bxf3
17. Qxf3 Bxg5 18. Qxh5 18... Qe7 {
Then if the Knight appears on e3 to occupy d5, Black takes it off}) 17. Ne3 $1
17... f6 18. Nh2 $1 {A fine interpolation based on the tactical complications
which could arise from Nd5} 18... g6 (18... Bf7 19. Nd5 $1 19... Rxd5 20. exd5
fxg5 21. d6 Bxd6 22. Qe4) 19. Bh6 Bf8 (19... Nf4 20. Bxf4 exf4 21. Nd5 Bxd5 22.
exd5 {White advantage consists of the passed d-pawn and is certainly worth
more than Black's doubled f-pawns}) 20. Bxf8 Kxf8 (20... Nf4 {intermenzzo
})
21. g3 {Eliminating the possibility of ... Nf4} 21... Rxd1+ (21... Bxh3 22. Nd5
Qa7 23. g4 Nf4 24. Nxf4 exf4 25. Qf3 {winning a piece}) 22. Bxd1 {
The Rook is needed on a1 for Queenside play
} 22... Rd8 23. a4 Nc4 24. axb5
axb5 25. Nd5 {White retains the initiative, although the pawn sacrifice
involved in the move is not altogether clear} 25... Qb7 (25... Bxd5 26. exd5
Rxd5 27. b3 (27. Qe4) 27... Nd6 28. Qe3 $1 28... Nb7 {
White gets some attack for the pawn}) 26. b3 Nd6 27. c4 bxc4 28. bxc4 Bxd5 29.
exd5 {Just as in the previous game the occupation of the support point has
produced a protected passed pawn. Although Black occupies the blockaded square
in front of this pawn in the best possible way - with a knight - yet indirect
pressure which emanates from the passed pawn is so great that White is enabled
to carry out successful operations in other sectors of the board} 29... Ng7 30.
Ng4 Qe7 (30... Nge8 31. Qe3 31... Qc7 $1 (31... Nxc4 32. Qxc5+ Ncd6 33. Ra7 Qb8
34. Nh6)) 31. Bc2 Nge8 32. h4 e4 33. Ne3 {heading for Nf4} 33... Qe5 $2 {
Abadoning the second rank to the enemy
} (33... f5) (33... Rb8) 34. Ra7 $1
34... Kg8 (34... h5 35. Ng2) 35. Ng4 Qd4 (35... Qb2 36. Nh6+ Kh8 (36... Kf8 37.
Qxe4)) (35... Qh5 36. Bxe4 $1 36... f5 37. Bd3 37... fxg4 38. Qe6+ Kh8 39. Qe7)
36. Bxe4 $1 36... f5 (36... Qxe4 37. Nh6+ Kh8 38. Qxe4 Nxe4 39. Nf7+) 37. Nh6+
Kh8 38. Bc2 38... Qf6 39. Qe6 Qxe6 40. dxe6 Rc8 41. Nf7+ Nxf7 42. exf7 Nd6 43.
Bd3 Kg7 44. f8=Q+ Kxf8 45. Rxh7 Kg8 46. Rd7 Ne8 47. h5 gxh5 (47... Nf6 48. Rd6
Kg7 49. hxg6 Kxg6 50. g4 {Tactic of the pin
}) 48. Bxf5 Ra8 49. Be6+ Kh8 50.
Rd5 Nf6 51. Rxc5 Kg7 52. Kg2 Ra2 53. Bf5 Ra3 54. Rc7+ Kh6 55. Rf7 Ra6 56. f4 h4
57. g4 1-0

[Event "Vienna"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1955.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "Busek"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D95"]
[Annotator "23: Activity of the pieces"]
[PlyCount "97"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{
The proverbial "making somethig out of nothing" consists, in fact of activity

} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 c6 3. Nf3 Nf6 4. e3 g6 5. Nc3 Bg7 6. Qb3 O-O 7. Bd2 e6 8. Bd3
Nbd7 9. O-O b6 10. cxd5 {
This exchange after Black commits Nb8 ... else Nc6 is playable
} 10... exd5
11. e4 $1 {White is ahead in development, but if the position retains its
closed character he will not be able to make anything out of it. Black will
automatically make up his leeway (threatening ... Be6 and ... Bd5 blockading
the IQP)  } 11... dxe4 12. Nxe4 Nxe4 13. Bxe4 13... Nb8 14. d5 $1 {
Playing to dissolve the isolated pawn and reach an open game
} 14... Bb7 15.
Bg5 Qd7 16. dxc6 {Played in accordance with the rule that an advantage in
development is best exploited in an open game.  } (16. Rad1 16... c5 {
Black keeps the play closed
}) 16... Bxc6 17. Rfd1 Qb7 18. Bd5 $1 {
The only move to keep the initiative.} (18. Bxc6 18... Nxc6 {
Black gains an important tempo
}) 18... Bxd5 19. Rxd5 h6 (19... Bxb2 20. Qxb2
20... Qxd5 21. Bh6 f6 22. Bxf8 Kxf8 23. Qxf6+ {
White's initiative has become a real attack
}) (19... Nc6 20. Rad1 {
threatening the 7th rank
}) 20. Be3 20... Nc6 {Black is threatening to reach
full equality by ... Rad8; how can White retain the initiative?  } 21. Rd6 $1 {
Showing the ... Ph6 was a weakening move. White threatens Rxg6
} 21... Kh7 (
21... Rad8 22. Rxg6 Na5 23. Rxg7+ Kxg7 24. Qc3+ {
White has an attack full of promise
}) 22. Qb5 $1 {Now the Knight can not
very well move away, as then the White Rook would invade the seventh rank  }
22... Rac8 (22... Na5 23. Rd7) 23. Rad1 23... Rfd8 {Black has achieved his
immediate aim - the neutralizing and subsequent exchange of Rooks. But White's
initiative continues unabated  } 24. h4 $1 $36 24... Rxd6 25. Rxd6 25... Bf8 {
A necessary preparation for the exchange of the remaining pair of Rooks
} 26.
Rd1 Bg7 (26... Rd8 27. Rxd8 Nxd8 28. h5) 27. h5 Qe7 28. b3 Rd8 29. Rxd8 Nxd8
30. Qd5 $1 {Powerful centralization of the Queen
} 30... Ne6 31. hxg6+ fxg6
32. a4 {White's initiative has now gather decisive momentum
} 32... Bf6 (32...
Nc5 33. a5 Qd7 34. Qxd7 Nxd7 35. axb6 Nxb6 (35... axb6 36. Kf1 Kg8 37. Ke2 Kf7
38. Kd3 Ke6 39. Kc4 39... Kd6 40. Kb5) 36. Bxb6 axb6 37. Kf1 Kg8 38. Ke2 Kf7
39. Kd3 Ke6 40. Kc4 Kd6 41. Kb5 Kc7 42. Nh4 g5 43. Nf5 $16) 33. a5 Ng5 (33...
bxa5 34. Qxa5) (33... Nc5 34. b4 Na4 35. Qc6) 34. axb6 Nxf3+ 35. Qxf3 axb6 36.
Qc6 Bg5 37. Bxb6 Qe1+ 38. Kh2 Qe5+ 39. g3 Bf6 40. Qc7+ Kg8 41. Qxe5 Bxe5 42.
Kg2 Kf7 43. Kf3 Ke6 44. Ke4 h5 45. b4 Bb8 46. Be3 Bd6 47. b5 Be7 48. f4 h4 49.
g4 1-0

[Event "Stockholm"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Skold"]
[Black "Fred"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C96"]
[Annotator "23: Activity of the pieces"]
[PlyCount "81"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3
O-O 9. h3 Na5 10. Bc2 c5 11. d3 Qc7 12. Nbd2 Rd8 13. Qe2 Bb7 14. Nf1 14... Re8
{Evidently the intention is to have e5 well guarded, with the idea of an
eventual ... Pd5  } 15. Ng3 (15. Ne3 d5 16. exd5 Nxd5 17. Nxd5 Bxd5 18. Nxe5
18... Bd6 {pinning tactics
}) 15... g6 (15... d5 16. exd5 16... Nxd5 $2 (16...
Bxd5 17. Nxe5 Bd6 18. Bf4 18... Nd7 {pinning tactics
}) 17. Qxe5 Bd6 18. Qxe8+
$16 {Back rank tactics
}) 16. Bg5 {vacating the c1 square for a possible Rc1

} 16... Nc6 (16... d5 17. b4 cxb4 18. cxb4 Nc6 19. a3 {
Intending Bb3 and Rc1 (results of Bc1-g5)
}) 17. Nh2 $5 {Intending Pf4
} (17.
h4 {protecting Bg5 against Black's ... Nh5 tactics
}) 17... Nh5 $1 {
A tactical finesse, based on the unprotected state of White's Bg5
} 18. Bxe7 (
18. Nxh5 Bxg5) 18... Nf4 $1 {The point of Nh5, the thematic occupation of f4
}
19. Qf1 Qxe7 20. Ne2 20... Nh5 $2 {Now White does achieve his objective, and
the initiative falls into his hands again.} (20... Nxe2+ 21. Rxe2 21... g5 22.
Ng4 22... Qe6 23. Ne3 23... Ne7 {after which the weak d5 and f5 are covered
})
(20... Bc8 {Pg3 is now not playable due to pressure on h3
}) 21. f4 exf4 22.
Nxf4 Nxf4 23. Qxf4 Qe5 24. Qh4 24... h5 {
A serious weakening of Black's Kingside to prevent Ng4.} (24... Bc8 {
less commital
}) 25. Rf1 25... Bc8 {So as to meet Bb3 with ... Be6
} 26. Nf3
Qg7 27. Qf4 27... Ne5 {
An attempt to prevent the advance of Pd4 by vigorous counteraction
} 28. Rad1
(28. d4 cxd4 29. cxd4 Nxf3+ 30. Rxf3 30... Qxd4+ {discovered attack}) 28... Be6
29. Ng5 29... Rac8 {Again to prevent Pd4} 30. Rf2 $1 {On one hand protecting
the Bishop, and so threatening Pd4 again; on the other hand preparing to
triple on the f-file  } 30... Rc7 31. d4 cxd4 32. cxd4 Nc4 33. Bb3 Rd8 34. Kh1
$1 {White's initiative has now brough him a decisive positional advantage. He
controls the centre and the half-open f-file, as well as enjoying the greater
freedom of movement. What follows now is not so much a matter of initiative as
direct attack, for which Kh1 was a fine preparation (preventing Qd4+)  } 34...
Re7 35. Rdf1 $3 35... Qxd4 (35... -- 36. d5 Bd7 37. Nxf7) 36. Nxe6 fxe6 37. Qg5
37... Qg7 38. Bxc4 bxc4 39. Rf6 {Decisive
} 39... Kh8 (39... Kh7 40. Rxg6 Qxg6
41. Qxe7+) 40. Rxg6 Rf8 41. Qxh5+ 1-0

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1935.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lasker"]
[Black "Pirc"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B85"]
[Annotator "24: Security of the King"]
[PlyCount "39"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black's attempt to take the initiative backfires
} 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4
cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Be2 e6 7. O-O a6 8. Be3 Qc7 9. f4 {Here Black's
prospects lie mainly in his possession of the half-open c-file. His best
chance lies in the minority attack comprising the advance of his two Queenside
pawns combined with ... Na5-c4.  Black's next move is therefore quite
understandable; the only query is whether it might not have been more pruden
to complete his development first by ... Be7 and ... 0-0  } 9... Na5 10. f5 {
White also makes an effort for the iniatitive.  In view of his lead in
development it is a matter of the greatest importance for him to open the
position  } 10... Nc4 {When this game was played it was generally held that a
backward pawn must be a serious disadvantage. No modern master would have any
scruples about playing ... Pe5  } (10... e5 11. Nb3 Nc4 12. Bxc4 Qxc4 13. Qf3
h6) 11. Bxc4 Qxc4 12. fxe6 12... fxe6 $2 {
Still frightened of the backward pawn.} (12... Bxe6) 13. Rxf6 $1 {With this spl
endid Exchange sacrifice, Lasker demonstartes how vulnerable Black's King is
here  } 13... gxf6 14. Qh5+ Kd8 (14... Kd7 15. Qf7+ Be7 16. Nf5 $3 16... Re8
17. Nxd6 {Overworked king
}) (14... Ke7 15. Nf5+ $3 15... exf5 16. Nd5+ Kd7
17. Qf7+ Kc6 18. Qc7+ Kb5 19. a4+ $18) 15. Qf7 15... Bd7 (15... Be7 16. Nf5 {
thematic} 16... Qc7 17. Na4 17... Rf8 18. Qxh7 Ke8 19. Bb6 Qd7 20. Qh5+ Rf7 21.
Ng7+ Kf8 22. Qh8#) 16. Qxf6+ Kc7 17. Qxh8 17... Bh6 {Black had been counting
on this move, but an elegant refutation puts an end to his hopes  } 18. Nxe6+
$1 18... Qxe6 19. Qxa8 Bxe3+ 20. Kh1 1-0

[Event "New York"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1924.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lasker"]
[Black "Reti"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C12"]
[Annotator "24: Security of the King"]
[PlyCount "63"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bg5 Bb4 5. Nge2 dxe4 6. a3 Be7 7. Bxf6 gxf6 (
7... Bxf6 8. Nxe4 {tempo on the bishop
}) 8. Nxe4 f5 9. N4c3 Bd7 10. Qd2 10...
Bd6 11. O-O-O 11... Qe7 {It is clear that Black's formation is not a
particularly fortunate one. After accepting the doubled f-pawns his first
obligation was to take steps against a possible Pd5 by White. The simplest way
would have been by means of ... Pb6, ... Bb7, followed by ... Pc6; and the
indicated place for the King is the Queenside  } 12. Ng3 12... Qh4 (12... --
13. Nxf5 exf5 14. Re1 Be6 15. d5 {
The open centre files would portend grave peril for the Black King
}) 13. Qe1
$1 {Not only defending against Black's ... Bf4, but also renewing his own
threat of Nxf5  } 13... Nc6 $2 (13... Qf4+ 14. Kb1 14... Nc6 {(Alekhine)
})
14. Nxf5 $1 14... Qf4+ 15. Ne3 Nxd4 16. g3 Qe5 17. Bg2 Nc6 (17... Bc6 18. Bxc6+
Nxc6 19. f4 Qg7 20. Nf5 Qf8 21. Nxd6+ cxd6 22. Nb5 22... O-O-O 23. Qc3 $1 {
Fork ... exhibits power of the Queen
} 23... Kb8 24. Nxd6 24... Rxd6 25. Rxd6
Qxd6 26. Qxh8+) 18. f4 Qg7 19. Nb5 $1 (19. Nf5 19... Bxf4+ {
Move order is important
}) 19... O-O {At long last the Black king finds a
safer place, but at the cost of a pawn, and now White holds the advantage
positionally  } (19... Qf8 20. Nf5) 20. Nxd6 cxd6 21. Rxd6 Rfd8 22. Qd2 Be8 23.
Rd1 23... Rdc8 {With some remote hope of counterplay on the c-file, but
White's attack on the other flank is much too fast  } 24. f5 $1 24... e5 25. f6
Qf8 26. Nf5 {Logical way to bring two pieces into the attack
} 26... Kh8 27.
Qg5 27... Rc7 (27... Rd8 28. Rxd8 Rxd8 29. Rxd8 Nxd8 30. Ne7 {
winning a second pawn
}) 28. Bxc6 Rxc6 (28... Bxc6 29. Rd8 Rxd8 30. Rxd8) 29.
Rd8 29... Rac8 30. Qg7+ Qxg7 31. fxg7+ Kg8 32. Ne7+ 1-0

[Event "Russia"]
[Site "Ch URS, Leningrad  (2)"]
[Date "1939.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tolush"]
[Black "Botvinnik"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D83"]
[Annotator "24: Security of the King"]
[PlyCount "74"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{
By means of an Exchange sacrifice Black punishes White's premature initiative

} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Bf4 Bg7 5. e3 O-O 6. Rc1 c5 7. dxc5 Qa5 8.
cxd5 Rd8 9. Qd2 Nxd5 10. Bc7 (10. Nxd5 Qxd2+ 11. Kxd2 Rxd5+ 12. Kc2 Bf5+ 13.
Kb3 13... Rd2 $19 {winning attack
}) 10... Qxc7 11. Nxd5 11... Rxd5 $1 {
This Excahnge sacrifice, forced incidentally, allows Black to seize the
initiative  } 12. Qxd5 Be6 13. Qd2 Nc6 14. Rd1 $2 (14. Bd3 Rd8 15. Qe2 Ne5 16.
Rd1 Qa5+ 17. Kf1 17... Rxd3 $1 {pinning tactics
} 18. Rxd3 18... Bc4 $19) (14.
Rc3 {returning the exchange
}) 14... Rd8 15. Qc1 15... Qa5+ {
Now the wretched position of the White King brings its retribution
} 16. Rd2 {
Critical position
} 16... Rd5 (16... Bxa2) 17. Ne2 (17. -- {
Threatening to turn the board into a slaughter house
} 17... Rxc5 18. Qb1 Bxa2
19. Qa1 Nb4) 17... Rxc5 18. Nc3 Bxc3 19. bxc3 Rxc3 20. Qb2 20... Ra3 {
A sorry situation, and a drastic demonstration of the consequences of having
one's King caught in the middle. Hard pressed by threats from all directions,
he is still unable to complete his development, and far from enjoying hte
advantage of the Exchange, he finds himself in effect two pieces short on the
Kingside  } 21. Qb5 Qc3 (21... Rxa2 $2 {Keep pieces on the board!
}) 22. Qb2
Qc5 23. Qb1 (23. Be2 Rxa2 24. Qb1 Qc3 25. Qd1 25... Nb4 $19) 23... Bxa2 $1 24.
Rxa2 Qa5+ (24... Rxa2 $4 {lazy calculation
}) 25. Rd2 Ra1 26. Bd3 Rxb1+ 27.
Bxb1 27... Ne5 {Even now White could put up a respectable fight if only he
could castle and get his King into safety. But Black holds on this his
advantage with an iron hand  } 28. Ke2 Qb5+ 29. Bd3 Nxd3 30. Rxd3 30... a5 (
30... f5) 31. Rhd1 Qc4 (31... a4) 32. Kf3 {At last the Rooks are free to
cooperate, and the King is not in immediate danger; but now, with Black's
united passed pawns advancing irresistibly, it is all too late  } 32... b5 (
32... h5 {cheapos
}) 33. Rd7 b4 34. Ra7 a4 (34... Qc6+ {no time to waste
})
35. Rd8+ Kg7 36. Rda8 a3 37. g3 Qb5 (37... Qc5 {
get the Queen behind the passed pawns
}) 0-1

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Robatsch"]
[Black "Larsen"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "A04"]
[Annotator "24: Security of the King"]
[PlyCount "42"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. Nf3 f5 2. e4 fxe4 3. Ng5 e5 4. d3 e3 5. Bxe3 Nc6 6. Qh5+ g6 7. Qf3 Qf6 8.
Qg3 Nge7 9. Nc3 h6 10. Nge4 Qf7 11. Nb5 Nf5 (11... -- {Royal fork threat} 12.
Nbd6+ (12. Nxc7+) 12... cxd6 13. Nxd6+) 12. Qf3 12... d5 $1 13. Nf6+ {
White might as well press forward, for a retreat would be to admit that his
earlier aggression was not justified  } (13. Ng3 a6) 13... Qxf6 14. Nxc7+ Kd8
15. Nxa8 15... e4 $1 {With this sudden counterattack Black demonstartes very
convincgly that White's King is in more danger than his own  } 16. dxe4 {
White opens the d-file as another possible avenue of attack against the Black
King  } (16. Qd1 Nxe3 17. fxe3 Qxb2 18. Rb1 Bb4+ 19. Kf2 Rf8+ 20. Kg1 20... Bd2
$3) 16... Qxb2 17. Qd1 (17. Rd1 Bb4+ 18. Bd2 Ncd4 19. Qd3 Nxc2+ 20. Ke2 Nfd4+)
17... Nxe3 18. fxe3 Qc3+ 19. Kf2 19... Bc5 $1 20. Qxd5+ Bd7 21. Bd3 Qd2+ 0-1

[Event "08"]
[Site "Moskva ch-SU  (22.02.55)"]
[Date "1955.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Keres"]
[Black "Taimanov"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E13"]
[Annotator "24: Security of the King"]
[PlyCount "57"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{By means of a central breakthrough, White takes advantage of Black's insecure
King position in the middle  } 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Nf3 b6 5. Bg5
Bb7 6. e3 h6 7. Bh4 g5 8. Bg3 Ne4 9. Qc2 Bxc3+ 10. bxc3 d6 11. Bd3 11... f5 {
important move
} 12. d5 $1 {White sacrifices a central pawn to blast open
lines and exploit Black's King position  } (12. O-O-O) (12. O-O {
Black seizes the opportunity to consolidate by ... Nbd7-f6.
}) 12... exd5 13.
cxd5 Bxd5 14. Nd4 (14. O-O-O) 14... Nd7 (14... Qf6 15. f3 (15. Nxf5 Qxf5 16. f3
) 15... Nxg3 16. hxg3) 15. f3 (15. Nxf5) 15... Nxg3 16. hxg3 Qf6 17. Bxf5 17...
O-O-O {Thus Black hopes to safeguard his King, but it rapidly becomes apparent
that White has chances for a vigorous attack  } 18. Qa4 $1 (18. a4 {Loh}) 18...
a5 19. Kf2 {King safety
} (19. c4 {Loh}) 19... h5 20. Rab1 (20. e4 {Loh})
20... h4 21. e4 (21. g4 {Loh}) (21. gxh4 gxh4 22. Rb5 Bb7 23. Qc4 $1 {
there are powerful Exchange sacrifices in the air
} 23... d5 (23... Kb8 24.
Nc6+ Bxc6 25. Qxc6 Nc5 26. Rxc5 bxc5 27. Rb1+) 24. Rxd5 {Keres
}) 21... Bb7
22. gxh4 (22. g4) 22... gxh4 {critical} 23. Ne6 (23. Qc4 {Loh}) 23... Ne5 $2 {
tactic} (23... Rdg8 24. Nxc7 $1 {wins an important pawn
}) (23... Qxc3 24. Qd1
{Keres} (24. Rhc1 Qd2+ 25. Kg1 25... h3 $3 26. Rxc7+ Kb8 27. Bxh3 Qe3+ 28. Kh2
28... Rxh3+ $3 29. Kxh3 $19 {Keres
})) 24. Qd4 {stronger
} (24. Nxd8+ Kxd8
25. Qd4) 24... Rdg8 25. Nxc7+ $1 {
Now like a house of cars the Black's King's position falls apart
} 25... Kb8
26. Qxb6 Nd3+ 27. Kf1 (27. Kg1) 27... Nb4 28. Rxb4 {A convincing finish
} (28.
Nb5) 28... axb4 29. Nb5 1-0

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Muhring"]
[Black "Jaurequi"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D25"]
[Annotator "24: Security of the King"]
[PlyCount "95"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 d5 2. c4 dxc4 3. Nf3 Nf6 4. e3 g6 5. Bxc4 Bg7 6. O-O O-O 7. Qe2 Nfd7 8.
Rd1 Nb6 9. Bb3 Bg4 10. h3 Bxf3 11. Qxf3 Nc6 12. Nc3 e5 13. d5 Na5 14. Bc2 Nac4
15. e4 Qe7 16. a4 a5 17. Ne2 Rad8 18. Qb3 Nd6 19. Be3 Nd7 20. f3 f5 21. Bd3 f4
22. Bf2 Bf6 23. Rac1 Rc8 24. Rc3 Qg7 25. Rdc1 25... Bd8 {In positions in which
one player has the initiative on the Queenside and the other on the Kingside,
the odds are usually with the one who is pressuring the opponent's King. In
the present case White's Queenside advantage (pressure against the
semi-backward c-pawn is hardly sufficient compensation for the initiative
which Black can build up on the other flank  } 26. Kf1 $1 {Taking the bull
behind the horns: since the effectiveness of Black's play on the Kingside
depens largely on the presence of the White King there, White runs his King
straight across to the other side  } 26... g5 27. Ke1 h5 28. Kd1 Rf6 (28... g4
29. Kc2 gxf3 30. gxf3) 29. Kc2 Rh6 30. Kb1 g4 31. R3c2 31... Nf6 {
This gives the opponent to seize the initiative by a suprising move
} 32. Nxf4
32... exf4 33. e5 Nfe8 34. exd6 Nxd6 35. Bc5 Qd7 36. Re2 $1 {
It becomes clear that Black's Kingside activities have imperiles his own King

} 36... Rf6 (36... gxh3 37. gxh3 Qxh3 38. Re6 Rxe6 39. dxe6 39... Be7 40. Rg1+
{winning attack}) 37. hxg4 hxg4 38. fxg4 Qxg4 39. Re6 $1 {
The direct atacck on the King begins to take place
} 39... Rxe6 40. dxe6 Be7
41. Bxd6 Bxd6 42. e7+ Kg7 43. Rh1 {With every White piece in action the issue
is beyond doubt. Notice that in a direct attack the presence of Bishops of
opposite colour is an advantage rather than disadvantage for the attacking
side  } 43... Kf6 44. Rh7 Qg8 (44... Ke5 45. Rf7) 45. Qc3+ Be5 46. Rh6+ Kg5 47.
Rg6+ Qxg6 48. Qxe5+ 1-0

[Event "6th game"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1955.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Smyslov"]
[Black "Geller"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "E89"]
[Annotator "24: Security of the King"]
[PlyCount "68"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4 d6 5. f3 O-O 6. Be3 e5 7. Nge2 c6 8. d5
cxd5 9. cxd5 9... Ne8 10. Qd2 f5 11. h3 Nd7 12. g3 Nb6 13. b3 {White has deffer
ed castling too long, and no wonder; for Kingside castling was hardly to be
considered in view of the advancing f-pawn, while Queenside castling appears
distinctly unhealthy in view of the c-file. Nonetheless White should have
castled on the Queenside at move 11  } 13... f4 $1 {thematic move
} 14. gxf4
exf4 15. Bd4 (15. Bxf4 15... Bxc3 16. Qxc3 16... Qh4+ {
Fork and removing the guard
}) 15... Nd7 $1 16. h4 16... Ne5 {
Black's pieces have access to e5
} 17. Bg2 17... Bd7 {
you have to have nerves to calmly complete development!
} 18. Bf2 (18. Nxf4
18... Rxf4 19. Qxf4 19... Nd3+ {fork
}) 18... Rc8 {commonsense pressure
} 19.
Nd4 19... Qa5 20. Rc1 20... Nc7 {
Logically improving the placement of all pieces
} 21. Rc2 Na6 22. O-O {
At last! But meanwhile Black's advantage has become overwhelming. We give the
rest merely for the sake of completeness  } 22... Nc5 23. Nce2 23... Qxd2 {
there is no big attack ... just better placed pieces
} 24. Rxd2 24... Nxe4 {
little tactics
} 25. fxe4 25... f3 26. Nxf3 26... Nxf3+ 27. Bxf3 Rxf3 28. Bxa7
28... Rh3 {logical ... attacking weaknesses
} 29. Bf2 29... Be5 {
logical, better placed piece
} 30. Nd4 30... Bg4 {everyone in on the party}
31. Be1 31... Re3 {weakness} 32. Bf2 Rxe4 33. Re1 Rxe1+ 34. Bxe1 Rc1 0-1

[Event "USA-ch"]
[Site "USA-ch"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Byrne"]
[Black "Fischer"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D97"]
[Annotator "24: Security of the King"]
[PlyCount "82"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. Nf3 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. d4 O-O 5. Bf4 d5 6. Qb3 dxc4 7. Qxc4 c6 8. e4
8... Nbd7 {commonsense development
} 9. Rd1 Nb6 10. Qc5 Bg4 11. Bg5 (11. Be2
Nfd7 12. Qa3 Bxf3 13. Bxf3 e5 14. dxe5 14... Qe8 {
Black would have attained a good game
}) 11... Na4 $3 {This is a World
Champion type move (never miss a tactical opportunity Bradley!!)  } 12. Qa3 (
12. Nxa4 Nxe4 13. Qxe7 (13. Qc1 Qa5+ 14. Nc3 14... Bxf3 15. gxf3 15... Nxg5 {
removing the guard
}) 13... Qxe7 14. Bxe7 Rfe8) 12... Nxc3 13. bxc3 Nxe4 14.
Bxe7 Qb6 15. Bc4 (15. Bxf8 Bxf8 16. Qb3 16... Nxc3 $1 $44 {Pinning tactic
})
15... Nxc3 $1 16. Bc5 (16. Qxc3 16... Rfe8 {
all these pins based on the central King
}) 16... Rfe8+ 17. Kf1 17... Be6 $3 {
Once in a lifetime move ... The uncommonly beautiful point of the combination

} 18. Bxb6 (18. Qxc3 18... Qxc5 $1 {pins
} 19. dxc5 Bxc3) (18. Bxe6 {
smothered mate ... again based on the exposed King
} 18... Qb5+ 19. Kg1 Ne2+
20. Kf1 Ng3+ 21. Kg1 Qf1+ 22. Rxf1 Ne2#) 18... Bxc4+ 19. Kg1 Ne2+ 20. Kf1 20...
Nxd4+ {free pawn} 21. Kg1 Ne2+ 22. Kf1 Nc3+ 23. Kg1 axb6 24. Qb4 Ra4 25. Qxb6
25... Nxd1 {The issue of the game is settled. For the Queen Black has two
Bishops and a Rook, not to mention the White pawns which are going to fall
like ripe apples  } 26. h3 Rxa2 27. Kh2 Nxf2 28. Re1 Rxe1 29. Qd8+ Bf8 30. Nxe1
Bd5 31. Nf3 Ne4 32. Qb8 b5 33. h4 h5 34. Ne5 Kg7 35. Kg1 Bc5+ 36. Kf1 Ng3+ 37.
Ke1 Bb4+ (37... Re2+ {Loh
} 38. Kd1 Bb3+ 39. Kc1 Be3+ 40. Kb1 Ba2+ 41. Ka1
Bd4#) 38. Kd1 Bb3+ 39. Kc1 Ne2+ 40. Kb1 Nc3+ 41. Kc1 Rc2# 0-1

[Event "14"]
[Site "Groningen"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Smyslov"]
[Black "Kottnauer"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B84"]
[Annotator "24: Security of the King"]
[PlyCount "43"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6. Be2 e6 7. O-O b5 8. Bf3
Ra7 9. Qe2 Rc7 10. Rd1 Nbd7 11. a4 bxa4 12. Nxa4 12... Bb7 {Black threatens to
assume the initiative with ... Ne5, but the following breakthrough cuts across
his plans  } (12... Be7) 13. e5 $1 13... Nxe5 (13... dxe5 14. Bxb7 exd4 15.
Bxa6 Bc5 16. Nxc5 Nxc5 17. Bb5+ Ke7 18. Bf4 {Black's King doesn't find safety

}) 14. Bxb7 Rxb7 15. Qxa6 Qb8 16. Nc6 Nxc6 17. Qxc6+ Nd7 18. Nc5 $3 {
Thus White forces a decision as elegant as it is speedy
} 18... dxc5 (18...
Rc7 19. Nxd7) 19. Bf4 $1 {Everyone in on the party
} 19... Bd6 (19... Qxf4 20.
Qc8+ Ke7 21. Qxb7 Kf6 22. Rxd7 g6 23. g3 Qf5 24. Ra7) 20. Bxd6 20... Rb6 21.
Qxd7+ 21... Kxd7 22. Bxb8+ 1-0

[Event "A.Alekhin memorial"]
[Site "Moscow"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Bronstein"]
[Black "Sliwa"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C75"]
[Annotator "25: To make or permit the Exchange"]
[PlyCount "57"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{An example of tension
} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 d6 5. c3 Bd7 6.
d4 Be7 7. O-O Bf6 8. Be3 Nge7 9. Nbd2 9... O-O {As far as the central pawn
configuration is concerned, two points are abundantly clear  1) White would
achieve nothing by exchanging on e5  2) Black can hardly exchange on d4, since
the recapture with the c-pawn would give White too strong a centre. The
advance Pd5 by White would be convenient for Black  } 10. a3 (10. d5 Nb8 11.
Bc2 11... a5) 10... Ng6 11. b4 {From now on Black must reckon seriously with
the possibility of Pd5, since White is ready to follow up with Pc4 and Pc5  }
11... Re8 12. Bc2 h6 13. Nb3 {White is in no hurry to play Pd5 since he has
other ways of strengthening his position  } 13... Bg5 $2 {
With such a constricted position Black's policy must be to exchange pieces.
}
(13... Bg4 14. h3 Bxf3 15. Qxf3 15... Bg5) 14. Nxg5 hxg5 15. g3 {
This nullifies Black's control of f4} 15... f6 (15... Bh3 16. Qh5 Bxf1 17. Rxf1
{with a powerful attack  In return for the sacrificed Exchange White would
have  1) a pawn (for Black's front g-pawn would be untenabl  2) Greater
maneuvering space  3) The Bishop pair  This adds up to more than sufficient
compensation for the slight material deficit  }) 16. Qh5 Nce7 17. Nc5 $3 {
A superb way of profiting from the weakness of Black's castled position
}
17... Bc6 (17... dxc5 18. Bb3+ Kf8 (18... c4 19. Bxc4+ Kf8 20. dxe5 Bb5 21. Ba2
$1) 19. dxe5 $1 19... fxe5 20. Bxc5 $18 {Bishop pair power at it's best
}) 18.
Bb3+ d5 19. Rad1 $1 {
Once again the strongest move is to refrain from exchanging
} 19... b6 20. Nd3
exd4 (20... -- 21. dxe5) 21. Bxd4 Kf7 22. f4 Rh8 23. Qe2 gxf4 24. Nxf4 Nxf4 25.
Rxf4 25... Qc8 {Other moves are no better
} 26. exd5 Bxd5 27. Bxf6 {
A fitting finish to this pretty game
} 27... gxf6 28. Rxd5 Nxd5 29. Bxd5+ 1-0

[Event "Zurich"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1934.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lasker"]
[Black "Henneberger"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E21"]
[Annotator "25: To make or permit the Exchange"]
[PlyCount "81"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black tries to force his opponent into clearing up the central situation

} 
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Nf3 Bxc3+ 5. bxc3 d6 6. g3 O-O 7. Bg2 Qe7 8.
Ba3 Nbd7 9. Nd2 e5 10. O-O Re8 11. e3 {We have now reached the Wyvill
Formation. The conclusion reached there was that White ought to hold the pawn
formation intact as long as possible, meanwhile building up his attack behind
the lines, a strategy, which is similar to play of the previous exampe. Black
for his part should try to force White to play Pd5  } 11... c5 12. Rb1 12...
Nb6 $2 {This is quite in accordance with the positional requirements outlined
above, for Black will be able to play ... Be6 putting pressure on the White's
c-pawn so as to induce him to advance Pd5. Nevertheless ... Rb8, or ... Pe4
would have been better, simply because White now gets the initiative  } 13.
dxc5 $1 13... dxc5 14. Rb5 {Defence of the c-pawn would now require ... Nfd7,
after which Black would have great difficulty in completing his development.
He therefore decides to let the pawn go  } 14... Bd7 15. Bxc5 Qe6 16. Rb4 Bc6
17. Bxb6 Bxg2 18. Kxg2 18... axb6 {Although White is a pawn up the situation
is far from clear, in view of the pawn weakensses in both camps  } 19. Qc2 Red8
(19... e4) 20. f3 20... Rd6 21. Rf2 21... Rad8 22. Ne4 Nxe4 23. Qxe4 Qd7 24.
Rbb2 (24. Qxe5 Re8 25. Qf4 Rf6 26. Qg5 h6 27. Qh4 Rxe3) 24... f6 25. c5 bxc5
26. Rxb7 Qe6 27. g4 {Prevents ... Pf5;} 27... Rd3 (27... Rd2 28. Ra7) 28. c4 g6
29. Rb8 $1 {Exchanging off a pair of Rooks
} 29... Kg7 30. Rxd8 Rxd8 31. Rb2
Kh6 32. Kg3 Rd1 33. h4 Rg1+ 34. Kh2 Rd1 35. Kg3 Rg1+ 36. Rg2 f5 37. Qd5 Rxg2+
38. Kxg2 Qa6 39. Qg8 Qxa2+ 40. Kg3 Qa7 41. Qf8+ 1-0

[Event "Russia"]
[Site "Match, Leningrad/Moscow  (10)"]
[Date "1933.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Flohr"]
[Black "Botvinnik"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "A95"]
[Annotator "25: To make or permit the Exchange"]
[PlyCount "64"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Exchange at d5 usually achieves nothing against the Stonewall Defense
} 1. d4
e6 2. c4 f5 3. g3 Nf6 4. Bg2 Be7 5. Nc3 d5 6. Nf3 c6 7. O-O O-O 8. b3 Qe8 9.
Bb2 Nbd7 10. Qd3 Qh5 11. cxd5 {This exchange on d5 often gives some initiative
in such position, for it enables White to start a minority attack on the
Queenside. The present position, however, is an exception which provides us
with a welcome chance of giving a warning against superficial thinking. How is
it that the minority attack give White such a promising initative in many
variations of the QGD? The reason must be that the Pb4-b5 of the minority
attack is a means of breaking the half-open c-file fully open. But this is not
the whole explanation. The essential point is that Black, who has the
half-open e-file, cannot be so prompt with his counterattack. His thematic
advance is ... Pf5-f4, and this need preparation. Preparation however needs
time, and White can use this time to push forward his b-pawn without delay.  
 In light of these considerations the difference between the present diagram
and the normal QG positions, in which the minority attack has legitimate
expectations of success, is clear enough. Black has already played ... Pf5 and
so will probably be able to play ... Pf4 before White can play Pb5 on the
other flank. In short, Black's minority attack gets in first  } 11... exd5 12.
Nd2 (12. Ne1 12... Ne4 13. f4 {Preventing Black's thematic ... Pf5-f4
}) 12...
Ne4 13. f3 (13. f4 Nxd2 14. Qxd2 14... Nf6 {
Black works with gain of tempo - a typical proof he holds the initiative
})
13... Nxc3 $1 14. Bxc3 14... f4 $1 {It is evident that Black has taken charge.
Little or nothing will come of White's minority attack  } 15. Rfe1 (15. Rfd1 {
followed by Nf1 and Be1
} 15... -- 16. Nf1 -- 17. Be1) 15... Bd6 16. Nf1 16...
Rf7 $1 {Freeing f8 for the Knight, so that he can develop his Queenside pieces
without relaxing the pressure on White's position  } 17. e3 {
Forcing Black to exchange on e3 or g3.
} (17. Bd2 17... Nf8 18. gxf4 Bxf4 19.
Bxf4 Rxf4 20. e3) 17... fxg3 18. Nxg3 (18. hxg3 Qg5 19. Kf2 19... Nf6 $40)
18... Qh4 19. Nf1 19... Nf6 {In the alter circumstance the Knight naturally
does better to go to f6 rather than f8  } 20. Re2 Bd7 21. Be1 Qg5 22. Bg3 Bxg3
23. Nxg3 (23. hxg3 Nh5 24. Kh2 Nxg3 25. Nxg3 Qh4+) 23... h5 $1 {The storm toops
advance - a sure sign that the pahse of initiative is giving way to phase of
real attack  } 24. f4 Qg4 25. Rf2 (25. Rf1 h4 26. Bf3) 25... h4 26. Bf3 (26. h3
Qe6 (26... Qxg3 27. Rf3 $19) 27. Nf1 Ne4) 26... hxg3 $3 27. Bxg4 gxf2+ 28. Kg2
Nxg4 29. h3 Nf6 30. Kxf2 Ne4+ 31. Kg2 31... Bxh3+ 32. Kxh3 Nf2+ 0-1

[Event "16"]
[Site "Moscow"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Capablanca"]
[Black "Botvinnik"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "A95"]
[Annotator "25: To make or permit the Exchange"]
[PlyCount "92"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black plays ... Nb6 in an attempt to force White to clarify the central
situation  } 1. Nf3 f5 2. g3 Nf6 3. Bg2 e6 4. c4 Be7 5. O-O O-O 6. d4 d5 7. Nc3
c6 8. Qb3 Kh8 9. Ne5 Nbd7 10. Nxd7 Nxd7 11. Rd1 11... Nb6 $1 {
Forcing White to make up his mind about the c-pawn
} 12. cxd5 (12. c5 Nd7 13.
Qa4 e5 (13... f4 {initiative with Black
})) 12... exd5 13. Na4 Nc4 14. Nc5
14... b6 $2 {Sharpest but inferior
} (14... Qb6 {Black seizes the initiative

}) 15. Nd3 Bf6 16. Qc2 $1 16... Bd7 (16... Bxd4 17. Nb4 Qf6 18. Nxc6 $1 18...
Bxb2 19. Bxb2 Nxb2 20. Rxd5) 17. e3 Nd6 18. a4 18... a5 {
stop Queenside counterplay
} 19. b3 Re8 20. Ba3 20... Ne4 {In the end the
Knight finds itself on f7, so it might as well have gone there immediately} 21.
f3 Ng5 22. Ne5 Rc8 (22... Bxe5 23. dxe5 23... Rxe5 $2 24. f4 {fork
}) 23. Rac1
Kg8 24. Qd3 Nf7 25. f4 Be7 26. Bxe7 Qxe7 27. Rc3 27... Nxe5 {This exchange was
practically unavoidable, since White threatened to double Rooks. Now White,
with a protected passed pawn and a good Bishop, has decidedly the better of it
  } 28. dxe5 Qb4 29. Rdc1 Rb8 (29... -- 30. e6 {Enticement
} 30... Rxe6 31.
Bxd5 {Pin
} 31... cxd5 32. Rxc8+) 30. Qd4 {Although White seems to hold the
advantage at this point he had to b content with a draw  } 30... b5 31. Ra1 Ra8
32. axb5 Qxb5 33. Rc5 Qxb3 34. Rxd5 Be6 35. Rd6 c5 36. Qxc5 (36. Qd2 $1) 36...
Rec8 37. Qb6 Rab8 38. Qxb3 (38. Qd4 Rc4 39. Qd1 $1) 38... Bxb3 39. Bc6 (39. e4)
39... a4 40. g4 fxg4 41. Kf2 Kf8 42. Kg3 Rb6 43. Be4 Rxd6 44. exd6 Rd8 45. Bxh7
Rxd6 46. Kxg4 46... Rh6 $11 1/2-1/2

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Boutteville"]
[Black "Kramer"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "E09"]
[Annotator "25: To make or permit the Exchange"]
[PlyCount "76"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. c4 Nf6 2. g3 e6 3. Bg2 d5 4. d4 Be7 5. Nf3 O-O 6. O-O c6 7. b3 Nbd7 8. Bb2
b6 9. Nbd2 Bb7 10. Qc2 Rc8 11. e4 11... Qc7 {After an immediate exchange of
the e-pawn White gains ground, and has the initiative  } 12. Rac1 (12. e5 {
Usually gives nothing
}) 12... dxe4 $1 {Now this exchange is satisfactory
}
13. Ne5 {An attempt to sezie the initiative
} (13. Nxe4 13... Nxe4 14. Qxe4
14... c5 {Black plays for the initiative
}) 13... c5 14. Nxd7 Qxd7 15. dxc5 {
Thus White hopes for good chances
} 15... e3 $1 {
This interpolation quite uspets White
} (15... Bxc5 16. Bxf6) (15... bxc5 16.
Nxe4 Nxe4 17. Bxe4 Bxe4 18. Qxe4 {very slight initiative
}) 16. fxe3 (16. Bxb7
exd2 17. Bxc8 dxc1=Q 18. Bxd7 18... Qxc2 $19) 16... Bxg2 17. Kxg2 17... Ng4 $1
{The second point, which depends on a tactical finesse
} 18. Rf3 (18. Qc3 Bf6)
(18. Qe4 Qxd2+) (18. Kf3 Nxh2+) 18... Bxc5 19. Qc3 f6 20. b4 Be7 21. Rf4 (21.
h3 Ne5 22. Rf4 22... Nd3) 21... e5 22. Rf3 (22. Rff1 Rfd8 23. Rfd1 23... Qd3 $1
) 22... Rfd8 23. Nf1 Qc6 24. c5 b5 25. Qb3+ Kh8 26. h3 Nh6 27. Qc2 Rd7 28. e4
Rcd8 29. Re1 29... Nf7 $1 30. h4 30... Nh6 $1 31. Qe2 Ng4 32. Rf5 g6 33. Rf3 h5
34. Bc1 Rd4 35. Nh2 Rxb4 36. Rd3 Rxd3 37. Qxd3 Rd4 38. Qb3 Rxe4 0-1

[Event "Beverwijk"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1953.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Cortlever"]
[Black "Trott"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E09"]
[Annotator "25: To make or permit the Exchange"]
[PlyCount "59"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{White also gets the initiative if Black waits too long with the capture ...
dxe4  } 1. Nf3 Nf6 2. g3 d5 3. Bg2 Nbd7 4. d4 e6 5. O-O Be7 6. b3 O-O 7. Bb2 b6
8. c4 c6 9. Nbd2 Bb7 10. Qc2 Rc8 11. e4 Qc7 12. Rac1 Qb8 13. Rfe1 Rfd8 14. Qb1
{Black has delayed too long the capture on e4 and this allows White to gain
the initiative  } 14... Nxe4 15. Nxe4 dxe4 16. Rxe4 16... c5 17. d5 $1 {
Due to the unprotected Be7, White is now able to maintain the central tension

} 17... Bf6 $1 {Killing two birds with one stone. The Bishop removes itself
from the line of fire, and at the same time nullifies White's dangerous Queen
Bishop  } 18. Rg4 exd5 19. cxd5 19... h5 $2 (19... Bxd5 20. Ng5 Bxg5 21. Rxg5)
(19... Bxb2 20. Qxb2 f6 21. Rd1 Kh8) 20. Ng5 $1 {
The real point of White's previous moves
} 20... hxg4 $2 (20... Nf8 21. Bxf6
hxg4 22. Bxd8 Rxd8 23. Qf5 23... Qc7) 21. Qh7+ Kf8 22. Re1 Ne5 23. Bxe5 Bxe5
24. Qh8+ Ke7 25. Qxg7 25... Rf8 (25... -- 26. Qxf7+ Kd6 27. Qe6+ Kc7 28. Qe7+
Rd7 29. Ne6#) 26. Rxe5+ Kd7 27. Nxf7 Rg8 28. Qf6 Rce8 29. Qf5+ Kc7 30. d6# 1-0

[Event "Yugoslavia-Switzerland"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1949.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Pirc"]
[Black "Christoffel"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D12"]
[Annotator "25: To make or permit the Exchange"]
[PlyCount "79"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Whether or not ot exchange the Knight
} 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nf3 c6 3. d4 d5 4. e3
Bf5 5. Nc3 e6 6. Bd3 Bg6 7. Ne5 Nbd7 8. f4 Be7 9. O-O Qc7 10. Qc2 Bxd3 11. Qxd3
Rd8 12. Bd2 O-O 13. Rac1 {White is retaining all options - the best method of
keeping a persistent initiative. He can  1) Being a Queensdie advance by Pb4
followed by eith Pc5 or Pcxd5  2) He can thrust Pe4  3) Bayonet attack by Pg4.
  All these opportunities arise mainly from the influence of the Knight on e5,
and Black's main headache is to decide whether or not to take it off  } 13...
Nxe5 {He decides to cut the knot
} 14. fxe5 dxc4 15. Qxc4 15... Nd7 $2 (15...
Nd5 16. e4 (16. Ne4 f6 17. exf6 gxf6) 16... Nb6 17. Qd3 17... Qxe5) 16. Ne4
16... c5 {Black wants to prevent Bb4, with exchange of Bishops and subsequent
occupation of d6 with the Knight, but he is jumping out of the frying pan into
the fire  } 17. Bb4 $1 {
This forces ... Pb6, after which the Black knight cannot get into play via b6

} 17... b6 18. Bc3 Qc6 19. dxc5 $1 19... Bxc5 (19... Nxc5 20. Nf6+ gxf6 21.
exf6 Bd6 22. Qg4+) 20. Nxc5 Qxc5 (20... bxc5 21. b4 21... Rc8 22. Bd4 Qc7 23.
bxc5 Nxe5 24. Qc3 f6 25. Bxe5 $16) (20... Nxc5 21. Bd4 (21. b4 21... Qe4 $1))
21. Bd4 $1 {Thus White obtains control of the c-file by force, securing a
great positional advantage  } 21... Qc8 22. Qc7 Qa8 23. b4 {
With the same idea as Bb4, depriving the Knight of available squares
} 23...
Qe4 24. Qc6 $1 24... Qd3 25. Qf3 Qb5 (25... Rc8 26. Rxc8 26... Rxc8 27. Qxf7+)
26. Rc7 a6 (26... Nxe5 27. Bxe5 Qxe5 28. Rxf7) 27. Qc6 27... Qxc6 {At last Whit
e has his favourable ending. The rest, as they say, is a matter of technique  }
28. Rxc6 Rc8 29. Rfc1 Rxc6 30. Rxc6 Rb8 31. Rc7 Rd8 32. Ra7 g6 33. Rxa6 Rc8 34.
Ra7 Nf8 35. Bxb6 Rc4 36. Bc5 Kg7 37. a4 g5 38. Rc7 Re4 39. a5 Ng6 40. a6 1-0

[Event "Paris"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1900.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Pillsbury"]
[Black "Marco"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D55"]
[Annotator "25: To make or permit the Exchange"]
[PlyCount "51"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The problem of the aKnight exchange in the so-called Pillsbury position
} 1.
d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bg5 Be7 5. e3 O-O 6. Nf3 b6 7. Bd3 Bb7 8. cxd5
exd5 9. Ne5 Nbd7 10. f4 {About this time Pillsbury was getting some striking
results with this system, characterized by the Knight on e5 with the strong
reinforcing pawn formation d4-e3-f4. The cause of these successes lay int eh
fact that nobody had yet found the right answer to the problem of whether or
not to exchange the Knights  } 10... c5 $2 (10... Ne8 11. Bxe7 Qxe7 12. O-O
Nxe5 13. fxe5 13... f6 {Black can achieve some strong counterplay (Teichmann)

}) 11. O-O 11... c4 {Trading Knight is still indicated. Black starts a
Queenside attack, but before this has time to become dangerous the White
Kingisde initiative becomes a hurricane  } 12. Bc2 a6 13. Qf3 b5 14. Qh3 g6 (
14... -- 15. Nxd7 Qxd7 16. Bxh7+ {removing the guard
}) 15. f5 $1 {
White opens the f-file, and at once the energetic final attack is under way
}
15... b4 16. fxg6 hxg6 (16... bxc3 17. Bxf6 Nxf6 18. Rxf6 hxg6 19. Bxg6 19...
fxg6 20. Rxg6#) 17. Qh4 $1 17... bxc3 18. Nxd7 Qxd7 19. Rxf6 19... a5 20. Raf1
Ra6 21. Bxg6 $1 {A superb finish
} 21... fxg6 22. Rxf8+ Bxf8 23. Rxf8+ Kxf8
24. Qh8+ Kf7 25. Qh7+ Ke8 26. Qg8# 1-0

[Event "Prague"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1908.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Teichmann"]
[Black "Dus-Chotimirski"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D40"]
[Annotator "25: To make or permit the Exchange"]
[PlyCount "60"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 c5 4. e3 Nf6 5. Nf3 Nc6 6. a3 a6 7. dxc5 Bxc5 8. b4
Bd6 9. Bb2 dxc4 10. Bxc4 b5 11. Bd3 Bb7 12. O-O {Tarrasch stated that in
symmetrical positions such as this one, the advantage goes to the player who
can get Ne4 (... Ne5 for Black) first. Hence White should have played Ne4  }
12... Ne5 $1 13. Nxe5 (13. Be2 13... O-O $36) 13... Bxe5 14. Qe2 O-O 15. Rad1
Qe7 16. f4 {With this and his next move White makes a bid for the initiative
by means of a central pawn advance; but it soon transpires that these are the
very moves which give Black attacking chances  } 16... Bc7 (16... Bd6 {
Not flexible
}) 17. e4 Bb6+ 18. Kh1 Rfd8 19. Bb1 Rac8 20. Rxd8+ Qxd8 (20...
Rxd8 21. Qc2 21... Ng4 22. e5 22... Qh4 $19) 21. Rd1 Qe7 22. e5 Nd5 23. Nxd5
Bxd5 24. Qg4 24... Qb7 {
Counterattack is the best means of defence. Black has his own pressure on b2
}
25. f5 25... Rc4 {tempo!} 26. Qg3 26... Rf4 {
Suddenly White is defenceless against invasion at f2
} 27. f6 g6 28. Ba2 28...
Rf2 29. Bxd5 29... Qxd5 {back rank tactics
} 30. Rc1 30... Rxb2 0-1

[Event "New York"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1924.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Yates"]
[Black "Reti"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B18"]
[Annotator "25: To make or permit the Exchange"]
[PlyCount "49"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Whether or not to exchange Bishops
} 1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4
Bf5 5. Ng3 Bg6 6. Nf3 Nd7 7. c3 Ngf6 8. Bc4 e6 9. Qe2 Be7 10. O-O O-O 11. Re1 {
flexible
} 11... Nd5 12. Bb3 a5 13. a3 Qc7 14. c4 {
Logically ousting opponent's pieces from their best squares
} 14... Nf4 15.
Bxf4 Qxf4 16. Rad1 Bf6 17. Bc2 {The question of whether to trade Bishops here
or leave them exchanged by the opponents is really a matter for the openings
theorist, and in this middlegame book we only consider it in passing. Speaking
very generally one may say that a Bishop exchange is not usually the way to
hold or gain the initiative.  } 17... Rfd8 $2 (17... Bxc2 18. Qxc2 18... Qc7 {
Black obtains full counterplay (Alekhine)
}) 18. Bxg6 $1 18... hxg6 19. Ne4 {
regrouping
} 19... Nb6 20. b3 Be7 21. Rd3 $1 21... Bxa3 $2 (21... Nd7 {
for the defence of the Kingside
}) 22. Ne5 $2 (22. Nfg5 $1 22... f5 (22... Rd7
23. Rf3 Qg4 24. Qe3) 23. Nf6+ gxf6 24. Qxe6+ Kg7 25. Qf7+ Kh6 26. Ne6) 22...
Qh4 $2 (22... Rxd4 23. Rxd4 23... Qxe5 {Black could have avoided disaster
})
23. Rh3 Qe7 24. Ng5 $1 {No defence against Qg4-h4
} 24... f6 (24... Qxg5 25.
Rh8+ Kxh8 26. Nxf7+ Kg8 27. Nxg5) 25. Nxg6 $18 1-0

[Event "ct"]
[Site "Amsterdam"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Petrosian"]
[Black "Pilnick"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A56"]
[Annotator "25: To make or permit the Exchange"]
[PlyCount "99"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Whether or not to exchange Rooks
} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 e5 4. Nc3 d6 5.
e4 g6 6. Nf3 Bg7 7. Bg5 Na6 8. Be2 Nc7 9. Nd2 Bd7 10. a4 b6 11. Nb5 Bxb5 12.
cxb5 O-O 13. b4 h6 14. Bxf6 Qxf6 15. O-O Rfd8 16. Nc4 {
Natural square of the Knight
} 16... Bf8 17. g3 cxb4 18. Qb3 Kg7 19. Rfc1 h5
20. Ne3 Ne8 21. Qxb4 Rdc8 22. Rc6 $1 {Following the principle of play on the
files: play a Rook to the fartherst available square on the open file. It is
practicably impossible for Black to exchange Rooks  } 22... Qd8 (22... Rxc6 23.
bxc6 (23. dxc6)) 23. Rac1 Nf6 24. Bf1 {This Bishop, although very much
hampered by its own pawns, espies a chance of great activity outside the pawn
chain  } 24... Rcb8 (24... Nd7 25. Bh3) 25. Bh3 a6 26. Re1 axb5 27. axb5 Nh7
28. Nc4 28... Ra2 29. Bg2 (29. Qb3 {White was under time pressure and was
content for the moment to merely maintain his grip  }) 29... Qf6 30. Rf1 Ng5
31. Qb3 {Black is now bound to lose a pawn
} 31... Rba8 32. h4 Nh7 33. Rxb6
Ra1 34. Rc6 R8a2 35. Qe3 Qd8 36. Rxa1 {White could have won more quickly by
leaving Rooks on the board and playing Pb6    } (36. b6) 36... Rxa1+ 37. Kh2
Nf6 38. f3 Qb8 39. Qb3 Nd7 40. b6 Nc5 41. Qb2 Ra4 42. Qb5 Ra2 43. Rc7 g5 44.
Ne3 gxh4 45. Nf5+ Kg8 46. gxh4 Ra6 47. b7 Ra7 48. Rc8 Qxb7 49. Qe8 Nd7 50. Nxd6
1-0

[Event "Brussels"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Landau"]
[Black "Dunkelblum"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D95"]
[Annotator "25: To make or permit the Exchange"]
[PlyCount "113"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Whether or not the exchange Queens
} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 c6 3. Nf3 Nf6 4. e3 g6 5.
Nc3 Bg7 6. Qb3 O-O 7. Bd2 e6 8. Bd3 Nbd7 9. O-O Qe7 10. e4 dxe4 11. Nxe4 Nxe4
12. Bxe4 Re8 13. Rad1 Nf6 14. Bc2 Qc7 15. Qe3 15... b6 {Whereas an exchange of
Bishops often marks the transition from opening to middlegame, the exchange of
Queens often makes the game being to look like an ending. However, there are
positions which even though Queenless can hardly be classed as endgmaes.  } 16.
Qe5 $1 16... Qb7 (16... Qxe5 17. dxe5 Nd7 18. Bc3 {
White controls the open d-file and obtains a decisive positional advantage
})
17. Bg5 Nd7 18. Qd6 f6 19. Be3 Nf8 20. h4 $1 {
Whiteworks up threats on the Kingside} (20. -- Bd7 21. -- Rad8 22. -- Bc8)
20... Bd7 21. h5 gxh5 (21... Rad8 22. hxg6 hxg6 23. Qg3 {
White maintains pressure
}) 22. Qh2 Re7 23. Qxh5 Be8 24. Qh3 Bg6 25. Bb3 {
White stans to gain noting either by exchanging Bishops at g6 or by letting
Black make the exchange. It is generally good policy to avoid exchanging
pieces whenever one has more terrain than the opponent  } 25... Bf7 26. Nd2 e5
27. Nf3 Ng6 (27... exd4 28. Nxd4) (27... e4 28. Nh4 {
The Knight on f5 would be very uncomfortable
}) 28. dxe5 Nxe5 29. Nxe5 fxe5
30. Bc2 $1 {The Bishop reverts to its former post because under the new
circumstances a Bishop exchange at g6 would weaken Black still more  } 30... e4
(30... Bg6 31. Bxg6 hxg6 32. Qg4 Kh7 (32... Kf7 33. f4 $1 33... e4 34. f5) 33.
Rd6) 31. Bg5 31... Re6 {Somehow or other the Black Rooks must defend the
e-pawn as wel as Rd7 invasions  } 32. Rfe1 Rae8 33. c5 33... h6 (33... -- 34.
Bb3 Rg6 35. Rd7) 34. Bc1 bxc5 35. Bb3 R6e7 36. Bxh6 Bxb3 37. axb3 37... Bd4 {
The Black King is already bereft of pawns, and now the Bishop must also be
situated to block a Rook invasion  } 38. Qg4+ Kh7 39. Be3 $1 39... Qd7 40. Qh5+
{It goes without saying that exchange of Queens it not to be considered at
this stage  } 40... Kg8 41. b4 {bullseye
} 41... Re5 42. Qg6+ Qg7 43. Qxg7+
43... Kxg7 {Now Queen exchange is shortest road to victory
} 44. Rxd4 $1 44...
cxd4 45. Bxd4 Kg6 46. Bxe5 Rxe5 47. Ra1 Rb5 (47... Re7 48. Ra6 Rc7 49. b5 $18 {
pin
}) 48. Ra4 {A fine move based on the face that Black's King cannot set
foot on his fifth rank because of Ra5  } 48... Kf6 49. Kf1 Ke6 50. Ke2 Rg5 51.
g3 Rb5 52. b3 Kd6 53. Ke3 Rf5 54. Ra2 Rf3+ 55. Kxe4 Rxb3 56. Rd2+ Ke6 57. Rd4
1-0

[Event "Goteburg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1952.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Sundenberg"]
[Black "Kramer"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A46"]
[Annotator "25: To make or permit the Exchange"]
[PlyCount "73"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Middlegame without Queens
} 1. d4 Nf6 2. Nf3 e6 3. Bg5 c5 4. e3 Qb6 5. Qc1
Be7 6. Nbd2 d5 7. c3 Nc6 8. Be2 h6 9. Bh4 Bd7 10. Qc2 Rc8 11. Qb3 11... Qxb3 $2
{Exchanging in this position is an error
} (11... c4 12. Qxb6 axb6 13. O-O
13... b5 {seizes the initiative
}) 12. axb3 12... g5 $2 {needless weakening
}
(12... cxd4 13. exd4 (13. Nxd4 Nxd4 14. exd4 a6) 13... g5 14. Bg3 Nh5) 13. Bg3
cxd4 14. Nxd4 a6 15. b4 O-O 16. h4 {
Now White has the initiative on both flanks
} 16... Ne4 17. Nxe4 dxe4 18. hxg5
hxg5 19. Nb3 19... Na7 20. Be5 $1 20... f6 21. Bd4 Nc6 22. Bc5 f5 23. O-O-O Be8
(23... Rcd8 24. Bb6) 24. Bxe7 Nxe7 25. Nc5 {the two weaknesses emerge
} 25...
a5 26. Nxe6 Rf6 27. Nxg5 axb4 28. Rd4 $1 {counterattack as the best means of
defence  Instead of trying to hold his winnings White quite rightly plays for
the attack  } 28... b5 29. Bd1 $1 29... bxc3 30. Bb3+ {Suddenly, like parts of
a well-oiled machine, all the White pieces are working smoothly together
against the Black King  } 30... Kg7 31. Ne6+ Kg6 32. Rh3 $1 32... cxb2+ 33.
Kxb2 Nc6 34. Rd6 Ne5 (34... Bf7 35. Rg3+ Kh5 36. Rd1 $1) 35. Nf8+ Kg7 36. Rh7+
Kxf8 37. Rxf6+ 1-0

[Event "Dubrovnik"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Cortlever"]
[Black "Rabar"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "E09"]
[Annotator "26: Avoidance of Exchanges"]
[PlyCount "43"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Pushing past with a pawn restricts one's own opportunities
} 1. Nf3 Nf6 2. g3
d5 3. Bg2 e6 4. O-O Be7 5. d4 O-O 6. b3 Nbd7 7. Bb2 c6 8. c4 b6 9. Qc2 Bb7 10.
Nbd2 Rc8 11. Rac1 Qc7 12. Rfd1 Qb8 13. e4 13... Rfd8 {
This example shows how the game develops when White avoids the exchange
} 14.
e5 {An obvious and tempting advance. On the one hand White gains some terrain;
on the other hand he limits his own opportunities  } 14... Ne8 15. cxd5 {
Otherwise Black frees himself by ... Pc5
} 15... cxd5 16. Qd3 16... Rxc1 {
According to the principle that the side with the less available space should
seek simplification  } 17. Rxc1 Rc8 18. Nb1 (18. Rd1 18... Qc7) 18... Rxc1+ 19.
Bxc1 Qc8 20. Qc3 (20. Be3 20... Ba6 {Black also gets plenty of elbow room. It
is now very clear that White has accomplished nothing; he has had to allow the
exchange of all the Rooks, and his space advantage has lost all meaning  })
20... Qxc3 21. Nxc3 Nc7 22. Nb1 {
So as to play 25. Ba3 and force exchange of Black's good Bishop
} 1/2-1/2

[Event "15"]
[Site "Moskva Alekhine-mem  (02.11.5"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Keres"]
[Black "Botvinnik"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B63"]
[Annotator "26: Avoidance of Exchanges"]
[PlyCount "67"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{White avoids piece exchanges
} 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5.
Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 h6 8. Bxf6 gxf6 9. O-O-O a6 10. f4 h5 11. Kb1 Bd7 12.
Be2 12... Qb6 {White holds an advantage in space; Black has the Bishop pair.
The doubled pawn in the Black set-up could become a liability, but it might
also turn out to be an advantage. In an ending the doubling, although
devaluing the pawns themselves, could enhance the activity of the Bishop pair 
 } 13. Nb3 $1 {By this avoidance of the exchange, White poses Black the
perpetual question of how to get some play for his pieces - a problem which is
particularly troublesome here in view of Black's serious lack of space.  } (13.
Rhf1 Nxd4 14. Qxd4 Qxd4 15. Rxd4 {
White retains the initiative at the cost of pieces
}) 13... O-O-O 14. Rhf1
14... Na5 {Going for simplications.
} 15. Rf3 $1 {
From here the Rook can operate on either flank
} 15... Nxb3 16. axb3 Kb8 17.
Na4 $1 {Now it is clear that White has a firm hold on the initiative. He has
no cause to fear exchange of this Knigt, for this would mena Black giving up
his trump card, the Bishop pair.  } 17... Qa7 (17... Bxa4 18. bxa4 {the b3 squa
re would be available for the Rook, enabling it to join in a powerful attack
on the Black king  }) 18. f5 $1 {The direct attack begins
} 18... Be7 19. fxe6
fxe6 20. Rxf6 $1 {A splending combination which nets White a pawn
} 20... Rh7
(20... b5 21. Rf7 Be8 22. Rg7 bxa4 23. Qb4+ Ka8 24. e5 24... Bc6 25. exd6 $18 {
pinning tactics
}) (20... Bxf6 21. Qxd6+ Kc8 22. Nb6+ $18) 21. Rg6 b5 22. Nc3
Qc5 23. Na2 Ka7 24. Nb4 Rf8 25. Bf3 h4 26. h3 Bc8 27. Nd3 Qc7 (27... Qd4 28. c3
Qb6 29. e5 d5 30. Bxd5 {pinning tactics
}) 28. Nf4 Rf6 29. Bg4 Rxg6 (29...
Rhf7 30. Nxe6 $1 30... Bxe6 31. Bxe6 Rxg6 32. Bxf7 {removing the guard
}) 30.
Nxg6 Bb7 31. Bxe6 Bd8 32. Bd5 Bxd5 33. Qxd5 Rf7 34. e5 {pinning tactics
} 1-0

[Event "New Orleans-Wch"]
[Site "New Orleans-Wch"]
[Date "1927.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Vidmar"]
[Black "Nimzowitsch"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "E11"]
[Annotator "26: Avoidance of Exchanges"]
[PlyCount "58"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black leaves the open d-file to his opponent in order to avoid exchanges
} 1.
d4 Nf6 2. Nf3 e6 3. c4 Bb4+ 4. Bd2 Qe7 5. Nc3 O-O 6. e3 d6 7. Be2 b6 8. O-O Bb7
9. Qc2 Nbd7 10. Rad1 Bxc3 11. Bxc3 Ne4 12. Be1 f5 13. Qb3 c5 14. Nd2 Nxd2 15.
Rxd2 e5 16. dxe5 dxe5 17. f3 {With the intention of meeting ... Nf6 with Bh4
followed by doubling of Rooks on the d-file  } 17... g5 $1 {
A brave and unprejudiced attack pattern
} 18. Bf2 Nf6 19. Rfd1 {It is certainl
y no exaggeration to say that nine out of ten players in Black's shoes would
now have played to exchange the Rooks on the open d-file  } 19... Rae8 $1 {
Nimzowitsch, who so often "went his own way", avoids exchanges in theinterests 
of forming of Kingside attack; the basis for this is his Kingside space
control and the excellent scope of the QueenBishop on the longdiagonal  } 20.
Qa4 (20. Bg3 {Alekhine
}) 20... Ba8 $1 {
Protecting the a-pawn and parrying the threat 21. Rd7
} 21. Rd6 21... Qg7 $1 {
Black must operate with some circumspection.
} (21... e4 22. f4 gxf4 23. Bh4
f3 24. Bxf6 $132 24... Rxf6 25. Rxf6 fxe2) 22. Bf1 $2 (22. Be1 22... e4 (22...
g4 23. fxg4 Nxg4 24. Bxg4 Qxg4) 23. Bc3) 22... e4 $1 23. Be1 (23. fxe4 Nxe4 24.
Rd7 24... Qxb2) (23. Be2 exf3 24. gxf3 g4 25. f4 25... Qb7 {
Black gets a destructive attack along the diagonal
}) 23... exf3 24. Bc3 24...
Qe7 $1 {Prettily refuting White's last few moves
} 25. R6d3 (25. Bxf6 Qxe3+
26. Kh1 fxg2+ 27. Bxg2 Qe1+ 28. Rxe1 28... Rxe1# {pinning/back rank tactics
})
25... fxg2 26. Bxg2 Bxg2 27. Bxf6 27... Qe4 $1 28. R1d2 Bh3 29. Bc3 Qg4+ 0-1

[Event "Portsmouth/Southsea (06)"]
[Site "Portsmouth/Southsea (06)"]
[Date "1923.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "West"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D66"]
[Annotator "26: Avoidance of Exchanges"]
[PlyCount "59"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Avoidance of Knight exchange enables White to keep the initiative
} 1. d4 Nf6
2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 d5 4. Nc3 Be7 5. Bg5 Nbd7 6. e3 O-O 7. Rc1 c6 8. Bd3 Re8 9. O-O
dxc4 10. Bxc4 Nd5 11. Ne4 {
avoiding exchanges except for more pieces on the Kingside
} 11... Bxg5 12.
Nfxg5 N7f6 13. Ng3 $1 {White avoids a Knight exchange in order to confront his
opponent with maximum difficulty in his development  } 13... h6 14. Nf3 Nb6 15.
Bb3 15... Nbd7 {Black aims for the freeing advance ... Pe5
} 16. e4 e5 17.
dxe5 Ng4 18. e6 $1 {Thus White ensures himself a definite advantage. The Black
pawn on e6 will not only be weak, but also an obstacle  } 18... fxe6 19. Nd4
19... Nde5 20. h3 Nf6 21. f4 Nf7 22. Kh1 {With Black unable to undertake
anything of importance, White prepares a Kingside attack at his leisure  } (22.
e5) 22... a5 23. Rc3 Qb6 24. e5 Nd5 25. Nh5 Re7 (25... Nxc3 26. Qg4 g5 27. Nf6+
Kf8 28. bxc3) 26. Rg3 Nh8 27. Qd3 Qc7 28. Bxd5 (28. Bd1 Nb4 29. Qh7+ Kxh7 30.
Rxg7+ Rxg7 31. Nf6+ Kg6 32. Bh5# {
"My Best Games of Chess 1908-23 Alekhine". But ... Nb4 is not forced
}) 28...
exd5 29. Nf6+ Kf8 (29... Kf7 30. Rxg7+ Kxg7 31. Qh7+ Kf8 32. Qg8#) 30. Qh7 1-0

[Event "Karlsbad"]
[Site "Karlsbad"]
[Date "1929.??.??"]
[Round "21"]
[White "Capablanca"]
[Black "Maroczy"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D64"]
[Annotator "26: Avoidance of Exchanges"]
[PlyCount "67"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Avoidance of Bishop exchange
} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 d5 4. Bg5 Be7 5. e3
O-O 6. Nc3 Nbd7 7. Rc1 c6 8. Qc2 h6 9. Bh4 a6 10. cxd5 Nxd5 11. Bg3 $1 {
Since the position is cramped, White avoids exchanging; this will give the
best chance to maintain pressure  } 11... Qa5 12. Nd2 Nxc3 13. bxc3 c5 (13...
b5) 14. Nc4 Qd8 15. Rd1 cxd4 (15... b5 16. dxc5 16... Bxc5 17. Nd6 $36) 16.
Rxd4 Bc5 (16... b5 17. Nd6 Bf6 18. Rd2 18... Qa5 $1 19. Nxc8 Raxc8 20. Rxd7
Rxc3 21. Qd2 21... Rxe3+ {possibility based on White's still uncastled King
})
17. Rd2 Qe7 18. Be2 b6 (18... b5 19. Na5 {
Black must be content with more modest development
}) 19. Nd6 Nf6 20. O-O (20.
Bf3 Ra7 21. O-O {Prins
}) 20... Ra7 (20... Nd5 $1 21. Ne4 21... Bb7 $1) 21.
Bf3 Bd7 (21... Rd8 22. Rfd1 Rad7 (22... Bxd6 23. Bxd6 {two Bishops
}) 23. Nxc8
Rxc8 24. Rxd7 Nxd7 25. Bb7) 22. Rfd1 e5 23. Bh4 {
To provoke the following weakness
} 23... g5 (23... Qe6 24. Be2) (23... Rc7
24. Nf5) 24. Bg3 Kg7 25. Be2 b5 26. h4 26... Rc7 {Black's defenses cave in
} (
26... Bxd6 27. Rxd6 Rc8) 27. hxg5 hxg5 28. Nf5+ Bxf5 29. Qxf5 {
Losing a pawn and exposed to a withering attack
} 29... Re8 30. Qxg5+ Kh8 31.
Qh6+ Nh7 32. Bd3 f6 33. Bxh7 Qxh7 34. Qxf6+ 1-0

[Event "Amsterdam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1942.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Euwe"]
[Black "Van den Hoek"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "E33"]
[Annotator "26: Avoidance of Exchanges"]
[PlyCount "56"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black cunningly preserves his Bishop from Exchange
} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3.
Nc3 Bb4 4. Qc2 Nc6 5. e3 e5 6. d5 Ne7 7. Bd3 O-O 8. Nge2 a5 9. O-O d6 10. a3
10... Bc5 $1 {
Quite correct. White's main strategy is based on playing for Pf4.
} (10...
Bxc3 11. Nxc3) 11. Na4 Ba7 12. b4 axb4 13. axb4 b5 14. Nac3 bxc4 15. Bxc4 15...
Bf5 $1 {
Provoking Whiteinto the following advance which gives maximum scope to Ba7
}
16. e4 $2 {White falls in with his opponent's plan
} (16. Bd3) 16... Bg6 17.
Bg5 Ng4 18. Ba6 18... f5 $1 {The attack on f2 reaches its climax
} 19. Bh4
fxe4 20. Nxe4 Qd7 21. Bb7 (21. h3 Nf5 22. hxg4 22... Nxh4 $19) 21... Bxf2+ 22.
Bxf2 Rxa1 23. Rxa1 Nxf2 24. N2g3 Nxe4 25. Nxe4 25... Qg4 26. Re1 Rf4 27. h3
Rxe4 28. Rc1 28... Re2 $1 0-1

[Event "Nice"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1930.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Colle"]
[Black "O'Hanlon"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D05"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[PlyCount "39"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A. EXPLOSION ON H7
} 1. d4 d5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. e3 c5 4. c3 e6 5. Bd3 Bd6 6. Nbd2
Nbd7 7. O-O O-O 8. Re1 Re8 9. e4 dxe4 10. Nxe4 Nxe4 11. Bxe4 cxd4 12. Bxh7+ {
The full consequences of this sacrifice are difficult to assess in this
position  } 12... Kxh7 13. Ng5+ Kg6 (13... Kg8 14. Qh5 {
White should obtain no more than a draw
} 14... Nf6 $2 (14... Ne5 15. Rxe5 (
15. Qh7+ Kf8 16. Ne4 Ng6 17. Nxd6 Qxd6 18. h4 Ke7 19. h5 Rh8 20. Bg5+ Ke8 (
20... Kf8 21. hxg6 Rxh7 22. gxh7 $18) 21. Qxg7 Rxh5 22. Qf6 22... Qe7 $19)
15... Bxe5 16. Qxf7+ Kh8 17. Qh5+ {White must take a perpetual check
}) (14...
Qf6 15. Qh7+ Kf8 16. Ne4 Qe5 17. cxd4 17... Qd5 $2 (17... Qxd4 18. Qh8+ Ke7 19.
Bg5+ Nf6 20. Qxg7 $16) (17... Qxh2+ 18. Qxh2 Bxh2+ 19. Kxh2 $11) 18. Qh8+ Ke7
19. Qxg7 {White's attack continues violently
}) 15. Qxf7+ Kh8 16. Re4 16...
Nxe4 (16... Bxh2+ 17. Kxh2 17... Nxe4 18. Qh5+ Kg8 19. Qh7+ Kf8 20. Qh8+ Ke7
21. Qxg7+ Kd6 22. Nf7+ {
winning the Queen. The Black K takes the place of the Bishop
}) 17. Qh5+ Kg8
18. Qh7+ Kf8 19. Qh8+ Ke7 20. Qxg7#) 14. h4 $1 14... Rh8 (14... -- 15. h5+ Kf6
16. Qf3+) (14... f5 15. h5+ Kf6 16. Qxd4+ Be5 17. Qh4 g6 18. f4 {
White's attack slices through Black's position like a knife through butter
})
15. Rxe6+ $3 {This is based on removing the guard "... Pf5" and threats of
Knight forks on f7. If ef then ... Pf5 can't block Qd3+    } 15... Nf6 (15...
fxe6 16. Qd3+ Kf6 17. Qf3+ Kg6 18. Qf7+ Kh6 19. Nxe6+ $18) 16. h5+ $1 16... Kh6
(16... Rxh5 17. Qd3+ Kh6 18. Qh7# {based on pins on the Knight
}) 17. Rxd6 Qa5
18. Nxf7+ Kh7 19. Ng5+ Kg8 20. Qb3+ 1-0

[Event "Larache"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1943.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Bueno"]
[Black "Subiza"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C11"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[PlyCount "27"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. e5 Nfd7 5. Nf3 b6 6. Bd3 Be7 7. Be3 O-O 8. h4 {
White now threatens the Bishop sacrifice in its most effective form
} 8... f6
$2 {This is primarily to keep White's pieces off g5 while pressuring the White
e-pawn; also Black hopes to eventually open the f-file.  } (8... -- 9. Bxh7+
Kxh7 10. Ng5+ Kg8 (10... Bxg5 11. hxg5+ Kg8 12. Qh5 f5 13. g6 $18) (10... Kh6
11. Nxe6+) 11. Qh5 $18) (8... g6 9. h5) (8... f5 {closing the diagonal
} 9.
exf6 Nxf6) 9. Bxh7+ Kxh7 (9... Kh8 10. Ng5 Qe8 11. h5 $1 11... fxg5 12. Bg6 Qd8
13. h6 c5 14. Qh5 Nf6 15. hxg7+ Kxg7 16. Qh6+ Kg8 17. Qh8# {
Tactics based on the power of the h-file
}) 10. Ng5+ $1 10... fxg5 (10... Kg6
11. h5+) (10... Kg8 11. Qh5 fxg5 12. hxg5 Rf5 13. Qh7+ Kf8 14. g6 Ke8 15. Qxg7
$18) 11. hxg5+ Kg8 (11... Kg6 12. Qh5+ Kf5 13. g4#) 12. Rh8+ {
Thematic pattern. The Pg6 wedge with tempo
} 12... Kxh8 13. Qh5+ Kg8 14. g6 {
Mate can not be averted
} 1-0

[Event "Zurich"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1952.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Christoffel"]
[Black "Canal"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "2b2rk1/r1q2p1p/p1n3p1/3R2N1/1p2Q3/1B6/PP3PPP/4R1K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "13"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{An example of a Knight sacrifice at h7
} 1. Nxh7 Kxh7 2. Rh5+ Kg7 3. Qh4 $3 {
The magnificent point of White's combination
} 3... gxh5 4. Qg5+ Kh7 5. Qxh5+
Kg7 6. Qg5+ Kh7 7. Re4 1-0

[Event "Carlsbad"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1929.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Spielmann"]
[Black "Grunfeld"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r4rk1/1q2nppp/p1b1p3/1p5P/3BP3/1BP1Q1P1/P4P2/R2R2K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "7"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The Bishop sacrifice at g7 in its purist form
} 1. Bxg7 Kxg7 2. Qg5+ Ng6 (
2... Kh8 3. Qf6+ Kg8 4. h6) 3. h6+ Kg8 4. Qf6 {h6 pawn wedge
} 1-0

[Event "match-tournament"]
[Site "Ch World , Hague/Moscow (Neth"]
[Date "1948.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Botvinnik"]
[Black "Keres"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "rq4k1/pp1nrppp/4bn2/6R1/3QP3/P4PN1/4B1PP/2B2RK1 w - - 0 21"]
[PlyCount "5"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A slightly more complicated Rook sacrifice at g7
} 21. Rxg7+ Kxg7 22. Nh5+
Kg6 (22... Kg8 23. Nxf6+ Nxf6 24. Qxf6 24... -- 25. Bh6) 23. Qe3 {
The devastating final point
Weak dark square tactic
} 1-0

[Event "01"]
[Site "Radio"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Smyslov"]
[Black "Konig"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "5nk1/r1qr1pp1/p5b1/2b1pNB1/PpB1P1Q1/6N1/1Pn2P2/1R3RK1 w - - 0 31"]
[PlyCount "13"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{An intricate Knight sacrifice at g7
} 31. Nxg7 $3 {The question of whether
or not Black can accept this offer is not easily answered  } 31... Bxf2+ (31...
Kxg7 32. Nf5+ Kg8 (32... Bxf5 33. exf5 Rd4 34. f6+ $1 34... Kh7 35. Bf4 35...
Ne6 36. Qh5+ Kg8 37. Kh2) 33. Bf6 Rd6 34. Nh6+ Kh7 35. Qh4 Rxf6 36. Nxf7+ (36.
Ng4+ Kg8 37. Nxf6+ Kg7 38. Ne8+) 36... Kg7 37. Qh8#) 32. Rxf2 Qxc4 33. Ne8 Nh7
34. Nf6+ 34... Kg7 {Now there is another explosion, this time on h6
} (34...
Nxf6 35. Bxf6 Rd6 36. Qh4 36... Rxf6 {retaining some chances
}) 35. Bh6+ Kh8 (
35... Kxh6 36. Nf5+ 36... Bxf5 37. Rh2#) 36. Nxd7 Qd4 37. Nxe5 1-0

[Event "Tarnopol"]
[Site "Tarnopol"]
[Date "1916.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "Feldt"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C11"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[PlyCount "35"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Blindfold game
} 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. exd5 Nxd5 5. Ne4 f5 6. Ng5
Be7 7. N5f3 c6 8. Ne5 O-O 9. Ngf3 b6 10. Bd3 Bb7 11. O-O Re8 12. c4 Nf6 13. Bf4
Nbd7 14. Qe2 c5 15. Nf7 $3 15... Kxf7 16. Qxe6+ $3 16... Kg6 (16... Kxe6 17.
Ng5# {piquant
}) 17. g4 {controlling h5
} 17... Be4 18. Nh4# 1-0

[Event "Leuwarden"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1954.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "Ploegh"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "rn1qr1k1/1b2bppp/pp2pn2/4N1B1/2BP4/2N5/PP2QPPP/3R1RK1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "11"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A King hunt
} 1. Nxf7 Kxf7 2. Qxe6+ Kg6 3. Bd3+ Kxg5 4. Qe3+ 4... Kg4 5. Qh3+
Kg5 6. f4# 1-0

[Event "Whitby"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1957.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Donner"]
[Black "Hempson"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "4k2r/ppq1bppp/2b1pn2/4N3/2BB4/2P5/PP2QPPP/R5K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "15"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Flight back to the back rank is usually no better
} 1. Nxf7 Kxf7 2. Qxe6+ Ke8
(2... Kg6 3. Bd3+ 3... Kh6 4. Re1 4... Re8 5. Re3) 3. Rd1 3... Rf8 (3... -- 4.
Qf7+ Kd7 5. Be5+) 4. Be5 Qb6 5. Qc8+ Bd8 6. Bd6 6... Rf7 7. Qe6+ Re7 8. Bxe7
1-0

[Event "Leningrad"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1957.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Gligoric"]
[Black "Tolush"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "4rk2/1p3p2/p1b1p1p1/4P1Q1/3r1R2/3B4/Pq3PP1/3R2K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "15"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A Rook Explosion on f7
} 1. Rxf7+ {Although this position differs
considerably from the foregoing ones the decision is still brought about by a
destructive sacrifce at f7  } 1... Kxf7 2. Bxg6+ Kg8 (2... Kf8 3. Qf6+ Kg8 4.
Qf7+ Kh8 5. Qh7#) 3. Bh5+ Kh7 4. Qg6+ Kh8 5. Qf6+ Kg8 (5... Kh7 6. Bg6+ Kh6 7.
Bf7+ Kh7 8. Qg6+ Kh8 9. Qh6#) 6. Bf7+ Kh7 7. Qg6+ Kh8 8. Qh6# 1-0

[Event "Carsbad"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1911.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Teichmann"]
[Black "Schlechter"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r3r1k1/1bq1nppp/p1np4/1ppBpN2/4P3/2PP1N2/PP3PPP/R2QR1K1 w - - 0 2"]
[PlyCount "17"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

2. Bxf7+ Kxf7 3. Ng5+ Kg8 (3... Kg6 4. Qg4 h5 5. Nxe7+ Qxe7 (5... Rxe7 6. Qf5+
Kh6 7. Qh7+ Kxg5 8. h4+ Kxh4 9. Qg6 -- 10. Qg3#) (5... Nxe7 6. Qe6+ Kxg5 7. h4+
Kxh4 8. Re3 Bc8 9. Rh3+ Kg5 10. Rg3+ Kh4 11. Kh2 $1 11... Bxe6 12. Rxg7 -- 13.
g3#) 6. Qf5+ Kh6 7. Nf7+) 4. Qh5 Nxf5 5. Qxh7+ Kf8 6. Qxf5+ Kg8 7. Qg6 $3 {
This superb quiet move is the key to the combination. This sort of move is
extremely difficult to foresee  } 7... Qd7 8. Re3 -- 9. Qh7+ Kf8 10. Rf3+ 1-0

[Event "Goteborg m"]
[Site "Goteborg m"]
[Date "1955.??.??"]
[Round "7"]
[White "Bronstein"]
[Black "Keres"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E47"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[PlyCount "77"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A long term Bishop sacrifice
} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e3 c5 5. Bd3
b6 6. Nge2 Bb7 7. O-O cxd4 8. exd4 O-O 9. d5 h6 10. Bc2 Na6 11. Nb5 exd5 12. a3
Be7 13. Ng3 dxc4 14. Bxh6 $3 {The consequences of this move are hardly
calculable over the board. This is not so much a combination but as a genuine
sacrifice. The definitie aspect of a combination is the fact that all the
variations can be concretely visualized; a real sacrifice on the other hand is
to a large extent based on general considerations. In addition to precise
calculation, feeling for the position now plays an important part. In the
present instance it seems that White has calculated only that he was certain
to win a second pawn on h6. For the rest, it was a matter of instinct  } 14...
gxh6 15. Qd2 Nh7 (15... Kg7 16. Nf5+ $18) (15... Ng4 16. h3 Bg5 (16... Ne5 17.
Qxh6 Ng6 18. Nh5 Bf6 19. Rad1 d5 20. Rd4 $1 $18) 17. f4 Bh4 18. Nf5 $18 {
recovering the sacrificed piece with a winning position
}) (15... Re8 16. Qxh6
Bf8 17. Qg5+ Kh8 18. Nd6 Bxd6 19. Nh5 $18 {annihilating attack
}) (15... Nc5
16. Qxh6 Nce4 17. Rae1 d5 18. Nf5 Ne8 19. Bxe4 dxe4 20. Re3 $18 {
White's attack is too strong
}) 16. Qxh6 16... f5 {Thus Black gains himself
some elbow room, but he is still unable to put together a satisfactory defence
  } 17. Nxf5 Rxf5 (17... Rf6 18. Nxe7+ Qxe7 19. Bxh7+ {removing the guard
}) (
17... Rf7 18. Nfd6 Bxd6 19. Nxd6 $18) 18. Bxf5 Nf8 19. Rad1 {The issue is
already beyond doubt. White has regained his sacrificed material, and
meanwhile the Black King's defences have been utterly destroyed  } 19... Bg5
20. Qh5 Qf6 21. Nd6 Bc6 22. Qg4 Kh8 23. Be4 Bh6 24. Bxc6 dxc6 25. Qxc4 Nc5 26.
b4 Nce6 27. Qxc6 Rb8 28. Ne4 Qg6 29. Rd6 Bg7 30. f4 Qg4 31. h3 Qe2 32. Ng3 Qe3+
33. Kh2 Nd4 34. Qd5 Re8 35. Nh5 Ne2 36. Nxg7 Qg3+ 37. Kh1 Nxf4 38. Qf3 Ne2 39.
Rh6+ 1-0

[Event "Amsterdam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1954.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Geller"]
[Black "Papapavlou"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D46"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[PlyCount "49"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Nf3 c6 5. e3 Nbd7 6. Bd3 Bd6 7. e4 dxe4 8. Nxe4
Nxe4 9. Bxe4 Nf6 10. Bc2 O-O 11. O-O c5 12. Bg5 cxd4 13. Qxd4 Be7 14. Qh4 h6
15. Bxh6 {Almost an automatic move in this and similar positions
} 15... gxh6
16. Qxh6 16... Qa5 {The Queen is trying to get across to help the defence of
the Kingside. Forestalling the threat of Rad1 and Rd4} 17. Ng5 17... e5 18.
Bh7+ Kh8 19. Be4+ Kg8 20. Rae1 Bg4 21. Re3 Rad8 22. Rg3 Rd4 23. Ne6 {
A problem move, which wins outright
} 23... fxe6 24. Rxg4+ Nxg4 25. Qh7# 1-0

[Event "Zandvoort"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Euwe"]
[Black "Maroczy"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D63"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[PlyCount "75"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bg5 Be7 5. e3 O-O 6. Nf3 Nbd7 7. Rc1 c6 8. a3
h6 9. Bf4 a6 10. h3 dxc4 11. Bxc4 b5 12. Ba2 Bb7 13. O-O c5 14. Ne5 c4 15. Bb1
Re8 16. Qe2 Nxe5 17. dxe5 Nh7 18. Qh5 Nf8 19. Rcd1 Qc7 20. Bxh6 $1 20... gxh6
21. Rd4 f5 (21... Bg5 22. h4 Qxe5 23. hxg5 hxg5 24. Rg4 f6 25. Rg3 {
Pf4 and Rh3
}) 22. exf6 Bxf6 23. Rg4+ Bg7 24. Qxh6 {Although White has only
two pawns for the piece, and Black's pieces are qute well deployed, the
following moves will show that the exposure of Black's King is too much to
overcome  } 24... Rad8 25. Ne2 e5 26. Ng3 Re6 (26... Rd6 27. Rxg7+ Qxg7 28.
Qxg7+ Kxg7 29. Nf5+ {Removing the guard and double attack
}) 27. Qh4 Rd3 (
27... Qe7 28. Rxg7+ {Removing the guard
}) (27... e4 28. Nxe4 Bxe4 29. Bxe4
Rxe4 30. Rxe4 Bxb2 31. f4 31... Rd7 (31... c3 32. Qg5+ Kf7 33. f5 c2 34. f6 Ne6
35. Qh5+ Kf8 36. Rxe6 c1=Q 37. Qh8+ Kf7 38. Re7+ Qxe7 39. Qg7+ Ke6 40. Qxe7+
Kd5 41. Qxd8+ $18) 32. Rf3 Rh7 33. Rg3+ Bg7 34. Re7 $1 34... Qb6 35. Qg5 Ne6
36. Qg6) 28. Nf5 Ng6 29. Qh5 (29. Rxg6 Rxg6 30. Ne7+ Qxe7 31. Qxe7 Rxg2+ 32.
Kh1 Rxf2+ 33. Qxb7 33... Rxf1+ $19 {discovered check tactics
}) 29... Qf7 30.
h4 Bf8 31. Nh6+ Bxh6 32. Qxh6 Qh7 33. Qg5 Kf7 34. Bxd3 cxd3 35. Qf5+ Ke7 (35...
Rf6 36. Qd7+ Kg8 37. Qe8+ Kg7 38. Qe7+ Rf7 39. Qxe5+ Kf8 40. Qd6+ Kg7 41. Qxd3
$18) 36. h5 Nf8 37. Qxh7+ Nxh7 38. Rg7+ 1-0

[Event "candidates"]
[Site "Tournament  Zurich (Switzerla"]
[Date "1953.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Averbakh"]
[Black "Kotov"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "1r4nk/1p1qb2p/3p1r2/p1pPp3/2P1Pp2/5P1P/PP1QNBRK/5R2 b - - 0 30"]
[PlyCount "43"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A highly unusual explosion on h3
} 30... Qxh3+ 31. Kxh3 31... Rh6+ 32. Kg4
Nf6+ 33. Kf5 {The King unwillingly goes to the front of his troops
} 33... Nd7
34. Rg5 (34. -- Rf8+ 35. Kg4 Rg8+ 36. Kf5 Rf6#) 34... Rf8+ 35. Kg4 Nf6+ 36. Kf5
Ng8+ 37. Kg4 37... Nf6+ {Black repeats moves to gain time
} 38. Kf5 Nxd5+ 39.
Kg4 Nf6+ 40. Kf5 Ng8+ 41. Kg4 Nf6+ 42. Kf5 Ng8+ 43. Kg4 Bxg5 44. Kxg5 (44. Rh1
Rxh1 45. Kxg5 45... Rh6 $1 46. Kg4 Nf6+ 47. Kf5 Ne8+ 48. Kg5 48... Rg8+ $1 49.
Kxh6 49... Nf6 50. Nxf4 exf4 51. Qxf4 Rg6#) 44... Rf7 45. Bh4 (45. -- Rg7+ 46.
Kf5 Rf6#) 45... Rg6+ 46. Kh5 46... Rfg7 47. Bg5 {Only defence
} 47... Rxg5+
48. Kh4 Nf6 49. Ng3 Rxg3 50. Qxd6 R3g6 51. Qb8+ {The familiar spite check
}
51... Rg8 0-1

[Event "Zurich"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1934.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lasker"]
[Black "Bogolyubov"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "4r1k1/2q2ppp/p1pb4/3p4/1P6/1NP2PPb/P2Q1R1P/4N1K1 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "7"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A classic example
} 1... Bxg3 $1 2. Re2 (2. hxg3 Qxg3+ 3. Kh1 3... Rxe1+ {
enticing the Queen on the pinned square
} 4. Qxe1 4... Bg2+ {
Based on the pinned Rook
} 5. Kg1 Bxf3+ 6. Kf1 Qh3+ 7. Kg1 7... Qh1# {
Weak Light squares
}) 2... Bxh2+ 3. Kh1 (3. Rxh2 Qg3+ 4. Ng2 Bxg2 5. Rxg2 5...
Re1+ $19) 3... Rxe2 4. Qxe2 4... Bd6 $19 0-1

[Event "London"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1934.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Saunders"]
[Black "Winter"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "3r3r/p4pk1/5Rp1/3q4/1p1P2RQ/5N2/P1P4P/2b4K w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "7"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A double explosion on g6
} 1. Rfxg6+ {Not only obvious, but forced
} 1...
fxg6 2. Qe7+ 2... Qf7 (2... Kh6 3. Rh4+ $19) 3. Rxg6+ 3... Kxg6 4. Ne5+ 1-0

[Event "Paris"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1900.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Marshall"]
[Black "Burn"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D55"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[PlyCount "35"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bg5 Be7 5. e3 O-O 6. Nf3 b6 7. Bd3 Bb7 8. cxd5
exd5 9. Bxf6 Bxf6 10. h4 g6 11. h5 Re8 12. hxg6 hxg6 13. Qc2 Bg7 14. Bxg6 {
This is no sacrifice, more like an execution
} 14... fxg6 15. Qxg6 15... Nd7 {
Black rushes toward the King but it is too late
} 16. Ng5 {
Typical Knight and Queen formation
} 16... Qf6 17. Rh8+ {stock combination
}
17... Kxh8 18. Qh7# 1-0

[Event "Hamburg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1955.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Matanovic"]
[Black "Kieninger"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C43"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[PlyCount "49"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. d4 exd4 4. e5 Ne4 5. Qxd4 d5 6. exd6 Nxd6 7. Bd3 Nc6 8.
Qf4 Qe7+ 9. Be3 g6 10. Nc3 Be6 11. O-O Bg7 12. Rfe1 O-O 13. Bc5 b6 14. Ba3 Bxc3
15. bxc3 Qd7 16. Rad1 Na5 17. Qh6 17... f6 18. Bxg6 $1 {Taking advantage of
the circumstance that the Black Queen will no longer be ably to interpose
because it must defend the Be6 (overworked piece)    } 18... hxg6 19. Qxg6+ Kh8
20. Bxd6 (20. Rd4 Bg8) 20... cxd6 21. Rxe6 $1 {This new sacrifice, in
conjunction with Whte's next move, forms the basis for the whole combination  }
21... Qxe6 22. Rd4 22... Qc4 {Only way to stop mate
} 23. Rxc4 Nxc4 24. Qh5+
Kg7 25. Qg4+ {Now it all goes like clockwork; White wins the Knight as well.
Without this little tailpiece to the combination White's game with Queen
against two Knights might get have been not too easy to win  } 1-0

[Event "Mar del Plata"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1955.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Idigoras"]
[Black "Panno"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "1r3rk1/qn2pp2/b2p1npb/2p3N1/1p1P1N2/1P2P1PB/PBR2P2/3QR1K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "37"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A long term offer at g6.
} 1. Nxg6 $3 {
The knight sacrifice comes like the proverbial thunderclap out of a clear sky

} 1... fxg6 (1... Bxg5 2. Nxe7+ Kg7 3. f4 Bh6 4. dxc5 {
White's Bishops dominate the board
}) 2. Be6+ Kg7 3. f4 3... Nd8 {
Trying to rush reserves to the threatened Kingside
} 4. d5 Bc8 5. Rh2 5...
Bxe6 {This removes the dangerous piece from White's attack. Nevertheless Black
remains remarkably helpless  } 6. dxe6 Qa6 7. Qg4 7... Rh8 {
In order to unpin the Knight with Kf8
} 8. Nf3 8... Qd3 9. e4 9... c4 10. bxc4
10... Qxc4 $2 (10... Rc8 11. f5 Be3+) 11. f5 $1 11... g5 12. Qh5 $1 (12. Nxg5
12... Kf8 $17) 12... Kf8 13. Qg6 13... Bg7 14. Rxh8+ Bxh8 15. Nxg5 Bg7 16. Nh7+
Kg8 (16... Nxh7 17. Bxg7+ Kg8 18. Bh6+ Kh8 19. Qg7#) 17. Bxf6 exf6 18. Nxf6+
Kh8 19. Qh7# 1-0

[Event "Hilversum"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1947.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alexander"]
[Black "Szabo"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r1bq1rk1/1p2bppp/p3p3/n3P3/4N3/1P1P1N2/PB4PP/R3QR1K w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "13"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A characteristic Knight sacrifice on f6
} 1. Nf6+ gxf6 (1... Bxf6 2. exf6
gxf6 3. Qh4 3... e5 {Removing the guard
} 4. Bxe5 fxe5 5. Ng5) (1... Kh8 2.
Qe4 2... Bxf6 3. exf6 g6 4. Qh4 4... Rg8 5. Qh6 5... Qf8 6. Ng5 $1 {
Thematic smothered mate position
} 6... Qxh6 7. Nxf7#) 2. Qg3+ Kh8 3. exf6
Bxf6 4. Ne5 Bxe5 (4... -- 5. Rxf6 Qxf6 6. Nc4 {winning the Queen
}) 5. Bxe5+
f6 6. Rxf6 {thematic pinning of the King
} 6... Rxf6 7. Qg5 1-0

[Event "Saltsjobaden"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1948.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Trifunovic"]
[Black "Bondaresvky"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C04"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[PlyCount "63"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{One f6 explosion and another in the analysis
} 1. d4 e6 2. e4 d5 3. Nd2 Nc6
4. Ngf3 Nf6 5. e5 Nd7 6. b3 f6 7. Bb2 fxe5 8. dxe5 Bc5 9. Bd3 Qe7 10. a3 a5 11.
c4 dxc4 12. bxc4 b6 13. Be4 Bb7 14. Qa4 Nd8 15. O-O Bxe4 16. Nxe4 O-O 17. Rad1
Nb8 18. Nfg5 $1 {Two Knight coordinating to launch the grenades
} 18... h6 (
18... Nf7 19. Nxh7 $1 {enticement of the King to h7
} 19... Kxh7 20. Nf6+ $3 {
Tactics based on the power of an f6 pawn wedge and the b1-h7 diagonal
} 20...
gxf6 (20... Kh8 21. Qc2 {Tactics based on the h7 square
} 21... gxf6 22. exf6
Qe8 23. Qg6 Rg8 24. Qh5+ Nh6 25. Qxh6#) 21. exf6 Qe8 22. Qc2+ 22... Kh6 23.
Bc1+ {Power of the diagonals
} 23... Kh5 24. Qh7+ Kg4 25. Qh3#) 19. Nf6+ $3
19... gxf6 (19... Kh8 20. Qc2 20... gxf6 21. exf6 Rxf6 22. Bxf6+ {
Overworked Queen
}) 20. exf6 Rxf6 (20... Qe8 21. Rxd8 Qxa4 (21... Qxd8 22. Qc2
Qd7 23. Qg6+ Kh8 24. f7+ Bd4 25. Qxh6#) 22. f7# $1) 21. Bxf6 Qxf6 22. Qe8+ Bf8
23. Ne4 {Decisive, the rest of the game is routine
} 23... Qe7 24. Qxd8 Qxd8
25. Rxd8 Kf7 26. a4 Bg7 27. f4 Ke7 28. Rfd1 c5 29. R1d6 Bd4+ 30. Kf1 Be3 31. g3
Bd4 32. Rc8 1-0

[Event "Hungary"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1954.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Fertoszegi"]
[Black "Vecsey"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r5k1/1qpbnpp1/2np3p/1p1Np3/4P2P/1BPP1N2/1P1Q1PP1/4R1K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "23"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. Nf6+ $3 {Beginning a very pretty combination - a Knight sacrifice based on
a second Knight sacrifice  } 1... gxf6 2. Qxh6 2... Qc8 {Heading for f8
} 3.
Ng5 $3 3... fxg5 4. Qxg5+ Kf8 (4... Kh8 5. Qh5+ Kg7 6. Qxf7+ Kh6) 5. Qh6+ Kg8 (
5... Ke8 6. Qh8+ $18) 6. Re3 {thematic Rook entry
} 6... Bf5 (6... Be6 7. Rg3+
Ng6 8. Rxg6+ fxg6 9. Qxg6+ 9... Kf8 $1 10. Qf6+ Ke8 11. Bxe6) 7. exf5 Nxf5 8.
Qg6+ Kh8 9. Qh5+ Kg7 10. Qxf7+ Kh8 11. Qf6+ Kh7 12. Be6 $1 1-0

[Event "Budapest"]
[Site "Budapest"]
[Date "1921.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "Sterk"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r4rk1/p4ppp/qp2p3/b5B1/n1R5/5N2/PP2QPPP/1R4K1 w - - 0 23"]
[PlyCount "15"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A time bomb on f6
} 23. Bf6 $1 23... Rfc8 24. Qe5 $3 24... Rc5 (24... Qxc4
25. Qg5 Kf8 26. Qxg7+ Ke8 27. Qg8+ Kd7 28. Ne5+ Kc7 29. Qxf7+ {
winning the Queen
}) (24... gxf6 25. Rg4+ Kf8 26. Qd6+ Ke8 27. Rg8#) 25. Qg3
g6 26. Rxa4 Qd3 27. Rf1 Rac8 28. Rd4 Qf5 29. Qf4 Qc2 30. Qh6 1-0

[Event "Sofia"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1957.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Fuchs"]
[Black "Szilagyi"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "5r2/5r2/3ppqk1/p1b1p1p1/PpP1P1Pp/1P3P1P/3Q2K1/1N1R1R2 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "25"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1... Qxf3+ {A most remarkable position. In spite of White's large advantage in
material he has no defence to the invasion of Black's Rooks  } 2. Rxf3 Rxf3 3.
Qe1 Rf2+ 4. Kh1 R8f3 5. Qxf2 (5. -- Rxh3+ 6. Kg1 Rd2+ 7. Kf1 Rh1#) 5... Rxf2 6.
Nd2 Kg7 7. Rf1 $1 7... Re2 (7... Rxd2 8. Rf7+ $11) 8. Nf3 Kg6 9. Nxe5+ 9...
dxe5 10. Rf6+ Kg7 11. Rf7+ Kg8 12. Rg7+ Kf8 13. Rf7+ 13... Ke8 {
Black escapes checks thanks to the intervention of Bc5
} 0-1

[Event "Leningrad"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1939.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Ragozin"]
[Black "Lilienthal"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C91"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[PlyCount "98"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3
O-O 9. d4 Bg4 10. Be3 exd4 11. cxd4 Na5 12. Bc2 Nc4 13. Bc1 c5 14. b3 Na5 15.
Nbd2 Nc6 16. Bb2 Nxd4 17. Bxd4 cxd4 18. h3 Bh5 19. g4 19... Nxg4 $1 {
This sacrifice is really necessary as retreat
} (19... Bg6 20. Nxd4) 20. hxg4
Bxg4 21. Qe2 (21. Kg2 Bf6 22. Bd3 22... Rc8) 21... Rc8 22. Bd3 22... Bg5 $1 {
The effect of this pin is very strong
} 23. e5 {Looking for counterplay
} (
23. -- Bxd2 24. Qxd2 24... Bxf3 $19) (23. Qf1 Bxd2 24. Nxd2 24... Qg5 $17) (23.
Nf1 Rc3 24. N1h2 24... Bh5 {White is bound hand and foot
}) 23... Bxd2 24. Qe4
{White hopes this sharp interpolation will save him
} 24... g6 25. Qxg4 (25.
Nxd2 Bf5 26. Qe2 Qg5+ 27. Kh2 Qh4+ 28. Kg1 Bxd3 29. Qxd3 Rc3 30. Qe2 30... dxe5
{Black has four pawns for his piece and his attack still persists
}) 25...
Bxe1 26. Rxe1 dxe5 27. Rxe5 Re8 28. Rxe8+ Qxe8 29. Kg2 (29. Qxd4 Rd8 30. Qe4 (
30. Qc3 Qd7 31. Be2 Qg4+) 30... Qxe4 31. Bxe4 Rd1+ 32. Kg2 Ra1) 29... Qd8 30.
Qf4 (30. Nxd4 30... Rc5 $1) (30. Qxd4 Qxd4 31. Nxd4 31... Rd8 $19) 30... Rc5 {
Thus Black definitely preserves his d-pawn, leaving White, with two minor
pieces against Rook and three pawns, at a decisive disadvantage.  } 31. Qe4 Kg7
32. a4 bxa4 33. bxa4 a5 34. Bb5 Rd5 35. Bc4 Rc5 36. Bb5 Rd5 37. Bc4 Rd6 38.
Qe5+ Qf6 39. Qxa5 d3 40. Qd2 Qf5 41. Qc3+ Rf6 42. Qxd3 Qg4+ 43. Kf1 Qxf3 44.
Qxf3 Rxf3 45. a5 Rc3 46. Be2 Ra3 47. a6 h5 48. Kg2 h4 49. Bc4 g5 1-0

[Event "London"]
[Site "London"]
[Date "1790.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Smith"]
[Black "Philidor"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "6r1/2bk4/2p1p3/pp1p2p1/4Pn2/2P2PNr/PP5N/4R1RK b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "9"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The 18th Century
} 1... Rxh2+ 2. Kxh2 Rh8+ 3. Nh5 Rxh5+ 4. Kg3 Nh3+ 5. Kg4 $2
5... Rh4# 0-1

[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1892.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Steinitz"]
[Black "Chigorin"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "4rr1k/1ppb3p/2q3p1/p7/3n4/1BP1B3/PP3PP1/2K2Q1R w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "11"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. Rxh7+ Kxh7 2. Qh1+ Kg7 3. Bh6+ Kf6 4. Qh4+ 4... Ke5 5. Qxd4+ 5... Kf5 6.
Qf4# 1-0

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "Moscow"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Filip"]
[Black "Badilles"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r4rk1/p1nbb2p/3p2p1/2p1pPP1/1q1nP3/2N1B1N1/PP1Q4/2KR1B1R w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "17"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. Rxh7 Kxh7 2. Qh2+ Kg8 3. fxg6 Rf7 (3... Rf3 4. Qh7+ Kf8 5. Qh8#) 4. gxf7+
Kxf7 5. Qh5+ Kg7 6. Qh6+ Kf7 7. g6+ Ke8 8. Qh8+ Bf8 9. g7 $18 1-0

[Event "Yugoslavia"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1957.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Karkalaic"]
[Black "Nedelkovic"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B76"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[PlyCount "63"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A typical h-file attack
} 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 g6
6. Be3 Bg7 7. f3 O-O 8. Qd2 d5 9. e5 Nfd7 10. f4 Nb6 11. O-O-O Nc6 12. Nf3 e6
13. h4 h5 14. Bc5 Ne7 15. Nb5 a6 16. Nbd4 Nd7 17. Bd6 Re8 18. Ng5 Nf8 19. Be2
Nc6 20. Nxc6 bxc6 21. g4 $1 21... hxg4 22. h5 $1 {An energetic breakthrough
prying open the h-file and allowing the Rooks to enter decisively  } 22... gxh5
(22... f6 23. h6 $1 23... fxg5 24. hxg7 Kxg7 25. fxg5 -- 26. Rh6 -- 27. Rdh1)
23. Rxh5 23... f6 {A vain attempt to stem the coming flood
} 24. exf6 24...
Bxf6 25. Be5 Ng6 (25... Ra7) 26. Qd3 Nxe5 27. Rh8+ $3 {
Enticing of the king to h8 for decisive entry of the Queen
} 27... Bxh8 28.
Qh7+ Kf8 29. Qxh8+ Ke7 30. Qg7+ Nf7 31. Qxf7+ 31... Kd6 32. Ne4# 1-0

[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Jaurequi"]
[Black "Szapiro"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r1q2rk1/p2b1pb1/1pp3p1/P2B4/4P3/4BPR1/1P1Q1P2/3RK3 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "19"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A g-file combination
} 1. Rxg6 cxd5 2. Qxd5 Be6 3. Rxg7+ Kxg7 4. Qg5+ Kh7 5.
Qh6+ Kg8 6. Bd4 f6 7. Qg6+ Kh8 8. Kd2 8... Bh3 9. Qh5+ Kg7 10. Rg1+ $18 1-0

[Event "Mahrisch"]
[Site "Mahrisch"]
[Date "1953.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Eliskases"]
[Black "Grunfeld"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "5nk1/1pr1qrnp/p2p1ppB/3Pp3/PP4PN/2P1P1R1/2Q4P/6RK w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "15"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A piece sacrifice to open the g-file
} 1. Nf5 $1 {A suprising piece
sacrifice whose main aim is to open the g-file for further tactical operations
  } 1... gxf5 (1... Nxf5 2. gxf5 g5 3. h4 $1 {opening the g-file
}) 2. gxf5
Qe8 3. Qg2 3... Qd7 {It seems Black can give sufficient protection to the g7
square, but White will show otherwise  } 4. Rxg7+ Rxg7 5. Bxg7 Qxg7 6. Qc2 $1 {
This is the justification of the original Knight sacrifice on f5
} 6... Ng6 7.
fxg6 h6 8. Qf5 $18 1-0

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "Moscow"]
[Date "1943.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Smyslov"]
[Black "Kotov"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "3r1r2/pp1q2bk/2n1nppp/2p5/3pP1P1/P2P1NNQ/1PPB3P/1R3R1K w - - 0 24"]
[PlyCount "37"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A long term Knight sacrifice on f5
} 24. Nf5 {This Knight sacrifice is used
to open up an attack along the g-file; but it is far a more intricate example,
with no immediate objective in view  } 24... gxf5 25. gxf5 Nc7 (25... Ng5 26.
Bxg5 fxg5 27. Nxg5+ Kg8 28. Ne6 $16) 26. Rg1 Ne8 (26... -- 27. Rxg7+ Qxg7 (
27... Kxg7 28. Rg1+ Kf7 29. Qh5+ Ke7 30. Rg7+) 28. Rg1 {removing the guard
})
(26... Rh8 27. Bxh6 $1 27... Kg8 (27... Bxh6 28. Rg6 Qg7 29. Rxg7+ Kxg7 30.
Qg3+ 30... Kf7 31. Qxc7+ $18) 28. Rxg7+ Qxg7 29. Rg1 {pinning tactics
}) 27.
Rg6 Rf7 28. Rbg1 Kg8 29. Rxh6 29... Kf8 {
Hoping to run the King out of the danger zone
} 30. Rh7 Ke7 31. Qh5 $1 31...
Kd6 (31... Rc8 32. Ng5 fxg5 33. Bxg5+ {cutting off the escape square
} 33...
Nf6 (33... Kd6 34. Bf4+ Ke7 35. f6+ $1 {removing the guard of g7
} 35... Nxf6
36. Rgxg7 Nxh5 37. Rxf7+ Ke6 38. Rxd7 Nxf4 39. Rxb7 $18) 34. Rxg7 Rxg7 35.
Bxf6+ Kxf6 36. Qh6+ Ke5 37. Rxg7 Qe8 38. Rg6 $18) 32. Bf4+ Ne5 (32... Ke7 33.
Ng5 fxg5 34. Bxg5+ {same variations
}) 33. Bxe5+ fxe5 34. f6 $3 {
discovered attack} 34... Nxf6 35. Qxe5+ Kc6 36. Rhxg7 Kb5 (36... Rxg7 37. Qxf6+
{fork
}) 37. Nxd4+ Kb6 38. b4 Rc8 (38... cxd4 39. Qa5+ Kc6 40. Qc5#) 39. Rxf7
Qxf7 40. Qd6+ Rc6 41. Nxc6 Nxe4 42. bxc5+ 1-0

[Event "Rio de Janerio"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1942.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Gomes"]
[Black "Neto"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r3k2r/1pp2ppp/pb1p1qn1/4p2b/2B1P3/N2P1NPP/PPP1QPK1/R4R2 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "9"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The g-file opened in very curious fasion
} 1... Rg8 $1 2. c3 (2. Nb1 {
An attempt to neutralize the pin by Nb1-d2 fails
} 2... Nh4+ 3. gxh4 g5 4.
Nbd2 g4) 2... Nh4+ $3 3. gxh4 g5 4. Rg1 Bxf3+ 5. Qxf3 5... gxh4+ {
removing the guard
} 1-0

[Event "Corr"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "Kingma"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "1br2rk1/1p1n1pp1/pP3n1p/P1pPp2q/2N1P3/3B1P2/2Q3PP/1RB1K2R w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "49"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. h4 {opening up the g-file
} 1... Ne8 2. g4 Qg6 3. h5 $1 (3. g5 3... h5 {
Blocking up the Kingside
}) 3... Qf6 4. Qg2 Qe7 5. g5 {
Now this leads to the opening of the g-file
} 5... Kh7 {This allows White to
launch the backward f-pawn into the attack as well, but it was the only way to
defend h6. Exchanging on g5 would have been worse  } 6. f4 $1 6... Nd6 (6...
exf4 7. e5+ Kg8 8. Qe4 $18) 7. f5 (7. Nxe5 Nxe5 8. fxe5 Qxe5 (8... Nb5 $132) 9.
Bb2 $18) 7... Rg8 8. f6 $1 {The decisive breakthrough
} 8... gxf6 9. g6+ fxg6
(9... Kg7 10. Bxh6+ Kxh6 11. Qd2+ Kg7 12. h6+ Kf8 (12... Kxg6 13. h7) (12...
Kh8 13. g7+ Kh7 14. Qf2 -- 15. Nxd6 Qxd6 16. Qf5#) 13. g7+) 10. hxg6+ Rxg6 11.
Rxh6+ Rxh6 12. Bxh6 Nxc4 (12... Kxh6 13. Ke2 {thematic
}) 13. Qh3 Kh8 14. Ke2
Rg8 (14... -- 15. Bg7+ Kxg7 16. Rg1+ Kf7 17. Qh5+ {
important to prevent the e8 escape
} 17... Kf8 18. Qh8+ Kf7 19. Rg7#) 15. Bg7+
Kxg7 16. Rg1+ Kf8 17. Qh6+ Qg7 (17... Rg7 18. Qh8+ Kf7 19. Rxg7#) (17... Kf7
18. Qh7+) 18. Rxg7 Rxg7 19. Bxc4 Bd6 20. Qh8+ Rg8 21. Qh3 $1 {
penetrating the Light squares
} 21... Rg7 22. Qe6 Bb8 23. d6 Rg2+ 24. Kf3 Rg7
25. Kf2 $22 1-0

[Event "Leningrad"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1957.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Taimanov"]
[Black "Nedelkovic"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "5rk1/ppqr1ppp/2n2nb1/2p5/3P4/P1P1PR1P/BB2Q1PN/R5K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "33"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Exchange sacrifice on f6
} 1. Rxf6 {The possession of the Bishop pair can
compensate the loss of the exchange. Black's ruined pawn formation provides
additional compensation  } 1... gxf6 2. Qf2 f5 (2... Kg7 3. Rf1 Qd8) 3. e4 $1
3... fxe4 4. Ng4 Rd6 (4... Rdd8 5. Qf6 h5 6. Qxg6+ {pinning tactics
}) 5. dxc5
Re6 6. Bxe6 fxe6 7. Nh6+ Kg7 8. c4+ e5 9. Qe3 {In such a dynamic position a
deficit of a pawn is insignificant. The important thing is that the Black King
is in an exposed position. The presence of opposite coloured Bishops favours
the White attack - a circumstance already mentioned  } 9... Nd4 $1 {
White can't capture twice on d4 due to the hanging Nh6
} 10. Ng4 $1 10... Qxc5
11. Kh1 $1 11... Kg8 (11... -- 12. Nxe5 Qxe5 13. Bxd4) 12. Rd1 b6 13. Qg5 $1
13... Nf5 14. Nf6+ Kg7 15. Nd7 Qe3 16. Bxe5+ Kg8 17. Qg4 $18 1-0

[Event "Belgrade"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1954.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Gligoric"]
[Black "Petrosian"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "5rk1/2nnr2q/p2p1p1p/2pP1Rp1/2P1P1Q1/1P1N4/4B1PP/5RK1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "19"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. b4 {By means of this breakthrough White unhinges Black's Queenside and as a
result is able to undertake decisive operations on the f-file  } 1... cxb4 2.
c5 $1 2... h5 $1 (2... dxc5 3. d6 {fork tactic
}) 3. Qg3 $1 (3. Qf3 Nb5) (3.
Qxh5 Qxh5 4. Bxh5 4... Rxe4 $15) 3... Rxe4 4. c6 $1 {
Driving away Nd7, the greatest obstacle to White's ambition on the f-file
}
4... Rxe2 5. Qxd6 Nb5 (5... Qe7 6. Qxe7 Rxe7 7. Nxb4 Nb5 8. cxd7 Rxd7) 6. Qxb4
Nb8 (6... Qe7) 7. Rxg5+ {Xrayed
} 7... Kf7 (7... fxg5 8. Qxf8#) 8. Rxf6+ $1 {
destruction down the f-file
} 8... Kxf6 9. Qxf8+ Kxg5 10. h4+ 1-0

[Event "Southport"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1924.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Atkins"]
[Black "Gibson"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r2q1r1k/2p1b1pp/p1n5/1p1Q1bN1/4n3/1BP1B3/PP3PPP/R4RK1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "3"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Smothered mate in elementary form
} 1. Qg8+ Rxg8 2. Nf7# 1-0

[Event "Rotterdam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1932.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Reyss"]
[Black "Klaarwater"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "4rrk1/p2Q2pp/1p2pp2/3nN3/6P1/PP4Bq/5P1P/2R3K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "4"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A rather more complicated example
} 1. Rc8 1... Ne3 $1 {
repels White's combination
} (1... Rxc8 2. Qxe6+ Kh8 (2... Rf7 3. Qxc8+) 3.
Nf7+ Kg8 4. Nh6+ Kh8 5. Qg8+ Rxg8 6. Nf7#) 2. fxe3 2... fxe5 0-1

[Event "Leuwarden"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1953.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "Jaasma"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "2r1r2k/pp1qnpp1/2n5/3p1b2/P2P4/B1PB1N1P/5PP1/R2QR1K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "15"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Smothered mate as the denouement of a combination
} 1. Ng5 Bxd3 (1... Kg8 {
game continuation
} 2. Qf3 Bg6 3. Bxg6 fxg6 4. Qf7+ 4... Kh8 5. Bxe7 {
removing the guard of g6
} 5... Nxe7 6. Rxe7 $1 6... Rxe7 7. Qxg6) 2. Qh5+ Kg8
3. Qxf7+ Kh8 4. Ne6 4... Rg8 {
This cuts off the black King's flight square, but there was no choice
} 5.
Qh5+ Bh7 6. Ng5 Qf5 7. Qxh7+ Qxh7 8. Nf7# 1-0

[Event "Vienna"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1957.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Jezek"]
[Black "Boleslavsky"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "3b1rk1/pb1q1ppp/1p1p1n2/8/3Q3B/2NB4/PPP3PP/5R1K b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "9"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Smothered mate threats in the air
} 1... Qh3 {
For the moment there is no question of smothered mate
} 2. Rg1 (2. Rf2 2...
Ng4 $17) (2. Qf2 Bxg2+ 3. Qxg2 3... Qxh4 $17) 2... Ng4 $1 3. Bg3 Bf6 4. Ne4
Bxe4 5. Bxe4 5... Qxg3 $1 {White must lose a piece
} 0-1

[Event "Amsterdam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1889.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lasker"]
[Black "Bauer"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r4rk1/1b2bppp/ppq1pn2/2ppB3/5P2/1P1BP1N1/P1PPQ1PP/R4RK1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "17"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The famous game
} 1. Nh5 1... Nxh5 2. Bxh7+ Kxh7 3. Qxh5+ 3... Kg8 4. Bxg7 $1
4... Kxg7 (4... f5 5. Rf3 Qe8 6. Qh6 Rf6 7. Bxf6 Bxf6 8. Rg3+ Kf7 9. Qh7+ Kf8
10. Rg8#) 5. Qg4+ Kh7 6. Rf3 6... e5 7. Rh3+ Qh6 8. Rxh6+ Kxh6 9. Qd7 {
Winning another piece. Were it not for this last point, it might have been
problematic for White to win  } 1-0

[Event "St.Petersburg"]
[Site "St.Petersburg-1"]
[Date "1914.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Nimzowitsch"]
[Black "Tarrasch"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "3r1rk1/p3qp1p/2bb2p1/2pp4/4n3/1P2PN2/PBQN1PPP/2R2RK1 b - - 0 17"]
[PlyCount "31"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Double Bishop sacrifice
} 17... Nxd2 {Although piece exchanges are usually
considered to be undesirable to the owner of hanging pawns, the exchange is
very stron here due to tactical possibilities  } 18. Nxd2 (18. Qxd2 18... d4
19. -- Bxf3) 18... d4 $1 19. exd4 Bxh2+ 20. Kxh2 Qh4+ 21. Kg1 Bxg2 22. f3 (22.
Kxg2 Qg4+ 23. Kh2 23... Rd5 $19 {thematic Queen and Rook
}) 22... Rfe8 $1 {
This quiet move cuts off the White King's flight via the e-file
} 23. Ne4 (23.
-- 23... Re2) (23. Qd3 23... Qg3 24. Ne4 24... Rxe4 {removing the guard
} 25.
fxe4 Bf3#) 23... Qh1+ 24. Kf2 24... Bxf1 25. d5 {
A dangerous counteraction along the long dark-squared diagonal
} (25. Rxf1
25... Qh2+ $19 {skewer
}) 25... f5 $1 26. Qc3 Qg2+ 27. Ke3 27... Rxe4+ {
Leading to a pretty and forced finish
} 28. fxe4 f4+ 29. Kxf4 Rf8+ 30. Ke5
Qh2+ 31. Ke6 Re8+ 32. Kd7 Bb5# 0-1

[Event "Belgium"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Koltanowsky"]
[Black "Defosse"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "3r1rk1/p1q2ppp/3bb3/3pB3/1p6/2P2Q1P/PPB2PP1/3RR1K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "17"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. Bxh7+ Kxh7 2. Qh5+ 2... Kg8 3. Bxg7 Kxg7 (3... f6 4. Qh8+ Kf7 5. Bxf8 Bxf8
6. Qh5+ Ke7 7. Qh7+ 7... Kd6 8. Rxe6+ $18 {removing the guard
}) (3... f5 4.
Qh8+ Kf7 5. Qh7 $1 5... Qd7 6. Rd3 f4 7. Rxd5 {opening up the e-file
} 7...
Bxd5 8. Bd4#) 4. Qg5+ Kh7 (4... Kh8 5. Rd4 5... f6 6. Rh4+ Qh7 7. Rxh7+ Kxh7 8.
Qh5+ Kg7 9. Rxe6) 5. Rd4 Bh2+ 6. Kh1 Qf4 7. Rxf4 Bxf4 8. Qxf4 Rg8 9. Re5 1-0

[Event "USSR"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1949.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kirilov"]
[Black "Furman"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "3qr1k1/1br2ppp/p2b4/8/PpNp4/3P4/1PP2PPP/R1BQ1RK1 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "19"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1... Bxh2+ 2. Kxh2 Qh4+ 3. Kg1 Bxg2 4. Kxg2 (4. f4 4... Qg3 $1 {
typical quiet move
}) (4. f3 Qg3 5. Bf4 Qxf4 6. Kxg2 Qg5+ 7. Kf2 Qh4+ 8. Kg2
8... Rc6 $19 {thematic Rook manoeuvre
}) 4... Rc6 5. Bf4 (5. Qf3 Rg6+ 6. Qg3
Re2 7. Qxg6 hxg6 8. Bd2 Rxd2 9. Nxd2 Qg5+ 10. Kf3 10... Qxd2 $17 {
Black must win in the long run
}) 5... Qxf4 6. Rh1 6... Rf6 $1 {
A fine interpolation
} 7. Rh2 (7. Qd2 7... Qf3+ $19) (7. f3 Rg6+ 8. Kf1 Qg3 9.
Qd2 9... Qxf3+ $19) 7... Rg6+ 8. Kh1 $1 8... Re1+ {deflecting the guard of f3

} 9. Qxe1 9... Qf3+ {g2 focal point
} 10. Rg2 Qxg2# 0-1

[Event "New York"]
[Site "New York m  Rd: 1"]
[Date "1957.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Euwe"]
[Black "Fischer"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D35"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[PlyCount "39"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The b1-h7 Diagonal
} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 d5 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Bg5 Bb4 6.
e3 h6 7. Bh4 c5 8. Bd3 Nc6 9. Nge2 cxd4 10. exd4 O-O 11. O-O Be6 12. Bc2 Be7
13. Nf4 Qb6 14. Bxf6 Bxf6 15. Qd3 15... Rfd8 (15... g6 {technique sacrifice
}
16. Nxg6 fxg6 17. Qxg6+ Bg7 18. Qxe6+) 16. Rae1 Nb4 (16... -- 17. Qh7+ Kf8 18.
Nfxd5 {winning material
}) (16... Qxd4 17. Qh7+ Kf8 18. Rxe6 $18 {
fork tactics
}) (16... g6 17. Rxe6 {removing the guard
}) 17. Qh7+ Kf8 18. a3
$1 {The Bishop has done his duty on the diagonal and can now be spared
} 18...
Nxc2 19. Ncxd5 $1 {tactically opening a file
} 19... Rxd5 20. Nxd5 1-0

[Event "Groningen Netherland"]
[Site "Groningen Netherland"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Szabo"]
[Black "Kotov"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D40"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[PlyCount "59"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The b1-h7 Diagonal
} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 d5 4. Nc3 c5 5. e3 Nc6 6. a3
Be7 7. dxc5 Bxc5 8. b4 Bb6 9. Bb2 O-O 10. Be2 dxc4 11. Bxc4 Qe7 12. O-O a6 13.
Qc2 Bc7 14. Ng5 $1 {
This motif is typical of a tactical operation utilizing the b1-h7 diagonal
}
14... Bxh2+ (14... h6 15. Nd5 {removing the guard of h7
}) (14... Ne5) 15. Kh1
$1 (15. Kxh2 $2 15... Ng4+ 16. Kg3 16... Qxg5 $19) 15... h6 $2 (15... Be5 16.
f4 Bxc3 17. Bxc3 17... g6 {This would repulse the attack along b1-h7 diagonal
at the cost of increasing the dnagers on the other long diagonal  }) 16. Nd5
exd5 17. Bxf6 Bf5 18. Qxf5 g6 19. Qxg6+ (19. Bxe7 gxf5 20. Bxf8 $18) 19... fxg6
20. Bxd5+ Rf7 21. Bxe7 hxg5 22. Kxh2 Nxe7 23. Bxf7+ Kxf7 24. Rac1 Nc6 25. Rfd1
Ke6 26. Rc5 Rh8+ 27. Kg3 Rh5 28. Rcd5 Ne7 29. Rxg5 Rh1 30. Re5+ 1-0

[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1929.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Spielmann"]
[Black "Honlinger"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "2r1nrk1/pb2qp1p/1p2p1pQ/nP6/8/P2B2N1/1BP2PPP/3RR1K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "11"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The a1-h8 diagonal
} 1. Nf5 Qc5 (1... gxf5 2. Bxf5 f6 3. Bxe6+ Kh8 4. Bxc8
$18) 2. Re5 2... Bd5 3. Ne7+ {
The Knight is sacrificed for no other reather that it is in the way
} 3...
Qxe7 4. Qxh7+ {Thematic
} 4... Kxh7 5. Rh5+ 5... Kg8 6. Rh8# {
Classic Bishop and Rook operating on the long diagonal
} 1-0

[Event "Brussels"]
[Site "Brussels"]
[Date "1942.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Defosse"]
[Black "Frank"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "rn1q2k1/pbpp2pp/1p2p2r/5p2/2PPn3/P1PBP1P1/2QN1P1P/R1B2RK1 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "13"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The a1-h8 diagonal
} 1... Qh4 2. Nf3 (2. gxh4 Rg6+ 3. Kh1 3... Nxf2# {
double check
}) 2... Ng5 $1 {Rook and Bishop mate threats
} 3. gxh4 (3. Nxh4
3... Nh3# {Thematic Bishop and Knight mate
}) 3... Nxf3+ 4. Kg2 (4. Kh1 Rxh4
5. h3) 4... Ne1+ 5. Kg3 Rg6+ 6. Kf4 Rg4+ 7. Ke5 Nf3# 0-1

[Event "Wageningen"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1957.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Donner"]
[Black "Larsen"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E66"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[PlyCount "77"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The a1-h8 Diagonal
} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. g3 Bg7 4. Bg2 O-O 5. Nc3 d6 6. Nf3
Nc6 7. O-O a6 8. d5 Na5 9. Nd2 c5 10. Qc2 Rb8 11. b3 b5 12. cxb5 axb5 13. Bb2
b4 14. Nd1 Ba6 15. Re1 Bh6 16. e4 Bxd2 17. Qxd2 c4 18. e5 $1 {White makes good
use of the a1-h8 diagonal, which has been seriously weakened by the exchange
of Black's dark-square Bishop  } 18... Ne8 (18... c3 19. Nxc3 bxc3 20. Bxc3 {
Black recovers his piece with advantage
}) 19. Qd4 $1 19... c3 (19... dxe5 20.
Qxe5 20... f6 (20... Nf6 21. d6 {overworked pawn
}) 21. Qe6+) 20. Nxc3 bxc3
21. Bxc3 f6 22. Qa7 $1 {The point of the whole combination
} 22... Nxb3 (22...
Ra8 23. Bxa5 {removing the guard
}) 23. axb3 Ra8 24. Ba5 $1 24... Rxa7 25.
Bxd8 fxe5 26. f4 $1 (26. Bf1 Rd7 27. Bxe7 {
winning a pawn, but his actual choice is sharper and more consequent
}) 26...
Ng7 27. Bb6 Raa8 28. fxe5 Nf5 (28... dxe5 29. d6 $1 $18) 29. exd6 exd6 30. Bf2
30... Rfb8 {It begins to look as though Black is going to save himself after
all. However, White hammers away at the weakness of that a1-h8 diagonal and
quickly forces the game  } 31. g4 {
Removing the guard of the critical e7 (7th rank) and d4 (diagonal)
} 31... Nh6
32. Re7 Nxg4 (32... Rb7 33. Rxa6 {removing the guard
}) 33. Bd4 Rb4 (33... Ne5
{closing the diagonal
} 34. Bxe5 dxe5 35. d6 $1 35... Bb7 36. Rxa8 Bxa8 37. d7
$1 37... Kf8 38. Re8+ $18 {winning a piece
}) 34. Rg7+ Kf8 35. Rxh7 Bb7 36.
Rf1+ Ke8 37. Bg7 37... Rd8 (37... -- 38. Rf8+ Ke7 39. Bh6#) 38. Rf8+ Kd7 39.
Bf6+ $1 1-0

[Event "Mch"]
[Site "Mch"]
[Date "1908.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Rubinstein"]
[Black "Teichmann"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D55"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[PlyCount "54"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Pawn storm against the Black King
} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bg5 Nbd7
5. e3 Be7 6. Nf3 O-O 7. Qc2 b6 8. cxd5 exd5 9. Bd3 Bb7 10. O-O-O c5 11. h4 c4
12. Bf5 Re8 13. Bxf6 {
Black never gets his counterattack going on the opposite flank
} 13... Nxf6
14. g4 14... Bd6 15. g5 15... Ne4 {Black hopes this move will help halt
White's attack. White, however, calmly pushes on  } 16. h5 $1 {
Black is not going to open a file voluntarily for the White Rooks
} 16... Qe7
(16... Nxg5 17. Nxg5 Qxg5 18. Bxh7+ Kf8 19. h6 gxh6 20. Rdg1 $18) 17. Rdg1
17... a6 {With the evident intention of starting a pawn storm on his own
account with ... Pb5-b5. The start is as far as it gets  } 18. Bxh7+ $1 {
An explosion on h7, but quite different from those previously seen
} 18...
Kxh7 19. g6+ Kg8 (19... fxg6 20. Nxe4 {removing the guard of g5
} 20... dxe4
21. Ng5+ {controlling key squares in Black's position
} 21... Kh6 (21... Kg8
22. Qxc4+) 22. hxg6+ Kxg6 23. Nxe4+ Kf7 24. Qxc4+) 20. Nxe4 {
seizing the precise moment to remove the Knight
} 20... dxe4 (20... Qxe4 21.
gxf7+) 21. h6 f6 (21... exf3 22. gxf7+ Qxf7 23. hxg7 $1) (21... fxg6 22. Nh4 $1
22... g5 23. Ng6 Qf6 24. h7+ Kf7 25. h8=Q Rxh8 26. Nxh8+ {
Black has fighting chances
}) 22. hxg7 $1 22... exf3 23. Rh8+ Kxg7 24. Rh7+
Kg8 25. Qf5 $1 {
The White Queen has the last work, threatening both Qh5 and Pg7
} 25... c3 26.
Rxe7 Bxe7 (26... Rxe7 27. Qxf6 Bb4 28. Rh1 Rg7 29. Qe6+ $18) 27. Qe6+ Kg7 1-0

[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1934.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Euwe"]
[Black "Van den Bosch"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E49"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[PlyCount "55"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. a3 Bxc3+ 5. bxc3 O-O 6. f3 d5 7. e3 c5 8. cxd5
exd5 9. Bd3 b6 10. Ne2 Ba6 11. O-O Bxd3 12. Qxd3 Nc6 13. e4 cxd4 14. cxd4 Qd7
15. Bg5 Ne8 16. Rac1 Nd6 17. exd5 Na5 18. Bd2 Ndb7 19. Nf4 h6 20. Rfe1 20... b5
{After a temporary pawn sacrifice at d5, Black has shifted the main part of
his forces to the Queenside. This allows Whte the opportunity of getting in
his blow on the opposite wing  } 21. Nh5 21... Qxd5 (21... -- 22. Bxh6 22...
gxh6 $2 23. Nf6+) 22. Re5 Qa2 23. Nxg7 $1 23... Nb3 (23... Kxg7 24. Bxh6+ Kxh6
25. Rh5+ (25. Qe3+ Kg7 26. Qg5+ Kh7 27. Qh4+ Kg7 28. Qg4+ Kh8 29. Rh5#) 25...
Kxh5 26. Qh7+ Kg5 27. Qg7+ Kf5 28. g4+ Ke6 29. Qe5+ Kd7 30. Rc7+ Kd8 31. Qe7#)
24. Nh5 $1 24... Qxd2 (24... Nxc1 25. Nf6+ Kg7 26. Qh7+ Kxf6 27. Qxh6#) (24...
f5 25. Rxf5 Nxc1 26. Rxf8+ Kxf8 27. Bb4+ Ke8 28. Qxb5+ Kd8 29. Qxb7) 25. Nf6+
Kg7 26. Qh7+ Kxf6 27. Rc6+ Nd6 28. Rxd6# 1-0

[Event "New York"]
[Site "New York"]
[Date "1944.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Fine"]
[Black "Shainswit"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "27: Attack against the King 0-0"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "4r3/1p4kp/p1n1qpp1/P2p4/5Q2/2B1P1P1/1P3P1P/3R2K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "27"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Another sudden raid with pieces
} 1. Rxd5 $3 {In itself this sacrifice is
obvious enough, but over the board it is impossible to calculate that it leads
to a forced win for White  } 1... Qxd5 2. Qxf6+ Kh6 3. Qg7+ {White repeats
moves to gain time on the clock. In practise a player has to contend not only
with problems on the board, but also with his clock; that is to say he must
keep an eye on how much time he has in hand  } 3... Kg5 (3... Kh5 4. Qxh7+ (4.
h3 $3 4... Ne5 5. Qxh7+ Kg5 6. f4+ Kf5 7. fxe5 Qd1+ 8. Kf2 Qc2+ 9. Ke1 $1 9...
Qc1+ 10. Ke2 Qc2+ 11. Bd2) 4... Kg4 5. Qxg6+ 5... Kf3 {
Black's King slips away
}) 4. Qf6+ Kh6 5. Qf4+ Qg5 (5... g5 {Fine, who declare
d that the present combination was the deepest he ever made, gave the
following lines  } 6. Qf6+ Kh5 7. h3 $3 7... Re4 (7... Qe6 8. g4+ Kh4 9. Qf3
Qd6 10. Kg2 $1 $18) (7... g4 8. hxg4+ Kxg4 9. Qf4+ Kh5 10. g4+ Kh4 11. Bf6+ Kh3
12. Qg3#) 8. Qg7 $1 8... h6 9. g4+ Rxg4+ 10. hxg4+ Kxg4 11. Qxh6 $16 {
White wins the ending, though it requires accurate play
}) 6. Bg7+ Kh5 7. Qf3+
Qg4 8. Qd5+ 8... Qf5 $2 (8... g5 9. Qf7#) (8... Ne5 9. Bxe5 Qf5 10. Qd1+ Kh6
11. Bc3 {White has a difficult task to convert his advantage into a win
}) 9.
Qd1+ Qg4 (9... Kg5 10. h4#) 10. f3 Qe6 11. g4+ 11... Kg5 {
Black's King tiptoes on the abyss
} (11... Kh4 12. Qe1+ Kh3 13. Qg3#) 12. Kg2
$3 {A quiet move with deadly effect
} 12... Qxe3 (12... h5 13. h4+ Kxh4 14.
Qh1+ Kg5 15. f4+ Kxg4 16. Qh3#) 13. h4+ Kxh4 (13... Kf4 14. Bh6+ $18) 14. Qh1+
(14. Bf6+ g5 15. Qh1#) 1-0

[Event "Hamburg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1939.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Taube"]
[Black "Finotti"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C42"]
[Annotator "28: Attack against the K 0-0-0"]
[PlyCount "29"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The Queen sacrifice on c6
} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nxe5 d6 4. Nf3 Nxe4 5. Qe2
Qe7 6. d3 Nf6 7. Bg5 Be6 8. Nc3 Nbd7 9. d4 d5 10. O-O-O c6 11. Kb1 h6 12. Bf4
12... O-O-O 13. Qa6 $1 {
} 13... Nh5 $2 {Overlooking White's next threat
} (
13... bxa6 14. Bxa6#) (13... Qb4 {only chance
} 14. Qxa7 Bd6 15. a3 Qb6 16.
Qa8+ Nb8) (13... Nb8 14. Qxa7 Nfd7 15. Na4) 14. Qxc6+ $1 {
A combination worth remembering
} 14... bxc6 15. Ba6# {Boden's mate
} 1-0

[Event "Bled"]
[Site "Bled"]
[Date "1931.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Pirc"]
[Black "Alekhine"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D32"]
[Annotator "28: Attack against the K 0-0-0"]
[PlyCount "54"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 c5 4. cxd5 cxd4 5. Qa4+ Bd7 6. Qxd4 exd5 7. Qxd5 Nc6
8. Bg5 Nf6 9. Qd2 h6 10. Bxf6 10... Qxf6 11. e3 O-O-O 12. O-O-O Bg4 13. Nd5 {
BLACK TO MOVE:
} 13... Rxd5 $1 {This is obvious enough since Black will be
able to regain the exchange at once. Alekhine, however, has deeper plans than
this  } 14. Qxd5 {BLACK TO MOVE
} 14... Ba3 $3 (14... Bxd1 15. Qxd1 15... Qxf2
) 15. Qb3 (15. bxa3 Qc3+ 16. Kb1 Rd8 17. Qxd8+ 17... Nxd8 {
Threatening ... Bxd1 and ... Bf5+
}) (15. Rd2 Bxb2+ 16. Rxb2 Qc3+ 17. Rc2 Qe1+
18. Kb2 18... Rd8 $19) 15... Bxd1 16. Qxa3 Qxf2 17. Qd3 {BLACK TO MOVE:
}
17... Bg4 $1 (17... Rd8 18. Nh3 $1) 18. Nf3 Bxf3 19. Qf5+ Kb8 20. Qxf3 Qe1+ 21.
Kc2 (21. Qd1 Qxe3+ 22. Qd2 22... Qe6 $1 23. Kb1 Rd8 24. Qf4+ 24... Ka8 $19)
21... Rc8 22. Qg3+ Ne5+ 23. Kb3 Qd1+ 24. Ka3 {BLACK TO MOVE:

} 24... Rc5 $1
{The intervention of the Rook puts and end to it
} 25. Kb4 {BLACK TO MOVE
} (
25. b4 Rc3+ 26. Kb2 Qc1#) (25. b3 Ra5+ 26. Kb4 Qd2#) 25... Qd2+ 26. Kxc5 b6+
27. Kb5 27... Qa5# 0-1

[Event "Rio de Janeiro"]
[Site "Rio de Janeiro"]
[Date "1957.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Najdorf"]
[Black "Panno"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B16"]
[Annotator "28: Attack against the K 0-0-0"]
[PlyCount "95"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 c6 2. Nf3 d5 3. Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Nf6 5. Nxf6+ gxf6 6. d4 Bg4 7. Be2 Qc7
8. h3 Bh5 9. Nh4 Bxe2 10. Qxe2 Nd7 11. O-O e6 12. c4 12... O-O-O {
WHITE TO MOVE:
} 13. b4 $1 {When two players have castled on opposite sides
of the board the most important thing is to seize the attack as quickly as
possible. This old rule is as valid today as it was in the "good old days". In
the present case, Black already has an open file for hit Rooks, so it is up to
White to obtain an open file for his Rooks as soon as possible. He chooses the
best method  } 13... Bxb4 (13... -- 14. b5) 14. Rb1 c5 15. Qf3 15... Qc6 {
WHITE TO MOVE:
} 16. d5 Qa6 17. a3 17... Ba5 {WHITE TO MOVE:
} 18. Bf4 $1
18... Bc7 19. Bxc7 Kxc7 20. Rfd1 Rhe8 21. Qf4+ Kc8 (21... Qd6 {WHITE TO MOVE:

} 22. Rxb7+) (21... e5 {WHITE TO MOVE:
} 22. Qe4 {Weakening of Black's pawns

}) 22. Nf3 22... e5 {An attempt to free himself by giving back his extra pawn

} 23. Qe4 f5 24. Qxf5 24... Qxc4 {WHITE TO MOVE:
} 25. Ng5 $1 25... f6 (25...
Rf8 {WHITE TO MOVE:
} 26. Nxf7 $1 26... Kb8 {WHITE TO MOVE:
} 27. Qe6 $1 $18)
26. Nf7 Qa6 27. Nxd8 Kxd8 28. Qxh7 b5 29. Qe4 Qb7 30. h4 Rh8 31. g3 a6 32. Qf5
Qb6 33. Qe6 Kc7 34. d6+ Kc8 35. Rdc1 Qc6 36. a4 Kb7 37. Rb2 Kb6 38. axb5 axb5
39. Rcb1 b4 40. Qc4 Kb7 41. Ra1 Qxd6 42. Qe4+ Kb6 43. Rba2 Nb8 44. Qa8 Rd8 45.
h5 Qd3 46. Qa5+ Kc6 47. Rc1 Rd5 48. Qa8+ 1-0

[Event "Berlin"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1902.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Bernstein"]
[Black "Piotrowski"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C55"]
[Annotator "28: Attack against the K 0-0-0"]
[PlyCount "43"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5 4. c3 Nf6 5. d4 exd4 6. O-O Nxe4 7. cxd4 Bb6 8.
Re1 d5 9. Bxd5 Qxd5 10. Nc3 Qh5 11. Rxe4+ Be6 12. d5 O-O-O 13. Bg5 $1 13... f6
(13... Rd7 14. Qb3 Na5 15. dxe6 Nxb3 16. exd7+ Kxd7 17. axb3 {
White has three minor pieces for the Queen and has the better of it
}) (13...
Rd6 14. Qe2 14... Bxd5 15. Re8+ Rxe8 16. Qxe8+ Nd8 17. Nb5 Rd7 18. Ne5) 14.
Rxe6 fxg5 15. Qa4 15... Nb8 16. Rc1 16... Rd7 {WHITE TO MOVE:
} 17. Rxb6 $1 {
Removing Black's best defensive piece is of overriding importance for the
attacker, even though it cost material  } 17... axb6 18. Ne5 18... Re7 {
WHITE TO MOVE:
} 19. Nb5 $1 {The decisive strengthening of the attack
} 19...
Rxe5 {A pointed interpolation brings the decision
WHITE TO MOVE:
} 20. g4 $3
{The superb climax to the combination
} (20. Qa8 Re7 21. d6 21... Qe8) 20...
Qh6 (20... Qh3 21. Nd6+ Kd8 22. Nf7+ {
regaining his sacrificed material with great advantage
}) 21. Rxc7+ Kd8 22.
Qa8 $18 1-0

[Event "USSR Championship"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1957.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Boleslavsky"]
[Black "Mikenas"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A00"]
[Annotator "28: Attack against the K 0-0-0"]
[PlyCount "91"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Diamond cut diamond
} 1. e4 c6 2. Nf3 d5 3. Nc3 Bg4 4. h3 Bxf3 5. Qxf3 e6 6.
d3 Nf6 7. g3 Bb4 8. Bd2 d4 9. Nb1 Bxd2+ 10. Nxd2 Qa5 11. a3 Nbd7 12. Qe2 h5 13.
h4 Ng4 14. Bh3 Ndf6 15. O-O O-O-O 16. Nc4 Qc7 17. e5 17... Ne8 {
WHITE TO MOVE:
} 18. a4 $1 (18. Bxg4 hxg4 19. Qxg4 19... b5 {
removing the guard
}) 18... f5 19. exf6 19... Nexf6 {WHITE TO MOVE:
} 20. b4
$1 {In accordance with the requirements of the position that both sides must
pursue the attack with maximum vigor. In such positions a pawn more or less
means nothing, and White doesn't capture on e6 as the opened e-file would only
help Black  } (20. Qxe6+ {Opened e-file helps Black attack
}) 20... Rhf8 21.
b5 Kb8 (21... c5 22. a5 Qf7 23. a6 b6 24. f3 {
White wins at least a pawn while holding a powerful initiative
}) 22. bxc6
Qxc6 23. Bg2 23... Qc7 (23... Nd5 24. Rab1 Nc3 25. Qe1 $1) 24. Rab1 {
Illustrative of "converging lines"
} 24... Nd5 25. Qxe6 {At precisely the
right moment. White is not interested so much in winning the pawn as in the
resulting attack against Pd5  } 25... Rxf2 26. Rxf2 26... Qxg3 {
WHITE TO MOVE: The best defence?

} 27. Rf3 $1 27... Qh2+ 28. Kf1 28... b6 {
WHITE TO MOVE: Attack or defend?
} (28... Qxh4 29. Rxb7+ Kxb7 30. Rf7+ 30...
Kb8 31. Qc6 Nde3+ 32. Ke2 $18) 29. a5 $1 29... Nf4 {The drama reaches its
climax. Unless there is a forcing line now, White will have to take a
perpetual check  } 30. Rxb6+ axb6 31. Qxb6+ Kc8 32. Qc6+ Kb8 33. Qb5+ 33... Kc7
{WHITE TO MOVE: How to attack and defend?
} (33... Ka7 34. Qb6+ Ka8 35. Rxf4+
$18) (33... Kc8 34. Qf5+ $18) 34. Rf2 $1 {Combining attack and defence
} 34...
Rd5 (34... Nxg2 35. Rf7+) (34... -- 35. Qb7#) 35. Qb6+ Kc8 (35... Kd7 36. Qb7+
Ke8 37. Qb8+ Kd7 38. Qxf4 $18) 36. Qc6+ Kd8 (36... Kb8 37. Qe8+ Kc7 38. Qf7+
$18) 37. Qa8+ Ke7 38. Qb7+ Rd7 (38... Kd8 39. Qb8+) (38... Kf6 39. Qxd5 Nxf2
40. Qc6+ Kf7 41. Ne5+ $18) 39. Qe4+ Ne6 40. Re2 40... Kf8 41. Qxe6 Qf4+ 42. Bf3
Qxf3+ 43. Ke1 Nf6 (43... Qf7 44. Qxf7+ Kxf7 45. Ne5+ Nxe5 46. Rxe5 {
Easy Rook ending
}) 44. Ne5 Qg3+ 45. Kd1 Re7 46. Ng6+ $1 1-0

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Muhring"]
[Black "Johannessen"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "E81"]
[Annotator "28: Attack against the K 0-0-0"]
[PlyCount "54"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4 d6 5. f3 e5 6. Nge2 O-O 7. Bg5 c6 8. Qd2
Nbd7 9. O-O-O 9... a6 {White will attack on teh Kingside; Black on the
Queenside. black's move is very much to the point  } 10. Kb1 (10. d5 10... c5
11. g4 $1 11... Qa5 12. Ng3) 10... b5 11. d5 b4 12. Na4 cxd5 13. cxd5 Qa5 14.
b3 Nb6 15. Nb2 {BLACK TO MOVE: How to build the attack?
} (15. Nxb6 15... Qxb6
{Black gets his attack in first with ... Pa5-a4
}) 15... Nfxd5 $3 {A very supr
ising Knight sacrifice which in any event gives Black excellent attacking
chances  } 16. exd5 16... Bf5+ 17. Ka1 17... Rfc8 {
White must also reckong with ... Pe4 opening the KID diagonal
} 18. Ng3 {
prevents ... Rc2
BLACK TO MOVE:
} (18. Rc1 {Black would have the choice of
capturing on d5 - with or without ... Rxc1 - or by playing ... Pe4 with
unfathomable complications  }) 18... Bc2 $1 (18... Rc2 19. Nxf5 Rxd2 20. Ne7+
Kf8 21. Rxd2 f6 22. Nc6 {Retaining a Rook and Two Minor pieces for the Queen
}
) 19. Bc4 {BLACK TO MOVE: How to continue the attack?
} (19. Rc1 19... Bxb3)
19... Rxc4 $1 {Based on the latent strength of the Bishop lurking on g7
} 20.
bxc4 (20. Nxc4 $2 20... e4+ 21. Nb2 21... Bxb3) 20... Bb3 {
Black's attack is overwhelming
} 21. Na4 e4+ 22. Kb1 Nxa4 23. axb3 Nc3+ 24.
Qxc3 $8 (24. Kb2 Qa2+ 25. Kc1 Qb1#) 24... bxc3 25. Nxe4 Rb8 26. Kc2 Qa2+ 27.
Kd3 Rxb3 0-1

[Event "Wageningen"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1957.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Olfasson"]
[Black "Duckstein"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A29"]
[Annotator "28: Attack against the K 0-0-0"]
[PlyCount "49"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. c4 e5 2. Nc3 Nf6 3. g3 d5 4. cxd5 Nxd5 5. Bg2 Ne7 6. Nf3 Nbc6 7. O-O Nf5 8.
b4 a6 9. Bb2 Be6 10. Ne4 f6 11. a3 Qd7 12. Qc2 12... O-O-O {Black's decision
to castle Queenside was very risky, in view of White's control of the
half-open c-file, the weakness created by .. Pa6, and teh White Bg2's range
extending all teh way down the long diagonal toward the Black King's new
residence. Presumably he reckoned on neutralizing the attack on his King by
exerting pressure in the central sector.   } 13. Rfc1 Nfd4 14. Bxd4 $1 {
Quite correct. The Queen Bishop is not needed in the coming attack on Black's
King  } 14... exd4 (14... Nxd4 15. Nxd4 exd4 16. Nc5 Bxc5 17. Qxc5 17... Kb8 {
WHITE TO MOVE: How to continue the attack?
} 18. b5 $1 18... axb5 19. Rab1 c6
20. a4 $1 $40) 15. Qb2 (15. Nc5 Bxc5 16. Qxc5 16... Bd5 $1 {
White's King Bishop is shut out
}) 15... d3 16. e3 Kb8 17. Rab1 $1 {White coul
d also have played Pb5 but the threat is stronger than the execution. In any
ccase, White now threatens Pb5 with even greater force  } 17... Na7 18. Nc5
Bxc5 19. bxc5 $1 {once more b7 has to suffer
} 19... c6 20. Nd4 Bf7 (20... Bd5
21. Bxd5 cxd5 22. c6 $1) (20... Bg4 21. Rc4 {
The pressure on the Black King is overwhelming
}) 21. Qb6 {
Threatening Qxa6 and Nxc6+
} 21... Ka8 {WHITE TO MOVE: Find the tactic
} 22.
Bh3 $1 22... Nc8 (22... Qe7 23. Nf5 Qd7 24. Nd6 $18) 23. Bxd7 Nxb6 24. Bxc6 $1
{Winding up with a powerful blow
} 24... bxc6 25. Rxb6 $18 1-0

[Event "Antwerp"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1926.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Colle"]
[Black "Euwe"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "A68"]
[Annotator "29: Attack Against the Uncastled K"]
[PlyCount "42"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. c4 Nf6 2. d4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4 O-O 5. f4 d6 6. Nf3 c5 7. d5 e6 8. Bd3 exd5
9. cxd5 9... Qb6 {With this move Black prevent Whte from castling, as this
would be meet by ... Pc4+ winning a piece  } 10. Bc2 (10. Nd2 Ng4 11. Nc4 11...
Qd8 {White can still not castle
} 12. O-O Qh4 13. h3 Bd4+ 14. Kh1 14... Qg3 $1
15. hxg4 Qh4#) (10. Qb3 {(Pachman)
}) 10... c4 11. Qe2 Re8 12. Ba4 {
This only helps Black's development
} (12. Rb1 {
to allow Be3 (by guarding b2)
}) 12... Bd7 13. Bxd7 Nbxd7 14. Nd2 (14. Qxc4
14... Nxe4 15. Nxe4 Nf6 16. Nfd2 Nxe4 17. Nxe4 17... f5 {
winning attack for Black
}) 14... Nxe4 $1 15. Ncxe4 15... Rac8 {Since White
has no time to get both his King and Queen into safety, Black permits himself
the luxury of protecting his c-pawn. This pawn become very important in the
attack  } 16. Kf1 f5 17. Nxc4 17... Rxc4 $1 18. Nf6+ {A distress signal
} (18.
Qxc4 Rxe4 19. Qc8+ Nf8 20. Qc2 Bd4 21. Qd3 Nd7 22. g4 22... Nc5 {
And Black's attack crashes through
}) 18... Nxf6 19. Qxc4 19... Ng4 {
Instantly decisive
} 20. Qc2 Qb5+ 21. Kg1 Re1# 0-1

[Event "Terwinselen"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1947.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "Soultanbeieff"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A34"]
[Annotator "29: Attack Against the Uncastled K"]
[PlyCount "49"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. c4 c5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nc3 d5 4. cxd5 Nxd5 5. g3 Nc6 6. Bg2 Nb6 7. O-O e5 8. d3
Be7 9. Be3 f6 10. Rc1 Nd4 11. Ne4 Nd7 12. b4 $1 {This pawn sacrifice is aimed
at liquidating the Black outpost on d4 and make it difficult for Black to
castle  } 12... Nxf3+ 13. Bxf3 cxb4 14. Qb3 14... a5 {This not only protects
the b-pawn, but also prepares to develop the Rook via a6  } (14... f5 15. Nc5
$16) 15. Qe6 $1 15... Nf8 $8 (15... -- 16. Nd6+ Kf8 17. Qf7#) (15... Nc5 16.
Bh5+ $1 16... g6 17. Nxf6+ Kf8 18. Bh6#) (15... Ra6 16. Nxf6+ $1 16... Nxf6 (
16... gxf6 17. Bh5+ Kf8 18. Qf7#) 17. Qxc8) 16. Nd6+ Qxd6 17. Rxc8+ Rxc8 18.
Qxc8+ Bd8 19. Bxb7 {White has regained his pawn and still has excellent
attacking chances in view of Black's uncastled King  } 19... Nd7 {There is noth
ing better. Before Black can get his pieces cooperating White's attack is
bound to crash through  } (19... Kf7 20. Rc1 Ng6 21. Qc4+) (19... Ne6 20. Rc1
Kf7 21. Rc6 Qe7 22. Ra6 $16) 20. Rc1 20... O-O {Too late!
} 21. Bc6 Nb6 (21...
Nb8 22. Bc5 Qxc6 23. Bxf8 $1) 22. Qa6 $1 (22. Qb7 Rf7) 22... Nd7 23. Qb7 Nb8 (
23... Rf7 24. Bd5) 24. Bd5+ Kh8 25. Bc5 $18 1-0

[Event "Havana"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1889.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Chigorin and Ponce"]
[Black "Steinitz and Gavilan"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "30: Wilhelm Steinitz as Defender"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "6rk/ppp4p/1b3q2/4p1p1/4Pr2/2P2B2/P4PPP/R2Q1RK1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "14"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The avoidance of weakening moves
} 1. h3 $2 {
White weakens an already seriously compromised position
} (1. -- {
The threat is
} 1... g4 2. Be2 g3 3. hxg3 Rxf2 4. Rxf2 Qxf2+ 5. Kh1 Qxg3) (1.
Kh1 {Steinitz's move for White to defend himself
} 1... g4 2. Be2 Rxf2 (2...
Bxf2 3. g3 $1 3... Rxe4 (3... Qh6 4. Qd5 {counterattack
} (4. gxf4 4... g3)
4... Bxg3 5. Qxe5+ Rg7 6. Qe8+ $11 {perpetual check
}) 4. Kg2) 3. Rxf2 Qxf2 4.
Bxg4) 1... g4 $1 2. hxg4 (2. Bxg4 Rgxg4 3. hxg4 Rxf2 4. Rxf2 4... Qxf2+ 5. Kh1
5... Qh4# {thematic Queen and Bishop mate
}) 2... h5 3. g5 (3. gxh5 3... Rxf3
{pin
}) 3... Rxg5 4. Kh2 Rh4+ 5. Kg1 5... Qf4 6. Re1 6... Rxg2+ $1 {
Thematic destruction
} 7. Bxg2 (7. Kxg2 Qh2+ 8. Kf1 Qxf2#) (7. Kf1 Rxf2+ 8.
Kg1 Qh2#) 7... Qxf2# 0-1

[Event "Havana"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1888.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Steinitz"]
[Black "Vasques"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C11"]
[Annotator "30: Wilhelm Steinitz as Defender"]
[PlyCount "59"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The defender must be ready to make concessions
} 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Nf6
4. Bg5 dxe4 5. Nxe4 Be7 6. Nxf6+ Bxf6 7. Bxf6 Qxf6 8. Nf3 O-O 9. c3 b6 10. Ne5
Nd7 11. Ng4 Qf4 12. Be2 Bb7 13. O-O f5 14. Ne3 14... Rf6 {Whether Steintiz
overlooked something in the opening stages, or whether he purposefully invited
his opponent to attack, we shall never know. Black's attack has assumed very
dangerous proportions. Against this must be set that the fact that White has
not weakened his position in any way. White must proceed with care; for
instrance, the attempt to change the state of affairs by the seemingly
energetic 15. Pd5 would be to his disadvantage  } 15. Re1 $1 {In full accord
with the Steinitz theory of defence. It avoids the weakening moves Pg3 or Ph3,
and prepares to answer 15. ... Rh6 with Nf1. Meanwhile White begins to focus
on the weakpawn on e6  } (15. d5 Rg6 16. dxe6 16... Qxe3 $3 {Windmill attack
}
17. fxe3 Rxg2+ 18. Kh1 Rxe2+ 19. Kg1 Rg2+ 20. Kh1 Rxb2+ 21. Kg1 Rg2+ 22. Kh1
Rxa2+ 23. Kg1 Rg2+ 24. Kh1 Rg3+ 25. Rf3 Bxf3+ 26. Qxf3 26... Rxf3 $19) 15...
Rh6 16. Nf1 16... Nf6 17. Bf3 $1 {An important decision. Steinitz makes a
concession, allowing his opponent to weaken his pawn structure.   } 17... Ne4 {
Black chooses to keep more pieces on the board to maintain attacking chances
}
(17... Bxf3 18. Qxf3 Qxf3 19. gxf3 {Black would no longer havae a Kingside
attack, and as compensation for the doubled and isolated f-pawn - which is not
easy to get at anyway - he would be able to operate against Black's backward
e-pawn  }) (17... Ng4 18. h3 (18. Bxb7 Qxf2+ 19. Kh1 Nxh2 (19... Rxh2+ 20. Nxh2
Qh4 21. Kg1 (21. Qxg4 fxg4 22. Bxa8 g3 23. Kg1 $18)) 20. Nxh2 Qh4 21. Kg1)
18... Bxf3 19. Qxf3 Qxf3 20. gxf3 Nf6 21. Rxe6) 18. Re3 Rf8 19. Qa4 a5 (19...
Nd2 20. Bxb7 Nxf1 21. Kxf1 $18) 20. Rae1 {
building up latent pressure against the e-pawn
} 20... Rd8 {
The Black attack has already passed its peak
} (20... Ba6 21. g3 Qg5 22. Bxe4
Bxf1 23. Bf3 $1 {White wins the e-pawn
}) 21. Ng3 {Now has come the time for
White to being the counterattack, and the first step is to remove Black's
outpost on e4. This however, means that White will have to weaken his King's
position after all, and this will automatically give Black renewed attacking
prospects  } 21... Qh4 22. h3 {
There defender comes under fire again, but his counterattack saves the day
}
22... Nxf2 {This is the logical continuation of the attack
} (22... f4 23.
Rxe4 Bxe4 24. Rxe4) 23. Bxb7 Nxh3+ 24. gxh3 24... Rg6 $2 (24... f4 25. Rxe6
Rxe6 26. Rxe6 Qxg3+ 27. Bg2 f3 28. Re8+ 28... Kf7 $1 $19) (24... f4 25. Bg2 {
Bachmann
}) 25. Bg2 Rf8 26. Qc4 $1 {The tables are turned. Steinitz himself
is now making threats, and the look like they are more powerful than those of
his opponents  } 26... Kh8 27. Qxc7 f4 28. Rf1 28... Rxg3 {
The only reasonable move as the f8 Rook is unprotected
} 29. Qd6 $1 {
Preparing for the execution
} 29... Rd8 30. Rxf4 $3 {
Black's position burst like a bubble
} 1-0

[Event "Havana"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1889.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Steinitz"]
[Black "Golmayo"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C25"]
[Annotator "30: Wilhelm Steinitz as Defender"]
[PlyCount "61"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nc3 Bc5 3. f4 d6 4. Nf3 Nf6 5. fxe5 dxe5 6. Nxe5 Qd4 7. Nd3 Bb6 8.
Qf3 Nc6 9. Be2 Bg4 10. Qf4 Bxe2 11. Kxe2 11... O-O-O {Characteristically,
Steinitz has indulged in a risky looking pawn grab. His King is unsafe, and
how to complete development is a real problem  } 12. Ne1 {
Unquestionably the best move, protecting the c-pawn and preparing Pd3
} 12...
Nb4 {Attempting to cross White's Plans
} 13. a3 $1 (13. d3 13... Nxc2 {
removing the guard of d3
}) 13... Rhe8 $5 {Black feels sure he can smash the
White position with a few powerful blows. However, things do no turn out that
way; Steinitz plays a level headed defence, not weakening his position any
further  } 14. axb4 Nxe4 15. Qf5+ {
An important intermediate check, bringing his Queen to a safer spot
} 15...
Kb8 16. Nxe4 Rxe4+ 17. Kd1 Rf4 18. Qh3 Re8 (18... Qxb4 19. d3 Rf2 20. Be3 Qxb2
21. Bxf2 Qxa1+ 22. Ke2 Re8+ 23. Kf1 Qf6 24. Qf3 {
White's position is not weakened and Black lacks points of contact
}) 19. c3
Qc4 20. Kc2 Rf2 21. Nd3 21... Rfe2 {The defence is running smoothly
} (21...
Qe4 22. Re1 {White forces simplifications
}) 22. b3 Qc6 (22... Qe4 23. Qf3)
23. Qf3 Qg6 24. Rf1 R8e3 25. Qf5 Qc6 26. b5 Qd6 27. Nf4 $1 {
retribution is near
} 27... Re5 28. Qxf7 R2e4 29. d3 Re2+ 30. Nxe2 Rxe2+ 31.
Bd2 $18 1-0

[Event "It"]
[Site "New York (USA)"]
[Date "1894.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Pillsbury"]
[Black "Steinitz"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D26"]
[Annotator "30: Wilhelm Steinitz as Defender"]
[PlyCount "74"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The punishment of a premature attack
} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 dxc4 3. Nf3 e6 4. e3 c5
5. Nc3 Nc6 6. Bxc4 Nf6 7. O-O cxd4 8. exd4 Be7 9. Bf4 O-O 10. Rc1 Qb6 11. Nb5
11... Ne8 {Typical Steinitz. Rather than weaken his pawns he is willing to
retreat to the back rank  } (11... -- 12. Bc7 Qa6 13. Nd6) (11... Nd5 12. Bxd5
Qxb5 13. Bxc6 13... bxc6 {weakening his pawns
}) 12. Re1 Na5 13. Bd3 Bd7 14.
Nc7 Rc8 (14... Nxc7 15. Bxc7 Qb4 16. a3 {loses a piece (removing the guard)
})
15. Nd5 {The point of White's play
} 15... exd5 16. Rxe7 {White has obtained
two advantages: the Bishop pair and a Rook on the 7th rank. It appears later
that neither of these offer any real advantage at all. The Bishops cannot do
much for the time being, and the Rook on e7 is in some danger of being cut off
with ... Be6. Meanwhile White has to cope with direct attack down the b-file,
and on the other flank with a possible attack on his d-pawn with ... Bg4  }
16... Nf6 17. Ng5 {eyeing h7 since Nf6 is overloaded with the task of
defending the Bishop as well as the h-pawn  } (17. Re2 Bg4 18. Rcc2 Rxc2 19.
Rxc2 Bxf3 20. gxf3 20... Nc6 {Black has all the chances
}) 17... Bg4 (17... --
18. Nxh7 Nxh7 19. Rxd7 {overloaded Nf6
}) 18. Bxh7+ (18. f3 Qxd4+) (18. Qd2
Rxc1+ 19. Qxc1 19... Qxd4 {removing the discovered check
}) 18... Nxh7 19.
Qxg4 Rxc1+ 20. Bxc1 Nf6 21. Qd1 Nc6 22. Re1 22... Qxd4 {From now on the
leading role in the game will be played by Black's isolated by passed d-pawn  }
23. Nf3 23... Qb6 (23... Qxd1 24. Rxd1 Rd8 25. Nd4 {
the passed pawn is stopped
}) 24. Bg5 $1 24... Qxb2 25. Re2 (25. Bxf6 gxf6 26.
Qxd5 {White should have been content with clearing up the position
}) 25...
Qb5 $1 26. Bxf6 gxf6 27. Rd2 Rd8 28. Nh4 {White persists in attacking
} (28.
Nd4 {More chancees of holding out
}) 28... d4 $1 {Because of his superiority
in maneuvering space, Black can easily defend his King  } 29. Rd3 Ne5 30. Rb3
Qc6 31. Rg3+ Kf8 32. Qd2 32... Rc8 {Steinitz is not worried about the White
attack, which will consist of merely a few checks  } 33. Qh6+ Ke7 34. Nf5+ Kd7
35. h4 Qc1+ 36. Qxc1 Rxc1+ 37. Kh2 37... d3 {The defender should not weaken
his position unless absolutely compelled to do so.} 0-1

[Event "Nuremberg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1896.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Winawer"]
[Black "Lasker"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C20"]
[Annotator "31: Emanuel Lasker as Defender"]
[PlyCount "92"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Lasker goes for a pawn win on the Queenside regardless of the danger looming
against his King  } 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 Nf6 4. O-O Nxe4 5. d4 Be7 6. Qe2
Nd6 7. Bxc6 bxc6 8. dxe5 Nb7 9. Nd4 O-O 10. Nc3 Bc5 11. Nf5 d5 12. Qg4 Bxf5 13.
Qxf5 Re8 14. Bf4 Bd4 15. Rfe1 Nc5 16. Rad1 Bxc3 17. bxc3 17... Qc8 {The White p
awn structure is more seriously weakened than Black, and the endgame after  }
18. Qh5 {White has greater freedom on the Kingside, chiefly because of his 4-3
pawn majority. It is therefore logical to play for the attack  } (18. Qxc8
Raxc8 19. Rb1 19... Rb8 $17) 18... Qa6 19. Re3 19... Qxa2 {It has been said
that anyone who makes this sort of pawn snatch must be either a beginner of a
great master. The former captures out of ignorance; the latter, although quite
aware of the dangers which exist, reckons that his counterchances will be
adequate.  } 20. Rc1 Qc4 21. Rf3 21... Ne6 22. Bd2 22... Re7 23. Rh3 23... Qe4
24. f3 {Tarrasch says in the tournament book this loses too much time
} (24.
f4 24... Qg6 25. Qh4 25... Rd7 26. g4) 24... Qg6 25. Qh4 25... Rd7 26. f4 Qe4
27. g4 (27. Rd3 27... -- 28. Re1 {Tarrasch}) 27... Nf8 28. Qf2 28... a5 $1 {
The extra pawn puts in a word, and forces the opponent to make haste with his
attack  } 29. Re3 Qc4 30. f5 {White pushs his attack on the Kside in view of
the advancing a-pawn on the other flank. He doesn't fear losing the g-pawn  }
30... a4 $1 {Lasker has conducted the game on correct Steinitzian principles:
his castled position has not been weakened, and the condition that defensive
resources should be economically deployed is fully satisfied, with one Rook
and Knight operating defensively, and teh Queen and other Rook offensively. It
goes without saying that counterattack - in the form of a steadily advancing
passed pawn - is also not to be forgotten  } (30... Qxg4+ 31. Rg3 {White's chan
ces would be better than they are now, for the open g-file would be available
for his Rooks  }) 31. Rf1 (31. e6 fxe6 32. fxe6 Nxe6 33. Rxe6 33... Qxg4+) (31.
h3 {Tarrasch
} 31... a3 32. e6 fxe6 33. fxe6 Re7 34. Qf5 a2 35. Rf1 35...
Qxf1+ $1 {removing the guard
}) 31... a3 32. Ree1 a2 33. h3 c5 34. Kh2 {
Black's a-pawn is an essential part of the defence of his King
} (34. e6 fxe6
35. fxe6 Nxe6 36. Rxe6 36... a1=Q $19) 34... d4 35. Qf3 c6 36. e6 {At last the
long awaited attack, but it comes too late. The counterattack is too far
advanced  } 36... fxe6 37. fxe6 Nxe6 38. Qxc6 Rda7 39. Ra1 39... Rf8 {
The roles are reversed. Now it is Black who attacks on the Kingside
} 40. Rfe1
Nd8 41. Qb6 Raf7 42. Bg5 Rf2+ 43. Kg3 (43. Kg1 43... Qd5) 43... Qxc3+ 44. Kh4
44... Qxh3+ $1 45. Kxh3 R8f3+ 46. Kh4 Rh2# 0-1

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1925.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lasker"]
[Black "Dus-Chotimirski"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C90"]
[Annotator "31: Emanuel Lasker as Defender"]
[PlyCount "101"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3
Na5 9. Bc2 c5 10. d3 O-O 11. Nbd2 Re8 12. Nf1 Qc7 13. Bg5 Rb8 14. a3 Be6 15. h3
h6 16. Bd2 Nc6 17. Qe2 Bf8 18. a4 b4 19. c4 Nd7 20. Be3 g6 21. N3d2 f5 22. exf5
gxf5 23. Qh5 Nf6 24. Qg6+ Qg7 25. Qxg7+ Bxg7 26. f4 {Lasker later admitted
that this was a bad continuation. Yet even this bad move displays Lasker's
fighting instinct. The fact is that the relatively less bad move 26. Pf3 would
have certainly led to eventual loss as the White would have no counterplay  }
26... Nd7 27. Rad1 Bf7 (27... exf4 28. Bxf4 Bf7 (28... Bxb2 29. Bxd6)) 28. Nb3
(28. b3 exf4 29. Bxf4 29... Nd4 $19) 28... exf4 29. Bxf4 29... Nd4 {
It would seem that with this move and Black's next, White's game is doomed
}
30. Nxd4 Bxd4+ 31. Kh2 31... b3 $1 32. Rxe8+ {
Interpolating an important check
} 32... Bxe8 (32... Rxe8 33. Bxb3) 33. Bb1
Ne5 34. Ng3 $1 34... Bg6 {This first piece of negligence. The Bishop would
have been more actively placed on d7, retaining the possibility of a
subsequent capture of the a-pawn  } (34... Bd7 35. Rd2 Nf7 36. a5 Re8 37. Ne2 {
Bogolyubov
}) 35. Rd2 35... Rb4 {This looks crushing, nevertheless Black
should have given preference to ... Nf7  } (35... Nf7) 36. Ne2 36... Rxa4 $2 (
36... Nf7) 37. Nxd4 $1 37... cxd4 38. c5 $1 38... Ra1 39. cxd6 Nd7 40. Rd1 Bf7
(40... -- 41. Bc2 41... Rxd1 42. Bxb3+) 41. Re1 41... a5 $2 {
Missing his last opportunity
} (41... Ra5 42. Re7 Nf8) 42. Re7 Nc5 43. Be5 $1
43... Ra4 (43... Rxb1 44. Rc7) 44. Rc7 $1 44... Ne6 45. d7 Rb4 46. Rc8+ Kh7 47.
Rh8+ Kg6 48. Re8 $1 48... Rb6 49. Bf4 $1 49... Nxf4 50. d8=Q Rc6 51. Re7 1-0

[Event "Match game"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1910.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lasker"]
[Black "Janowsky"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D32"]
[Annotator "31: Emanuel Lasker as Defender"]
[PlyCount "61"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Lasker wins a lost game
} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 c5 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Nf3 Be6
6. e4 dxe4 7. Nxe4 Nc6 8. Be3 cxd4 9. Nxd4 Qa5+ 10. Nc3 10... O-O-O {One of the
most famous "won" positions in the history of chess. Dr Tarrasch wrote "the
White Knight on d4 stands badly, and this must White's undoing". It is rather
sad to think that a world champion and such a world champion - should get into
such a hopeless position by move 10 with the White pieces  } 11. a3 {
Apparently preventing ... Bc5
} 11... Nh6 $2 {
Black has several good moves here, each of which should be enough to win
} (
11... Bc5 12. b4 12... Bxd4 $1 13. bxa5 (13. Bxd4 Qg5 14. Nb5 a6) 13... Bxc3+
14. Bd2 Rxd2 15. Qxd2 Bxd2+ 16. Kxd2 16... Nxa5 $19) 12. b4 Qe5 13. Ncb5 13...
Nf5 $1 {Black correctly intensifies the pressure against d4. Incidentally he
already had an opportunity here to becoem a victim of a Lasker trap  } (13...
a6 14. Qc1 $1 14... axb5 15. Nxc6 bxc6 16. Qxc6+ Qc7 17. Qa6+ Qb7 18. Rc1+ Kb8
19. Bf4+ $18) 14. Rc1 {White msut throw everything into the counterattack. The
fact that he loses a pawn in the process is of secondary importance  } 14...
Nxe3 15. fxe3 Qxe3+ 16. Be2 16... Be7 {The reserves arrive
} (16... a6 17.
Na7+ Kc7 18. Naxc6 bxc6 19. Nxe6+ {
White's attack would be as dangerous as Black's
}) 17. Rc3 $1 {
Lasker finds the best move
} (17. Nxa7+ Kb8 18. Naxc6+ bxc6 19. Nxc6+ Kb7 20.
Nxd8+ Rxd8 21. Qc2 21... Rc8 $19) 17... Bh4+ $5 {
This interpolated check has been much praised
} (17... Qxc3+ 18. Nxc3 18...
Nxd4 $17 {Black would have all the chances
}) 18. g3 Qe4 (18... Qxc3+ 19. Nxc3
Bf6 20. O-O (20. Ncb5 $1 20... Nxd4 (20... Bxd4 21. Nxd4 Nxd4 22. Kf2 $1 {
White is by no means lost
}) 21. Qc1+ Kb8 22. Qf4+ Ka8 23. Nc7+ Kb8 24. Na6+
Ka8 25. Qb8+ Rxb8 26. Nc7# {Lasker
}) 20... Bxd4+ 21. Kh1 21... Bxc3 $19 {
Lasker's contemporaries
}) 19. O-O Bf6 20. Rxf6 $1 {
This sacrifice is forced but leads to a win for White
} 20... gxf6 21. Bf3
21... Qe5 22. Nxa7+ Kc7 (22... Kb8 23. Naxc6+ bxc6 24. Nxc6+ {
White takes Black's Queen with a check
}) 23. Naxc6 bxc6 24. Rxc6+ Kb8 25.
Rb6+ Kc8 (25... Ka7 26. Rb7+ Ka6 27. Qa4+) 26. Qc1+ Kd7 27. Nxe6 fxe6 28. Rb7+
Ke8 29. Bc6+ Kf8 30. Qh6+ Kg8 31. Qg7# 1-0

[Event "St Petersburg (12)"]
[Site "St Petersburg (12)"]
[Date "1914.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lasker"]
[Black "Alekhine"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D08"]
[Annotator "31: Emanuel Lasker as Defender"]
[PlyCount "69"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Both sides defend and both sides attack
} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e5 3. dxe5 d4 4. Nf3
Nc6 5. a3 Bg4 6. Nbd2 Qe7 7. h3 Bxf3 8. Nxf3 O-O-O 9. Qd3 h6 (9... Nxe5 10.
Qf5+ Nd7 11. Nxd4) 10. g3 g6 11. Bg2 Bg7 (11... Nxe5 12. Nxe5 Qxe5 13. Bf4 $36)
12. O-O Nxe5 13. Nxe5 Bxe5 14. b4 $1 {Until this point the game has been a
textbook example of the proper reaction to a gambit. The guiding principle
should not be to try to hold on to the gambit pawn, but instead willingness to
return it. Here we see Lasker applying this idea. In similar fashion he found
an adequate defence to the once dreaded Evans Gambit  } 14... f5 (14... Nf6 15.
f4 Bd6 16. c5 {trapped piece
}) 15. c5 $1 {This is in agreement with our
principle established in our discussion of open diagonals. These pawns will
reinforce the action of the King Bishop on the long diagonal  } 15... Qe6 16.
c6 16... Ne7 $1 {The best defence under the circumstances; if Black's own
pawns do not give adequate defence for their King then the King will tkae
shelter behind the enemy pawns  } 17. cxb7+ Kb8 18. Bb2 $2 {
Black gets time to start his counterattack
} (18. b5 {followed by Pa4-a5,
Ba3-c5, and eventually the powerfuly breakthrough with Pb6  }) 18... Rd6 19.
Rac1 Rhd8 20. Rc2 f4 21. gxf4 Bxf4 22. Rd1 Nf5 23. Bc1 {Lasker always had his
weather eye open for tactical pitfalls. He knew exactly what he was doing when
he rejected  } (23. Qe4 Qb3 24. Bc1 24... d3 $1 {puts an entirely different
complexion on the game, with Black winning at least the Exchange  }) 23... Ne3
$1 24. Rc5 $1 {As usual Lasker is at his best when it comes to a scrimmage
}
24... Qf6 (24... Nxd1 25. Bxf4 Nb2 26. Bxd6 26... -- 27. Bxc7#) 25. Qe4 Nxd1
26. Bxf4 26... Nc3 $2 (26... Nxf2 $3 27. Bxd6 27... Rxd6 {
attack and defence may have remained in equilibrium
}) 27. Bxd6 $3 27... Qxd6
(27... Nxe4 28. Bxc7+ Kxb7 29. Bxe4+ Ka6 30. b5#) 28. Qe5 {Thus Black's attack
is repulsed and now White's material advantage gives him an easy win  } 28...
Qb6 29. Qe7 Qd6 30. Re5 d3 31. exd3 Qxd3 32. Re3 Qd1+ 33. Kh2 Nb5 34. Re6 Nxa3
35. Rf6 1-0

[Event "New York"]
[Site "New York"]
[Date "1924.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lasker"]
[Black "Janowsky"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C72"]
[Annotator "31: Emanuel Lasker as Defender"]
[PlyCount "163"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A laborious defence
} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O d6 6.
Re1 Bg4 7. c3 Be7 8. h3 Bh5 9. d3 Qd7 10. Bxc6 Qxc6 11. Bg5 Bg6 12. Nbd2 h6 13.
Bxf6 Bxf6 14. Nf1 O-O 15. Ne3 15... Rae8 {Black has an excellent position . He
has the Bishop pair, while White's Knights can find no support points. Apart
from the state of affairs on the board, however, there are other factors to be
weighed in a game between two chessmasters. In the present case Lasker is very
well aware of the fact that Janowsky was a great advocate of the two Bishops.
In addition Janowsky's natural optimism was notorious. If he stood a little
better he thought he had a won game, if he had some considerable advantage he
confidently expected his oponent to strike his colours. All of Lasker's
fighting instincts have been aroused by his somewhat unfavourable opening. He
has volutarily conceded the two Bishops to his opponent, prevented any
immediate assault by ... Pg5-g4, and so forced Janowsky into positional
warfare  } 16. Qb3 {As Lasker cannot undertake much himself he concentrates
for the moment on thwarting Black's plans. This move prevents on the one hand .
.. Qd7 followed by ... Pc6 and ... Pd5; and on the other hand an eventual ...
Pf5  } 16... Bd8 {
Alekhine condemned White's next move, which permits Black to play ... Pf5
}
17. Qd5 $6 (17. a4 Kh8 18. a5 18... -- 19. Ra4) 17... Qxd5 18. Nxd5 f5 19. Nd2
19... Bf7 $1 (19... fxe4 20. Nxe4) 20. Ne3 f4 21. Nec4 Bf6 22. a4 Rd8 23. Na5
Rb8 24. Nf3 g5 25. Nh2 h5 26. Nc4 Be6 27. f3 {White must prevent ... Pg4, but
in doing so he has to assume a passive structure on the Kingside  } 27... Rfd8
{Correct. The breakthrough ... Pd5 is now the indicated method of increasing
his advantage  } 28. Re2 Kf7 29. a5 29... Rg8 {Black is in no hurry. This move
makes room for the other Rook on d8 so as to have not only ... Pd5 but also ...
Pg4 as possibilities  } 30. Ra4 Rbd8 31. Rb4 {
Putting pressure on Black's one and only weakness
} 31... Bc8 32. b3 32... Rh8
{Janowsky is reluctant to give up the idea of direct attack on teh White King.
now it seems that he means to double Rooks on the h-file and then play for the
decisive trump ... Pg4  } 33. Nb2 {Help for the threatened Kingside. The
Knight heads for f2 via d1 in order to prevent ... Pg4  } 33... d5 $1 {
This is serious!
} 34. exd5 Rxd5 35. Rc4 c6 36. b4 $1 {Typical Lasker. He
shuts in his own Rook in order to induce his opponent to attack it  } 36... Bf5
37. Rd2 Rhd8 38. Kf2 38... Rb5 $2 {Black is wandering from the correct path
}
(38... Bxd3 39. Nxd3 Rxd3 40. Rxd3 Rxd3 41. Ke2 e4 42. Rxe4 42... Rxc3 $17 {
Black has a sound extra pawn
}) 39. Ke2 Rbd5 (39... Be6 40. -- Bxc4 41. dxc4 {
Black's Rook is lost, leaving Black a piece down
}) 40. Kd1 40... Ke6 $2 (
40... Bxd3 41. Nxd3 Rxd3 42. Rxd3 Rxd3+ 43. Kc2 e4 44. Nf1 exf3 45. Kxd3 45...
fxg2 $19) 41. Kc2 41... Be7 {
There is no direct decision in sight, but Black still has a won game
} 42. Nf1
c5 (42... g4 43. hxg4 hxg4 44. fxg4 Bxg4 45. Ng3) 43. bxc5 (43. -- 43... cxb4
44. cxb4 Rb5 45. Kb3 45... Rd4) 43... Bxc5 44. Ra4 R8d7 45. Rd1 Ba7 46. Ra3 g4
47. hxg4 hxg4 48. c4 {Mindful of the Steinitz principles Lasker makes
concessions only when he must. This move is necessary to let the Rook on a3
defend teh d-pawn, and so allow the Nb2 to get into the game at last  } 48...
R5d6 49. Nd2 49... Be3 $2 {
White's unexpectedly tenacious resistance is sapping Janowsky's patience
} (
49... Bd4 50. Ne4 Bxb2 51. Kxb2 Bxe4 52. fxe4 52... Rh7 {Alekhine
}) 50. Rh1
gxf3 51. gxf3 Rg7 52. Rh2 Bg1 (52... Rg3 53. Rb3 Rd7 54. Na4 $1 $132) 53. Re2
Rg3 (53... Rd8 54. -- Rdg8) 54. Nd1 $1 54... Rd7 55. Rb3 Rdg7 56. Nc3 $1 {
From this point it may be said that equilibriium has been restored. The
correctness of this move depends on the pretty indirect defence of the White's
f-pawn  } 56... Be3 (56... Rg2 57. Rxb7 $1) 57. Nd5 Rg2 (57... Bxd2 58. Kxd2
Rxf3 59. Rb6+ Kf7 60. Rf6+) 58. Rxe3 $1 58... fxe3 59. Rb6+ Kd7 (59... Kf7 60.
Nxe3 60... Re2 61. Nxf5 Rgg2 62. Nd6+) 60. Nxe3 60... Kc7 $2 (60... Re2 61.
Nxf5 (61. Rxb7+ Kc6 62. Rxg7 Rxe3 63. Ne4 63... Rxf3 {
It is not clear how White can make anything out of his extra pawn
}) 61...
Rgg2 62. Rxb7+ 62... Kc6 $18) 61. Nxf5 Rh7 62. Nd6 Rhh2 63. N6e4 {
Now with two Knights and a pawn against a Rook, White has an easy task
} 63...
Rh1 64. Kc3 Rc1+ 65. Kb4 Rd1 66. Nb3 Rxd3 67. Rxb7+ Kc8 68. Rf7 Rb2 69. Nec5
Rd6 70. Rf5 Re2 71. Ne4 Rd3 72. Rxe5 Rb2 73. Nec5 Rxf3 74. Re8+ Kc7 75. Re6 Rc2
76. Nxa6+ Kb7 77. Nac5+ Ka7 78. Re7+ Ka8 79. Na4 Rh2 80. Nbc5 Kb8 81. Rb7+ Kc8
82. a6 1-0

[Event "New"]
[Site "New"]
[Date "1918.??.??"]
[Round "1"]
[White "Capablanca"]
[Black "Marshall"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C89"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[PlyCount "79"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A famous example of cool-headed defence
} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4.
Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 O-O 8. c3 d5 9. exd5 Nxd5 10. Nxe5 Nxe5 11.
Rxe5 Nf6 12. Re1 Bd6 13. h3 13... Ng4 $1 {A very dangerous situation for White
has arisen: most of his pieces are undeveloped, and Black is pressing an
extraordinarily vigorous attack out of the early opening  } 14. Qf3 {
The Queen must come into action to help defend her King
} (14. hxg4 Qh4 15.
Qf3 Qh2+ (15... Bh2+ 16. Kh1 (16. Kf1 Bxg4 17. Qe4 17... Bf4 $1 18. g3 18...
Qh5 $1) 16... Bxg4 $19) 16. Kf1 Bxg4 17. Qxg4 Qh1+ 18. Ke2 Rae8+ 19. Kd3 (19.
Be6 $3) 19... Rxe1 20. Qh3 20... Rxc1 {Capablanca
}) 14... Qh4 15. d4 {
White must find a way to develop his Queenside. Any hasty attempts tocounteratt
ack are doomed to failure  } (15. Re8 $2 15... Bb7 $1 16. Rxf8+ Rxf8 17. Qxg4
17... Re8 18. Kf1 Qe7 19. Qd1 19... Qe4 20. f3 Qe5 21. d4 21... Qh2 $40) (15.
Re4 h5 16. d4 Bb7 17. Rxg4 hxg4 18. Qxb7 18... Rae8 19. Nd2 19... Re1+ 20. Nf1
20... gxh3 $19 21. g3 h2+ 22. Kh1 Rxf1+) 15... Nxf2 $1 16. Re2 $1 {
A fine defensive move, forcing the Knight to a decision
} (16. Qxf2 16... Bh2+
$3 (16... Bg3 $2 17. Qxf7+ Rxf7 18. Re8#) 17. Kf1 Bg3 18. Qe3 (18. Qxf7+ 18...
Rxf7+ $19) 18... Bxh3 $1 19. gxh3 19... Rae8 $40) 16... Bg4 (16... Bg3 17.
Qxf7+ Rxf7 18. Re8#) (16... Nxh3+ 17. gxh3 Bxh3 18. Re4) (16... Bxh3 17. gxh3
Nxh3+ 18. Kf1 {leads to nothing
}) (16... Ng4 {Tartakower
} 17. Re8 $1 17...
Nf6 18. Rxf8+ Kxf8 19. Nd2 Rb8 20. Nf1 Bb7 21. Qf2 $11) 17. hxg4 $1 (17. Qxf2
Bg3 18. Qf1 Bxe2 19. Qxe2 19... Rae8 $19) 17... Bh2+ (17... Nxg4 18. Bf4) 18.
Kf1 Bg3 19. Rxf2 (19. Ke1 $1 {Capablanca
}) 19... Qh1+ 20. Ke2 20... Bxf2 $2 {
After this White wins easily
} (20... Qxc1 21. Qxg3 Qxb2+ 22. Kd3 Qxa1 23. Kc2
b4 24. g5 bxc3 25. Qxc3 $14) 21. Bd2 Bh4 22. Qh3 {The idea of simplification,
especially by exchange of Queens, is one of the oldest and most obvious
methods of defence  } 22... Rae8+ 23. Kd3 Qf1+ 24. Kc2 {And now with his King
in safety there remains only one problem for White - the development of his
Queenside  } 24... Bf2 25. Qf3 $1 25... Qg1 (25... Re2 26. Na3 (26. a4 Qe1 27.
axb5 Be3 28. Bc4 $1 28... Rxd2+ 29. Nxd2 Qxd2+ 30. Kb3 30... axb5 31. Qxf7+ $18
31... Rxf7 32. Ra8#) 26... Rxd2+ 27. Kxd2 Qxa1 28. Qxf2 Qxb2+ 29. Nc2) 26. Bd5
$1 26... c5 27. dxc5 Bxc5 28. b4 Bd6 29. a4 {
The last problem is solved, now the issue of the game is no longer in doubt
}
29... a5 30. axb5 axb4 31. Ra6 bxc3 32. Nxc3 Bb4 33. b6 Bxc3 34. Bxc3 h6 35. b7
Re3 36. Bxf7+ Rxf7 37. b8=Q+ Kh7 38. Rxh6+ Kxh6 39. Qh8+ Kg6 40. Qh5# 1-0

[Event "St.Petersburg"]
[Site "St.Petersburg"]
[Date "1909.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Rubinstein"]
[Black "Lasker"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D32"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[PlyCount "79"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black's attack meets a fine refutation
} 1. d4 d5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. c4 e6 4. Bg5
c5 5. cxd5 exd5 6. Nc3 cxd4 7. Nxd4 Nc6 8. e3 Be7 9. Bb5 Bd7 10. Bxf6 Bxf6 11.
Nxd5 Bxd4 12. exd4 Qg5 13. Bxc6 Bxc6 14. Ne3 O-O-O 15. O-O Rhe8 16. Rc1 $3 {
There is more to this move then that: it is part of a highly refined defence
as the sequel shows  } 16... Rxe3 (16... -- 17. Rc5 {
Threatening to assume the attack
} 17... -- 18. d5) (16... Kb8 17. Rc5 Qf4 18.
d5 Rxe3 19. Qc1 19... Re4 20. dxc6 bxc6 21. Qc3) 17. Rxc6+ bxc6 18. Qc1 $1 {
The deep point behind White's 16th move
} 18... Rxd4 (18... Re5 19. Qxc6+ Kb8
20. dxe5 20... Qxe5 $18) 19. fxe3 Rd7 20. Qxc6+ Kd8 21. Rf4 $1 21... f5 (21...
-- 22. Qa8+ 22... Kc7 (22... Ke7 23. Re4+) 23. Rc4+) 22. Qc5 Qe7 (22... Rd1+
23. Kf2 Rd2+ 24. Ke1 Qxg2 25. Qa5+) 23. Qxe7+ Kxe7 24. Rxf5 Rd1+ 25. Kf2 Rd2+
26. Kf3 Rxb2 27. Ra5 Rb7 28. Ra6 28... Kf8 29. e4 Rc7 30. h4 Kf7 31. g4 Kf8 32.
Kf4 Ke7 33. h5 h6 34. Kf5 Kf7 35. e5 Rb7 36. Rd6 Ke7 37. Ra6 Kf7 38. Rd6 Kf8
39. Rc6 Kf7 40. a3 1-0

[Event "San Sebastian"]
[Site "San Sebastian"]
[Date "1911.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Rubinstein"]
[Black "Capablanca"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D33"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[PlyCount "83"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{In a manner analogous to that of Example 105, Rubinstein refutes the attack
of another World Champion  } 1. d4 d5 2. Nf3 c5 3. c4 e6 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Nc3
Nc6 6. g3 Be6 7. Bg2 Be7 8. O-O Rc8 9. dxc5 Bxc5 10. Ng5 Nf6 11. Nxe6 fxe6 12.
Bh3 Qe7 13. Bg5 O-O 14. Bxf6 Qxf6 15. Nxd5 $1 15... Qh6 (15... exd5 16. Qxd5+ {
}) (15... Bxf2+ 16. Kg2 { 
}) 16. Kg2 Rcd8 17. Qc1 $3 {
The sparkling point of White's 14th move
} 17... exd5 (17... Rxd5 18. Qxh6
gxh6 19. Bxe6+ $18) 18. Qxc5 Qd2 19. Qb5 Nd4 20. Qd3 $1 {
Forcing a favourable liquidation
} 20... Qxd3 21. exd3 Rfe8 22. Bg4 {
The translation of White's material advantage into a win is now strictly a
matter of technique.  } 22... Rd6 23. Rfe1 Rxe1 24. Rxe1 Rb6 25. Re5 Rxb2 26.
Rxd5 Nc6 27. Be6+ Kf8 28. Rf5+ Ke8 29. Bf7+ Kd7 30. Bc4 a6 31. Rf7+ Kd6 32.
Rxg7 b5 33. Bg8 a5 34. Rxh7 a4 35. h4 b4 36. Rh6+ Kc5 37. Rh5+ Kb6 38. Bd5
38... b3 $2 (38... Rxa2 $3 $132 39. Bxa2 39... b3 {Capablanca
}) 39. axb3 a3
40. Bxc6 Rxb3 41. Bd5 a2 42. Rh6+ 1-0

[Event "Karlsbad"]
[Site "Karlsbad"]
[Date "1907.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Maroczy"]
[Black "Rubinstein"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "C10"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[PlyCount "81"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Rubinstein following in the footsteps of Steinitz
} 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3
dxe4 4. Nxe4 Nd7 5. Nf3 Ngf6 6. Nxf6+ Nxf6 7. Bd3 c5 8. dxc5 Bxc5 9. O-O O-O
10. Bg5 Be7 11. Qe2 {A familiar sort of position. White has teh advantage due
to his Kingside attacking chances as well as a Queenside pawn majority, which
can be important in the ending. We shall see how Rubinstein begins to build a
satisfactory defence. The first task is to develop his QB  } 11... Qc7 {
Protecting the b-pawn and thus prepares to develop the Queen Bishop on d7
} (
11... b6 $2 12. Bxf6 Bxf6 13. Qe4 $18) (11... Bd7 12. Bxf6 Bxf6 13. Qe4) 12.
Rad1 12... Rd8 {Further preparation for ... Bd7 is perhaps superfluous. It
seems overcautious, and preference should have been given to 12. ... Bd7,
especially as it would have enabled d8 to be occupied by the Queen Rook  } (
12... Bd7 13. Bxf6 Bxf6 14. Bxh7+ Kxh7 15. Qd3+ g6 16. Qxd7 16... Qxc2 $11) 13.
c4 $1 {Not only beginning to mobilize the Queenside majoriy but also depriving
Black of his use of d5  } 13... Bd7 14. Bd2 {This brings to light another
advantage of White's previous move. The B is going to take up an ideal post at
c3, from which post it can play an active role in a Kingside attack  } 14...
Rac8 15. Bc3 15... Be8 {Thus Black has completed his development
} 16. Qc2 {
White "sacrifices two tempi in order to force a weakening of Black's Kingside,
but how important this weakening will be, compared to the loss of time, is
difficult to say.  } (16. Ne5) 16... h6 17. Ne5 {With such an advanced post as
this, it is routine to be able to build up a Kingside attack  } 17... Nd7 {
This is the correct method. The outpost Knight must be removed
} 18. Nxd7 (18.
-- 18... Nc5) 18... Bxd7 19. Qe2 Bc6 (19... -- 20. Qg4 Bf8 21. Bf6 Re8 22. Qe4
{Black will have to weaken his King position further. We know from Steinitz
that weaknesses must be avoided if at all possible  }) 20. Qg4 (20. f4 $1)
20... Bf8 21. f4 {White threatens to reinforce the attack by Pf5
} 21... Rxd3
$1 {Precisely the right moment Black plays his trump card. For the sacrificed
exchance he gets a pawn and retains the Bishop pair, while at the same time
one of White's most dangerous attacking pieces is annihilated. We discussed
this sort of exchange sacrifice in Chapter 4  } 22. Rxd3 22... Be4 {
It is now White's turn to think of defence
} 23. Rd2 (23. Rg3 Qxc4 24. Bxg7 $2
24... Bf5 25. Qh5 Bxg7 26. Qxh6 Bg6 27. Qg5 27... Bd4+ {the defence triumphs
}
) 23... Qxc4 24. Rfd1 24... Bd5 {With the fall of the c-pawn, Black has the d5
square again available for his pieces  } 25. h3 f5 26. Qg6 Qxf4 (26... Qxa2 27.
Rxd5 exd5 28. Qe6+) 27. Rxd5 $1 {The Bishop is too powerful, and White is glad
enough to give back the exchange  } 27... Qe3+ $1 28. Kh1 exd5 29. Qxf5 Rd8 30.
Rxd5 Qc1+ 31. Kh2 Bd6+ 32. Be5 32... Bc7 $1 {
The last defensvie move in this game. Black's troubles are now over
} 33.
Rxd8+ Bxd8 34. Qd7 Qg5 35. Bg3 (35. Bxg7 35... Qf4+ { }) 35... Qe7 36. Qxe7
Bxe7 37. Be5 Kf7 38. Kg3 g6 39. Kf4 Ke6 40. Ke4 h5 41. b3 1/2-1/2

[Event "Monte Carlo"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1903.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Mieses"]
[Black "Maroczy"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "A00"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[PlyCount "48"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Defence against a gambit
} 1. e4 e5 2. d4 exd4 3. c3 dxc3 4. Bc4 cxb2 5. Bxb2
d6 6. Ne2 Nc6 7. O-O Be6 8. Bd5 Nf6 9. Qb3 Qc8 10. Nf4 {At the time this game
was played gambits were still very popular, since most players felt
uncomfortable when having to defend. As a rule the player who had won one or
more pawns tried stubbornly to hold on to them, arguing that if he could parry
the enemy attack without conceding any material his advantage woud give him a
certain win in the ending. Before the endgame the gods have placed the
middlegame as Dr Tarrasch used to preach in those days. What he meant by that
is drastically shown in the game:    } 10... Bxd5 $1 (10... Nd8 11. Bxf6 gxf6
12. Nh5 c6 13. Re1 Be7 14. Qf3 Rg8 15. Nxf6+ Bxf6 16. Qxf6 cxd5 17. exd5 Rg6
18. Qh8+ Kd7 19. Nc3 19... Bxd5 $2 (19... Qc4 $1 20. dxe6+ Nxe6 21. Qxa8 Rxg2+
22. Kxg2 Qg4+ 23. Kh1 (23. Kf1 Qh3+ 24. Ke2 Nf4+ 25. Kd2 25... Qd3+ $40) 23...
Qf3+) 20. Qe8+ Kc7 21. Nxd5+ Kb8 22. Rac1 Nc6 23. Rxc6 $1 23... bxc6 24. Rb1# {
Mieses-Marshall, Monte Carlo 1903
}) 11. exd5 Ne5 12. Re1 12... Be7 $1 {
Black voluntarily returns one of the pawns, and in doing so is determinded to
catch up in development. Simple and obvious though this may seem to us today,
it must be remembered that this game was played in another era. The principle
- brand new at the time - which Black applies here is in general a good remedy
for all gambits. It is just this willingness to return the material won
whenever seems proper which has damped the enthusiasm of today's players. This
princple of Maroczy's is of greatest import to the defender  } 13. Bxe5 dxe5
14. Rxe5 14... Qd7 $1 {
Consistent play. Black offers a second gambit pawn as well.
} 15. Qg3 (15.
Qxb7 15... O-O {Black will have completed his development and is ready at once
to start a powerful counterattack  } 16. -- Bd6) 15... O-O-O $1 {
Once more Black offers the gambit pawn, and this time Whte may well take it
}
16. Qxg7 16... Qd6 $1 17. Qg5 (17. Nd3 17... Nd7 18. -- Bf6) (17. Rf5 17... Qb4
$1 {Leaves Black with a decisive attack
}) 17... Rhe8 {The counterattack is
now in full swing. The end of this game shows once again that the
counterattack that follows a successfully conducted defence is very often
overwhelming  } 18. Nd2 Nd7 19. Rxe7 Qxe7 20. Qg3 20... Qb4 $1 21. Nf3 Rg8 22.
Qh4 22... Qc3 23. Rb1 23... Qxf3 24. Qh6 Nb6 0-1

[Event "07"]
[Site "Munich"]
[Date "1958.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Penrose"]
[Black "Smyslov"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C44"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[PlyCount "56"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The principle of returning the gambit pawn applied more recently by Smyslov

} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 exd4 4. c3 dxc3 5. Nxc3 Bb4 6. Bc4 d6 7. O-O Bxc3
8. bxc3 Nf6 9. Ba3 Bg4 10. Bb5 O-O 11. Bxc6 bxc6 12. e5 Nd5 13. Qd3 {An attempt
to maintain the initiative. As in the previous example Black is prepared to
give back his extra pawn, in the conviction that he will at least have some
endgame advantage  } (13. exd6 13... cxd6 14. c4) 13... Re8 14. exd6 14... Nf4
{Quite in the spirit of the Maroczy. Without hesitation the defender leaps
upon the attacker at the right moment  } 15. Qc4 Ne2+ 16. Kh1 Bxf3 17. gxf3
cxd6 18. Qxc6 18... Rc8 $1 19. Qxd6 19... Qh4 $1 {
With the White pawn position ruined, Smyslove plays for mate
} 20. Rfd1 (20.
-- 20... Qh3) 20... Qxf2 21. Rf1 Qh4 22. Rad1 22... Re6 {
The heavy artillery goes into action, as Tartakower used to say
} 23. Qd7 Ng3+
24. Kg1 (24. Kg2 Re2+ 25. Rf2 Rxf2+ 26. Kxf2 Ne4+ 27. Ke3 27... Rxc3+ $1) 24...
Rce8 25. Rf2 (25. hxg3 Qxg3+ 26. Kh1 Rh6+) 25... Ne2+ 26. Kf1 Qh3+ 27. Ke1 Nd4+
28. Kd2 28... Re2+ {White's Queen is lost
} 0-1

[Event "Dresden"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Maroczy"]
[Black "Helling"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B01"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[PlyCount "65"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Defence artist Maroczy in action again
} 1. e4 d5 2. exd5 Nf6 3. Bb5+ c6 4.
dxc6 bxc6 5. Be2 e5 6. d3 Bc5 7. Nf3 Ng4 8. O-O f5 9. Nc3 Qf6 10. Qe1 O-O 11.
h3 {Faithful to the principles of Steinitz, White has so far avoided weakening
his King's position. He has deferred Ph3 until Black has himself castled
Kingside, for to have played it while the opponent could have replied with ...
Ph5 would have suited Black down to the ground  } 11... h5 $2 {Now that Black
no longer has a Rook on h8, this move is not so threatening as it would have
been before castling. Nonetheless, Black's attack is still quite dangerous -
underlying yet again the importance of the Steinitzian principle  } 12. hxg4
hxg4 13. Ng5 g3 14. Na4 $1 {Taking the bull by the horns
} (14. Nh3 Qh4 15.
Bg5 Qh7 16. Kh1 f4 17. fxg3 17... Bxh3 $19) 14... Bxf2+ 15. Rxf2 f4 (15...
gxf2+ 16. Qxf2 {Black has a shortage of material and no attack
}) 16. Ne4 Qh4
17. Nxg3 fxg3 18. Rxf8+ Kxf8 19. Bf3 $1 {The same idea as in the two previoius
examples. White freely returns all his material gains in order to stop the
enemy attack. The counterattack then sets in all the more forcibly  } 19... Nd7
(19... Qxa4 20. Qxe5 {Black is busted
}) 20. Qe4 Qh2+ 21. Kf1 Nf6 22. Qxc6 e4
(22... Rb8 23. Qd6+) 23. dxe4 (23. Qxa8 Qh1+ 24. Ke2 24... exf3+ $132) 23...
Qh1+ 24. Ke2 Ba6+ 25. Qxa6 Rd8 26. Bf4 {Maroczy is consistent to teh very end

} 26... Qxa1 27. Bd6+ Kf7 28. Qc4+ Kg6 29. e5 Qg1 30. Qc5 Qc1 31. exf6 gxf6 32.
Be4+ Kh6 33. Qf5 1-0

[Event "Amsterdam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1950.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Reshevsky"]
[Black "Euwe"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "E39"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[PlyCount "77"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A follow up to the previous game
} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Qc2 c5 5.
dxc5 O-O 6. Nf3 Na6 7. Bd2 Nxc5 8. a3 Bxc3 9. Bxc3 b6 10. Ng5 10... Re8 $1 {
The only defence against the threat of 
} (10... -- 11. Bxf6 11... Qxf6 12.
Qxh7#) (10... g6 11. b4 Na6 12. h4 h6 13. h5 $40 {winning attack
}) 11. b4
11... h6 $1 {Black must conduct his defence as vigorously as possible
} (11...
Na6 {White strengthens his position undisturbed
}) 12. h4 {We saw this type
of Knight sacrifice in Example 110. There is, however, the important
difference that after the acceptance in teh present case the attacker will
have immediate control of the h-file  } 12... hxg5 {The logical continuation
}
(12... Na6 13. Rd1 Bb7 14. f3 {White controls the whole board
}) 13. bxc5 (13.
hxg5 Nfe4 14. bxc5 Bb7 (14... Nxc3 15. Qh7+ Kf8 16. Qh8+ Ke7 17. Qxg7 Ne4 18.
g6 Rf8 19. Qe5 19... Bb7 {Black is holding his own
}) 15. g3 15... Nxg5 16.
O-O-O bxc5 17. e4 {White would have very good chances
}) 13... gxh4 {
In general it is not wise for the defender to open files for the enemy Rooks.
However,    } (13... g4 14. h5 e5 15. f3 {
White would retain excellent chances
}) 14. Rxh4 bxc5 15. Qd3 $1 15... d6 (
15... d5 16. Qh3 Kf8 17. cxd5 exd5 18. Rh8+ Ke7 19. Bxf6+ gxf6 20. Qe3+ Be6 21.
Qxc5+ {White has a favourable endgame
}) 16. g4 $1 {
White continues teh attack with this sharp riposte
} (16. -- 16... e5) 16...
Bb7 $1 {We know from earlier examples that the defender must not hesitate to
give back some of his gains, or even put himself on the debit side of the
material balance sheet. Viewed in this light it is therefore of considerable
importance for the defender to be a pawn in hand  } (16... Kf8 17. g5 Ng8 18.
Rh8 18... -- 19. Qh7) 17. g5 Ne4 18. Rxe4 Bxe4 19. Qxe4 19... Qxg5 {The air has
cleared. Black has broken the direct attack, but this is not to say that all
danger of defeat is over. The position is indeed such that White's two Bishops
may well be worth more than Black's Rook and two pawns. An analysis of this
endgame, however, would fall outside our scope  } 20. Qg2 Qh6 21. Qh3 Qxh3 22.
Bxh3 Rab8 23. Bg2 Kf8 24. Kd2 Ke7 25. f4 f6 26. Kc2 Rh8 27. Bf3 Rh4 28. Rg1 Kf7
29. f5 $2 29... Rxc4 30. fxe6+ Kxe6 31. e4 g5 32. Rh1 32... Rxc3+ $1 33. Kxc3
Ke5 34. Rf1 Rf8 35. Bg2 f5 36. exf5 Rxf5 37. Re1+ Kf6 38. Kc4 Rf4+ 39. Kc3
1/2-1/2

[Event "Rio de Janeiro"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1957.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Panno"]
[Black "Rosetto"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E53"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[PlyCount "69"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Counterattack is the best form of defence
} 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 e6 3. d4 Bb4 4.
e3 O-O 5. Bd3 d5 6. Nf3 c5 7. O-O Nc6 8. a3 Bxc3 9. bxc3 dxc4 10. Bxc4 Qc7 11.
Bb2 e5 12. h3 e4 13. Nd2 Ne7 14. a4 14... Ng6 (14... -- 15. Ba3) 15. Ba3 b6 16.
Qe2 Nh4 17. dxc5 17... bxc5 18. Rab1 18... Re8 {With the advanced Black e-pawn
and the menacing Knight on h4, the White Kingside is under considerable
pressure. Having no way to further strengthen his Kingside position, White
strives for counterplay elsewhere  } 19. Rb5 19... Bxh3 $5 {
A promising sacrifice, which sets White some nasty problems
} (19... Re5 20.
f4 {Powerful counterstroke
} 20... exf3 21. Nxf3 Nxf3+ 22. Qxf3) 20. gxh3
20... Qd7 21. f3 $1 {
The liquidation of Black's e-pawn is a matter of life or death for White
} (
21. Rfb1 Qxh3 22. Qf1 Qg4+ 23. Kh1 23... Rad8 {Black would have many chances
}
) 21... Rad8 22. Rb2 $1 {Strengthening the 2nd rank
} 22... exf3 (22... -- 23.
Bb5) 23. Nxf3 Qxh3 24. Bxf7+ {Signalling a clear refutation of Black's attack

} 24... Kh8 25. Bxe8 Qg4+ 26. Kh2 Rxe8 27. Nxh4 Qxh4+ 28. Kg1 Qg5+ 29. Qg2
Qxe3+ 30. Qf2 Qg5+ 31. Kh1 31... h6 32. Qf5 (32. -- 32... Re4) 32... Qe3 33.
Bxc5 Qxc3 34. Rc2 Qb3 35. Rcf2 1-0

[Event "Hungary"]
[Site "It, Budapest"]
[Date "1952.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Szabo"]
[Black "Botvinnik"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "A94"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[PlyCount "156"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 e6 2. c4 f5 3. g3 Nf6 4. Bg2 Be7 5. Nf3 d5 6. O-O O-O 7. b3 c6 8. Ba3
Nbd7 9. Qc1 Ne4 10. Nbd2 Bxa3 11. Qxa3 b6 12. Rac1 Bb7 13. Rfd1 Qf6 14. cxd5
exd5 15. Ne1 $1 {In the Stonewall formation we discussed the placing of the
White Knights on f3 and d3 is the most effective way of exploiting the
weakness of the e5 squares  } 15... a5 {
Before mobilizing his Rooks Black must protect the a-pawn
} 16. Ndf3 16... f4
{Black starts his counterplay at the right moment. If he had waited one more
move, White would have taken the opportunity to play Nd3, after which Black
would not have found it so easy to advance his f-pawn  } 17. Nd3 fxg3 18. hxg3
18... Rae8 {Preventing 19. Nde5
} 19. Rc2 {Preparing to double Rooks on the
half-open c-file, after which Black will have new difficulties to face  } (19.
Nde5 Nxe5 20. dxe5 20... Rxe5 21. Nxe5 21... Qxf2+ {
Black has full compenstion for the sacrificed material
} 22. Kh1 Nxg3+ 23. Kh2
23... Rf5 24. Kh3 Rh5+ 25. Kg4 Bc8+) 19... Qh6 20. Qc1 {In the endgame White
could easily make use of his positional superiority; for in that case Black's
attacking chances, which to a certain extent compensate for White's advantage,
would be much reduced  } 20... Qd6 21. Bh3 $1 {In to context of the struggle
for control of e5, the Black Knght on d7 is an important piece, and must be
liquidated  } 21... Rf6 22. Kg2 {
Forestalls an eventual Knight sacrifice on g3
} (22. Bxd7 Qxd7 23. Nde5 23...
Qh3 {
} 24. -- 24... Nxg3) 22... c5 {Black is playing for tactical
possibilities based on his Bishop on the long diagonal  } 23. Bxd7 Qxd7 24.
Nfe5 {The dangerous diagonal must be kept closed
} (24. dxc5 bxc5 25. Nxc5
Nxc5 26. Rxc5 26... d4 $132) 24... Qd6 25. f4 $1 {
Still playing logically to strengthen his support point at e5.
} (25. f3 cxd4
26. fxe4 26... dxe4 {Black's Bishop becomes terribly active
}) 25... cxd4 26.
Rc7 $1 {White is willing to part with the Exchange to get rid of Queens, and
thus bring Black to the very edge of the abyss  } 26... Nc5 27. Rxc5 bxc5 28.
Qxc5 28... Qxc5 {If Black refuses the exchange of Queens, White would take the
front d-pawn and then, with his powerfully placed Knight would have full
compensation for the Exchange  } 29. Nxc5 Ba8 30. Rxd4 Rc8 31. Ncd3 Rc2 32. Ra4
Rxe2+ (32... d4+ 33. Kf2 Rh6 34. Ng4 Re6 35. Nde5 h5 36. Rxa5 {
White has good winning chances
}) 33. Kf3 Rc2 34. Rxa5 Rf8 35. Ke3 35... d4+
$1 {Black must get the utmost activity from his pieces and he cannot permit 36.
Kd4. The d-pawn is only dead weight, which considerably reduces the scope of
the Bishop  } 36. Kxd4 Rd8+ 37. Ke3 Rg2 38. g4 38... Rc2 {
Both sides were in time pressure
} 39. b4 Bd5 40. a4 Bh1 (40... Bg2) 41. Ra7
Ra2 42. b5 Ra3 43. a5 $2 {By leaving the b-pawn momentarily unprotected, White
allows Black a little counter combination which eliminates the worst danger  }
(43. b6 43... Bg2 44. a5 Bf1 45. b7 Bxd3 46. Ra8 Ba6+ 47. Kf2 Ra2+ 48. Kg3 Ra3+
49. Kh4 $18) 43... g5 $1 44. f5 (44. b6 gxf4+ 45. Kxf4 Rd4+ 46. Kf5 Rda4 47. b7
Bxb7 48. Rxb7 48... Rxa5 $11 {Black has an easy draw
}) 44... Rd5 45. Re7 (45.
-- 45... Rxe5+ (45... Rxb5)) 45... Rxb5 46. f6 $1 46... Rxe5+ $8 (46... -- 47.
Re8#) (46... Rb8 47. Nd7 $18) 47. Rxe5 Kf7 48. Rf5 Bb7 49. Kd2 49... Bc8 $1 50.
Ne5+ Kf8 51. Rxg5 51... Rxa5 $1 {The climax of Black's defence. In sacrificing
the Exchange Black succeeds in annihilating his opponsnt's last pawn.
Incidentally this is the third exchange sacrifice in this game!  } 52. Nd7+ (
52. Ng6+) (52. f7 Rxe5 53. Rxe5 Bxg4) 52... Bxd7 53. Rxa5 Bxg4 54. Ke3 {
Knowledge of the endgame, and judgement in going in for it, are vital matters
for the defender. Engame theory shows that the present position would be drawn
even without Black's h-pawn. Many a narrow escape is attributable to the
endgame knowledge of the defender  } 54... Be6 55. Kf4 Bc4 56. Ra7 h5 57. Kg5
h4 58. Kxh4 Bb3 59. Kg5 Bc4 60. Rc7 Ba2 61. Rc1 Bd5 62. Kf5 Kf7 63. Ke5 Bb3 64.
Rc7+ Kf8 65. Rb7 Bc4 66. Rb4 Ba2 67. Kf5 Bd5 68. Kg6 Bf7+ 69. Kg5 Bd5 70. Rh4
Bb3 71. Rh8+ Kf7 72. Rh7+ Kf8 73. f7 Ke7 74. Kg6 Bc4 75. Rg7 Bb3 76. f8=Q+ Kxf8
77. Kf6 Ke8 78. Re7+ Kd8 1/2-1/2

[Event "Amsterdam"]
[Site "Amsterdam"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "Euwe"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C49"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[PlyCount "119"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Increasing pressure against Black's Kingside
} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Nc3 Nf6
4. Bb5 Bb4 5. O-O O-O 6. d3 d6 7. Ne2 Ne7 8. c3 Ba5 9. Ng3 c6 10. Ba4 Ng6 11.
d4 Re8 12. Bb3 exd4 13. cxd4 13... Be6 {
The defender's first priority is to parry the opponent's threats
} (13... Nxe4
14. Nxe4 Rxe4 15. Ng5 (15. Bxf7+ 15... Kh8) 15... Re7 16. Qh5 16... h6 17. Qxg6
hxg5 18. Bxg5 $18 {White has a crushing attack
}) 14. Ng5 Bxb3 15. Qxb3 15...
Qd7 16. f3 {The aggressor also needs to make a defensive move. The e4 square
needed this extra protection  } (16. -- 16... h6 17. Nh3 Nxe4) 16... h6 17. Nh3
Re6 (17... Bb6 18. Be3) 18. Nf4 Nxf4 19. Bxf4 19... Bb6 20. Rad1 {Now that Whit
e is able to defend his d-pawn with the Queen Rook he has in effect gained an
important tempo  } 20... Rae8 21. Kh1 d5 22. e5 22... Nh7 {An interesting
position. White has a useful 4-to-3 pawn majority on the Kingside, while Black
has a corresponding majority on the Queenside. White's majority is more
advanced, which gives him definite chances of attack against Black's King.
Black has positional compensation for this in that his Bishop is "good" (not
obstructed by his own pawns) while White's Bishop is somewhat hampered in this
respect  } 23. Nf5 23... f6 {
A familiar motif: striking at the opponent's advanced post
} 24. g4 $1 {
Black's defence was based primarily of taking the stig out of the threat 24.
Nd6  } (24. Nd6 fxe5 25. Nxe8 (25. dxe5 Rf8) 25... exf4) 24... fxe5 25. Bxe5
25... Nf6 26. Qd3 (26. -- 26... Bc7 27. Qxb7 (27. Bxf6 Rxf6 28. Qxb7 Rb8 29.
Qxa7 29... Rxb2 $132) 27... Bxe5 28. Qxd7 Nxd7 29. dxe5 Rxe5) 26... Kh8 (26...
Bc7 27. Nxh6+ 27... gxh6 28. Qg6+ 28... Qg7 {removing the guard
} 29. Qxg7+
Kxg7 30. Bxc7 {winning a pawn
}) 27. Rg1 (27. g5 hxg5 28. Rg1 Rxe5 29. dxe5
Bxg1 30. exf6 Bb6 31. fxg7+ Kg8) 27... Bc7 {According to plan
} 28. f4 $1 {
The strength of this move lies in the fact that Black is unable to occupy the
newly weakened e4 square  } 28... Qf7 {
By removing the Queen from the d-file Black now threatens 29. ... Bxe5
} (
28... Ne4 29. Bxg7+ Qxg7 30. Nxg7 Nf2+ 31. Kg2 Nxd3 32. Nxe6 $18) (28... Bxe5
29. dxe5 Ne4 30. Qxe4 {pinning tactics
}) 29. Rdf1 (29. -- Bxe5 30. dxe5 Ne4)
(29. Nxg7 Rxe5 30. fxe5 30... Ne4) 29... Bxe5 30. fxe5 30... Ne4 {
An important trump
} 31. g5 (31. Nxh6 Nf2+ 32. Kg2 Rxh6 33. Rxf2 33... Rxh2+ {
removing the guard
}) (31. Nd6 Qg6 32. Nxe4 Qxe4+ 33. Qxe4 dxe4 34. Re1 34...
c5 {drawish
}) 31... hxg5 32. Nd6 Nf2+ (32... Qg6 33. Qh3+) 33. Kg2 Nxd3 34.
Nxf7+ Kg8 35. Nxg5 35... Rg6 {
Now not only has Black overcome his difficulties, he even has the initative}
36. h4 (36. Kf3 36... -- 37. Kg4) 36... c5 $1 37. dxc5 (37. Rf3 37... c4 {
Black's Queenside pawn majority would be menacing
}) 37... Rxe5 38. Kh3 (38.
b4 38... Re4 $1) 38... Nxc5 39. Rc1 Rc6 40. Rge1 Ne4 41. Rxc6 bxc6 42. Rc1 (42.
Nxe4 Rxe4 43. Rxe4 $1 43... dxe4 44. Kg4 Kh7 45. Kf4 Kg6 46. Kxe4 Kh5 47. Kf5
$11) 42... Nxg5+ 43. hxg5 Re6 44. Kg4 Kf7 45. Rc3 a5 46. Kf3 Kg6 47. Ra3 Kxg5
48. Rxa5 Kf5 49. a4 g5 50. Ra8 Re4 51. Rf8+ Ke5 52. Re8+ Kd4 53. Rb8 c5 54. b4
c4 55. a5 Re3+ 56. Kf2 Ra3 57. Rg8 c3 58. Rxg5 Ra2+ 59. Kf3 c2 60. Rg1 0-1

[Event "Hilversum"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1940.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "Van Doesburg"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "C67"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[PlyCount "53"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Combinative Defence
} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 Nf6 4. O-O Nxe4 5. d4 Be7 6.
dxe5 O-O 7. Qe2 d5 8. exd6 Nxd6 9. Bxc6 bxc6 10. Be3 Bf6 11. c3 Re8 12. Rd1 Qe7
13. Nbd2 Nf5 14. Nf1 a5 15. Qc2 Nxe3 16. Nxe3 Qc5 17. Re1 17... Be6 {The Whte K
nights will be hard pressed to hold their own against Black's far-ranging
Bishops. Since Black is threatening further progress by ... Pa4-a3, White goes
in for the following combinative liquidation  } 18. Nd4 $1 (18. -- 18... a4)
18... Bxd4 19. cxd4 Qxd4 20. Qxc6 Qxb2 21. Nd5 {
Black was threatening to gain a powerful outside passed pawn by 21. ... Bxa2
}
(21. -- 21... Bxa2 { }) 21... Rac8 22. Nxc7 $1 {The clever point of the
defence. Now no matter what Black tries he cannot prevent the Knight from
escaping or White obtaining fully compensation by tactical means  } 22... Re7 (
22... Red8 23. Nxe6 Rxc6 24. Nxd8 24... Re6 25. Nxe6) (22... Qb8 23. Rec1 Red8
24. Rab1 Qa7 25. Nb5 $1 25... Rxc6 26. Nxa7 Rxc1+ 27. Rxc1 Bxa2 28. Nc6 Rc8 (
28... Ra8 29. Nxa5) 29. Ne7+ $18) 23. Nd5 $1 23... Rxc6 24. Nxe7+ Kf8 25. Nxc6
Bxa2 26. Nxa5 g6 27. Rac1 1/2-1/2

[Event "Hastings"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Penrose"]
[Black "Larsen"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "B10"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[PlyCount "42"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Active defence
} 1. e4 c6 2. Nc3 d5 3. Nf3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Nf6 5. Nxf6+ gxf6 6.
b3 Rg8 7. Bb2 Bh6 8. Qe2 Bg4 9. O-O-O Nd7 10. h3 Bh5 11. g4 Bg6 12. h4 {
Now it seems Black is in real trouble; White threatens to win the Bg6 by Ph5.
A whisper went round the tournament room that Larsen's game was lost  } 12...
Nc5 $3 13. Kb1 {
Unpinning the d-pawn in the belieft Black's has nothing better thatn
} (13. h5
13... Be4 {temporary and rather shaky
}) (13. b4 Na6 14. h5 Bxc2 15. Kxc2
Nxb4+ 16. Kc1 16... Rxg4 {Black has three pawns for the piece and good
attacking chances, the net result being Black is better  }) 13... Qd5 $1 (13...
Be4 14. d4 Bxf3 15. Qxf3 Ne6 16. d5 {White has a tremendous attack
}) 14. d3 {
Controlling the e4 square
} (14. b4 Ne6 15. h5 15... Be4 {Black is fine
})
14... O-O-O $1 15. Bh3 $2 (15. h5 15... Be4 {pinning tactics on the d-pawn
})
(15. Bg2 15... Bf5 $1 16. gxf5 Rxg2) (15. Bg2 15... Bf5 16. Bh3 Bxg4 17. Bxg4+
Rxg4 18. Qxe7) 15... Ne6 16. g5 $2 (16. h5 Nf4 17. Qxe7 Qxf3 18. hxg6 fxg6 19.
Qxf6 Rgf8 20. g5+ Nxh3 21. Qe6+ {White holds
}) 16... Bh5 {
The Bishop which was virtually written off suddenly becomes a trump card
} 17.
Bxe6+ fxe6 18. Rh3 fxg5 19. hxg5 Rxg5 20. Bc1 Rf5 21. Bxh6 Bxf3 0-1

[Event "Berlin"]
[Site "Niendorf"]
[Date "1927.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Brinckmann"]
[Black "Nimzowitsch"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C10"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[PlyCount "70"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Nimzowitsch as a defender
} 1. e4 Nc6 2. d4 d5 3. exd5 Qxd5 4. Be3 e6 5. Be2
Qxg2 6. Bf3 Qg6 7. Ne2 {As compensation for his sacrificed pawn White has a
considerable lead in development, and this can lead to a direct attack if he
can open up the position. This can be achieved only one way - by the central
thrust Pd5  } 7... Nb4 {Typical Nimzowitsch! He is going to maneuver his
Knight to d5, in order to assert control over the vital d5 square, thus making
d5 problematic. This is the strategy which Nimzowitsch called centralization. 
A player of the old stame - such as Dr. Tarrasch - would have reacted to this
move with undisguised horror.  It is flagrant violation of the well known rule:
Do not play any piece twice in the opening  } 8. Na3 Nd5 9. Nc4 (9. Nb5 c6 10.
Nf4 Nxf4 11. Nc7+ Kd7 12. Nxa8 12... Ng2+ $13) 9... Qf6 10. Ng3 10... Qd8 $1 {
Black explains his last two moves by the need to "overprotect" the central d5.
This is another of the ideas he introduced into practise. Strategically
important points must be overprotected. The pieces which will thereby be
well-placed, and as soon as the strategic point concerned finds itself in the
front line, the overprotecting pieces will automatically attain maximum
activity. Anyone who takes the trouble to glance back at the Steinitz chapter
may come to the conclusion that Steinitiz and Nimzowitsch perhaps stand closer
together than a superficial examination might suggest  } 11. Qd2 Ngf6 12. Ne5
12... c6 $1 {
With iron consistency Nimzowitsch persevers with his overprotection
} 13. O-O
(13. O-O-O Bb4 14. c3 Be7 15. -- Qc7 16. -- Bd7) 13... Bd6 14. Kh1 14... Qc7 {
Castling is deferred. If Black castled Kingside at the present moment he would
run into a dangerous attack on the half-open g-file  } 15. c4 Nxe3 16. Qxe3
16... c5 $5 {With the intention of a counterattack in the centre - dangerous
tactics while the opponent is better developed. Nimzowitsch correctly
concluded that 16. ... Nd7! would have been stronger than the move actually
played  } (16... Nd7 $1) 17. Qg5 (17. Rae1 cxd4 18. Qxd4) (17. Nd3 cxd4 18.
Qxd4) (17. Rfe1 cxd4 18. Qxd4 -- 19. Rad1 {harmonious development
}) 17...
cxd4 18. Rae1 (18. Qxg7 Rg8 19. Qxf6 19... Bxe5 $17) 18... Kf8 $1 (18... O-O
19. Rg1 h6 20. Qf4 Bxe5 21. Rxe5 Nd7 22. Nh5 22... Qxe5 23. Qxh6 g6 24. Rg5
24... Qh8 25. Rxg6+ fxg6 26. Qxg6+ Qg7 27. Qxg7#) 19. Rg1 h6 20. Qf4 Bxe5 21.
Qxe5 (21. Rxe5 Nd7) 21... Qxe5 22. Rxe5 Nd7 (22... g6 23. Rd1 Ke7 24. Rxd4
24... Rd8 {Black wins easily
}) 23. Rb5 $2 (23. Ra5) 23... a6 24. Rb3 (24. Rb4
Ne5 25. Bg2 25... Nd3 $19) 24... Nc5 25. Ra3 25... Rb8 {The rest is easy
} 26.
b4 Nd7 27. c5 Ne5 28. Re1 Nxf3 29. Rxf3 Bd7 30. Rd3 Rd8 31. Kg1 Bb5 32. Rd2 Rd5
33. Ne4 Ke7 34. Nd6 $2 34... Rg5+ 35. Kh1 Bc6+ 0-1

[Event "Nederland"]
[Site "Nederland"]
[Date "1938.??.??"]
[Round "3"]
[White "Fine"]
[Black "Capablanca"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "C17"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[PlyCount "87"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e5 c5 5. Bd2 cxd4 6. Nb5 Bxd2+ 7. Qxd2 Nc6 8.
Nf3 f6 9. Qf4 Nh6 10. Nd6+ Kf8 11. Bb5 11... Nf7 $2 {
This move is a serious error which should lose eventually
} (11... Nxe5 $1 12.
Nxe5 Ke7 13. Nxc8+ Rxc8 14. Bd3 Qa5+ 15. Kd1 fxe5 16. Qxe5) 12. Nxf7 Kxf7 13.
Bxc6 bxc6 14. exf6 gxf6 (14... Qxf6 15. Qc7+ Qe7 16. Ne5+ Kf8 17. Qxe7+ Kxe7
18. Nxc6+ Kd6 19. Nxd4 $18 {winning endgame
}) 15. Ne5+ Kg7 (15... Ke8 16.
Nxc6 Qd7 17. Nxd4) (15... Kg8 16. Qg3+ {Black always comes out a pawn down
})
16. Qg3+ Kf8 17. Nxc6 17... Qd7 {
There is no choice since the White Queen must not be allowed into d6
} (17...
Qb6 18. Qd6+ Kf7 19. O-O-O e5 20. f4 $1 {
White has a powerful attacking position
}) 18. Nxd4 18... e5 {A pawn down,
with an insecure King, Black is definitely lost. In the circumstances passive
play would be quite hopeless; the only chance is to adope an active policy.
Here, as in so many cases, the best method of defence is attack  } 19. Nb3 Qf5
20. Qd3 20... d4 {It may ssem suprising that Black makes no attempt to avoid
the exchange of Queens. The points is that with the Queens off, the exposure
of the Black King would be less serious while White's other advantage, the
extra pawn, would become problematical since an endgame the far striding
Bishop would be more than a match for the White Knight  } 21. O-O 21... Rg8 {
Exchance of Queens on d3 would create a closed type of position, with White's
d-pawn more or less restraining the Black centre pawns. This closed formation
would favour the Knight  } 22. f4 22... Bb7 {
The counter attack really becomes serious now
} 23. Rf2 (23. Qxf5 Rxg2+ 24.
Kh1 Rg6+) 23... Be4 24. Qd2 24... Kf7 $1 25. Re1 (25. fxe5 Rxg2+ 26. Rxg2 Bxg2
27. Kxg2 (27. Qxg2 Rg8) (27. Nxd4 Qxe5 28. Kxg2 Rg8+ 29. Kf1 Qe4 30. Re1 Qg4) (
27. e6+ Qxe6 28. Nxd4 28... Qg4 $132) 27... Rg8+ 28. Kh1 Qf3+) 25... Rg4 26.
Nc5 $2 (26. fxe5 Rxg2+ (26... Qxe5 27. h3 Rh4 28. Qxd4 Qxd4 29. Nxd4 Bxg2 30.
Nf5 $16) 27. Rxg2 Bxg2 28. e6+) 26... Bxg2 $1 {
A pretty combination which turns the tables
} 27. Rxg2 27... Rag8 $1 28. Ree2
28... exf4 29. Nb7 29... Qd5 30. Rxg4 {
The Knight is lost. Now it is White who is struggling to hold the game
} 30...
Rxg4+ 31. Rg2 Rxg2+ 32. Qxg2 32... f3 $1 33. Qh3 Qg5+ (33... Qxb7 $4 34. Qxh7+)
34. Qg3 Qc1+ 35. Kf2 Qe3+ 36. Kf1 Qe2+ 37. Kg1 Qd1+ 38. Kf2 Qxc2+ 39. Kxf3 Qc6+
40. Ke2 40... Qxb7 {The success achieved by Black in this phase shows that
even in apparently lost position there can be practical chances - a fact that
Lasker repeatedly used in many of his wins  } 41. b3 Qe4+ 42. Kd2 Qe5 (42... f5
) 43. Qh3 Qg5+ (43... Qe4) 44. Kd3 1/2-1/2

[Event "Monte Carlo"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1902.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Popiel"]
[Black "Marco"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "7k/1b1r2p1/p6p/1p2qN2/3bP3/3Q4/P5PP/1B1R3K b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "1"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A premature Resignation  Marco Resigned in this position, under the
impression that he must lose a piece due to the pin on the Bd4. There is
something to be said for resigning in a hopelss position, and saving oneself
unnecessary brainracking. In this position, however, there was no need to
resign; on the contrary!  } 1... Bg1 $1 {Black could not only have saved the
game but actually won it. This case of premature resignation is a classic
example for the advocates of the motto: "No game was ever won by resigning it"
  } 1-0

[Event "Leeuwarden"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1954.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "Waling"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r2r4/1p2q1kp/5pb1/1Pnp2p1/8/2R1PNP1/1Q2BPP1/5RK1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "11"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A defence that failed
} 1. Nxg5 $5 {Black resigned} 1... Na4 (1... fxg5 2.
Rxc5+) 2. Qa3 2... Qe5 $1 (2... Qxa3 3. Ne6+ Kg8 4. Rxa3 Rdc8 5. Rfa1 Nb6 6.
Rxa8 Rxa8 7. Rxa8+ Nxa8 8. Kf1 Nb6 9. Nc5 Nc4 10. Nxb7 Be8 11. Bxc4 dxc4 12.
Nd6) 3. Rc7+ Kg8 4. Qe7 Qxe7 5. Rxe7 fxg5 6. Rxb7 {
White has only slender drawing chances
} 1-0

[Event "Portoroz"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1958.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Pachman"]
[Black "Neikirch"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "2r2rk1/pb2qppp/1p2p3/nR2B3/3P1P2/2PB4/P3Q1PP/3R2K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "9"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Another unsuccessful defence
} 1. Bxh7+ Kxh7 2. Qh5+ Kg8 3. Bxg7 {
This is the celebrated double Bishop sacrifice
} 3... f5 $1 (3... f6 4. Bxf6
Rxf6 (4... Qxf6 5. Rg5+ Qxg5 6. Qxg5+ Kf7 7. f5 {decisive attack
}) 5. Rg5+
Qg7 6. Rd3 $1) 4. Be5 $5 (4. Bxf8 Kxf8 5. Rd3 Ba6 6. Rg3 6... Qf7 {
White has no good moves
}) 4... Nc4 $4 (4... Qh7 5. Qg5+ Kf7 6. d5 $1 (6. Qf6+
Ke8 7. Qxe6+ 7... Qe7 $19) 6... Bxd5 7. Rbxd5 exd5 8. Rxd5 $18 8... Ke8 $1 $19
{Now White has no compensation for the Rook
}) 5. Qg6+ 1-0

[Event "04"]
[Site "Mar del Plata"]
[Date "1949.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Czerniak"]
[Black "Eliskases"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "1k6/1P3ppp/P1n1r1r1/8/3Pq3/1Q4PP/5P2/RR4K1 w - - 0 37"]
[PlyCount "8"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The attacker can also slip up; a miraculous triump for the defence
} 37. a7+
{This looks a clever move, but appearances are deceptive.
} (37. d5) 37...
Nxa7 38. Rxa7 38... Rb6 $3 39. Qxb6 Rxg3+ 40. fxg3 40... Qe3+ {
The White King has no escape from perpetual check
} 1/2-1/2

[Event "Vienna (01)"]
[Site "Vienna (01)"]
[Date "1922.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "Reti"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "C77"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[PlyCount "122"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Attack and Defence hold one another in equilibrium
} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3.
Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. Nc3 b5 6. Bb3 Bc5 7. Nxe5 Nxe5 8. d4 Bd6 9. dxe5 Bxe5 10.
f4 Bxc3+ 11. bxc3 O-O 12. e5 12... c5 $1 {
Counterattack is the only good defense
} (12... Ne4 13. Qd5) (12... Ne8) (
12... Re8 13. O-O {The Knight has no escape squares
}) 13. Ba3 $1 {
Preventing ... Pc4 and seemingly refuting Black's last move
} (13. exf6 Re8+
14. Kf1 14... c4 $17 {Black has the better game
}) 13... Qa5 $1 {
One suprise after the other
} 14. O-O Qxa3 15. exf6 15... c4 {Once more the
picture has changed. Black now seems to have the upper hand, but ...  } 16. Qd5
$1 {With the powerful threat of mate on g7 (via g5) and Qxa8
} 16... Qa5 $1 {
Meeting both threats
} 17. fxg7 (17. Qg5 17... Qb6+) (17. Qxa8 Qb6+ 18. Kh1
18... Bb7 {winning the Queen
}) 17... Qb6+ 18. Kh1 Kxg7 19. Bxc4 $1 19... Bb7
(19... bxc4 20. Qxa8 Bb7 21. Rab1 $1 21... Qxb1 22. Qxf8+ $18) 20. Qe5+ Qf6 21.
Bd3 Rfe8 (21... Qxe5 22. fxe5 Rac8 23. Rf4 Rxc3 24. Rg4+ Kh8 25. Rh4 $16) 22.
Qh5 h6 23. Qg4+ Kh8 24. Qxd7 Re7 25. Qd4 25... Qxd4 {Black decides to enter a
critical endgame. The decision whether an ending is won or drawn is often more
a matter of intuition than calculation. In this case it seems that Black has
scant compensation for his two lost pawns; however, Reti, who was a clebrated
composer of endgame studies, has decided otherwise  } 26. cxd4 Rd8 27. f5 f6 (
27... Rxd4 28. f6 (28. Kg1 f6 29. Rae1 29... Rg7 {transposes into the game
})
28... Re6 29. Rae1 29... Rg4 $17) 28. Rae1 Rg7 29. Be4 Rxd4 30. Bxb7 Rxb7 31.
Re6 Kg7 32. Rxa6 32... Rc4 {The text is sufficient to hold the game
} (32...
Ra4 33. Rxa4 33... bxa4) 33. Rf3 Rxc2 34. h3 Kf7 35. Rg3 Rf2 36. Rg6 Rxf5 37.
Rxh6 Kg7 38. Rh4 b4 39. Rg4+ Kf7 40. Rg3 Rfb5 41. Rb3 Kg6 42. Kh2 Rc5 43. Ra4
Rcb5 44. h4 R5b6 45. Kh3 Rb8 46. g3 f5 47. Ra5 Rc8 48. Rf3 Rf6 49. Kg2 Rc3 50.
Ra8 Rxf3 51. Kxf3 Rc6 52. Rg8+ Kf6 53. Rf8+ Kg6 54. Rb8 Rc4 55. Rb6+ Kg7 56. h5
Rd4 57. Rc6 Re4 58. Rg6+ Kf7 59. g4 Rxg4 60. Rxg4 fxg4+ 61. Kxg4 Kg7 1/2-1/2

[Event "Munich"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1958.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "Padevsky"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "A00"]
[Annotator "32: Defence in General"]
[PlyCount "85"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Another defence based on going over to the endgame
} 1. Nf3 Nf6 2. d4 g6 3.
c4 Bg7 4. Nc3 d5 5. e3 O-O 6. Qb3 e6 7. Bd2 b6 8. Rc1 Bb7 9. Bd3 c6 10. O-O
Nbd7 11. cxd5 exd5 12. e4 dxe4 13. Nxe4 c5 14. Rfe1 {
Relatively best but Black still retains the advantage
} (14. Nd6 Bxf3) (14.
Bg5 h6) (14. Nxf6+ Qxf6 15. Bg5 Qd6 16. Rfe1 Bxf3 17. gxf3 (17. Be7 Qf4) 17...
Bxd4 18. Be7 Bxf2+) 14... cxd4 15. Bb4 15... Nxe4 $1 (15... Re8 16. Nd6) 16.
Bxe4 (16. Bxf8 Qxf8 17. Bxe4 Bxe4 18. Rxe4 18... Nc5) 16... Bxe4 17. Rxe4 {
White hopes to surmount his difficulties with this course.
} 17... Nc5 $1 (
17... Re8 18. Rf4 18... Bh6 19. Rxf7 $1) (17... Nf6 18. Rxd4) 18. Bxc5 18...
Rc8 $1 {Wthie's strategy has failed
} 19. Bxf8 $1 {
A pawn sacrifice in order to force a barely tenable ending
} (19. Nxd4 Bxd4
20. Rxd4 20... Qxd4 $1 21. Bxd4 Rxc1+) (19. Qa3 19... Qd5 20. Ree1 bxc5 21.
Qxa7 21... c4 {Black's mobile pawns are dangerous
}) 19... Rxc1+ 20. Re1 Rxe1+
21. Nxe1 Bxf8 22. Nd3 {The Knight's blockade on the light squares will be the
key to White's drawing strategy  } 22... Qd7 23. a4 23... Qe6 {Although usually
a Queen trade facilitates the exploitation of the extra pawn, in this case it
seems that Black would have done better to keep Queens on the board  } 24. Qxe6
fxe6 25. f4 {Black's extra pawns proves to be without significance
} 25... Kf7
26. Kf2 Ke7 27. Kf3 Kd6 28. Ke4 Bg7 29. b3 $1 29... a5 30. g4 Bf6 31. h3 Kc6
32. Nf2 Bh8 33. Nd3 b5 34. axb5+ Kxb5 35. h4 h5 36. g5 Bg7 37. Kf3 a4 38. bxa4+
Kxa4 39. Ke4 Kb3 40. Nc5+ Kc2 41. Nd3 Kc3 42. Nf2 Kc4 43. Nd3 1/2-1/2

[Event "Semmering-Baden"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1937.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Petrov"]
[Black "Reshevsky"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D12"]
[Annotator "33: Typical Maneuvering"]
[PlyCount "208"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A typical game of maneuver
} 1. d4 d5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. c4 c6 4. e3 Bf5 5. Bd3
Bxd3 6. Qxd3 dxc4 7. Qxc4 7... e6 8. Nc3 Be7 9. O-O O-O 10. e4 10... Nbd7 11.
Bg5 h6 12. Bh4 Nb6 13. Qe2 13... Nfd7 {In accordance with the principle that
the side with less freedom should seek piece exchanges  } (13... Nh7 {
put pressure on White's d-pawn as soon as possible
}) 14. Bg3 $1 {Avoidance of
piece exchanges can be of great significance in maintaining the intitiative  }
14... Bb4 15. a3 Bxc3 16. bxc3 {ACT II:  The first part of the middlegame, in
which White's advantage takes concrete form, but in which the game takes on a
completely closed character    White has several advantages. He controls more
central space, he has the half-open b-file at his disposal and his Bishop is
beautifully placed  } 16... Qe7 17. a4 17... a5 {Black's can't allow the
further advance of the White a-pawn. Now, however, the half-open b-file takes
on an even greater value, since the Black b-pawn has become backward  } 18.
Rfb1 Rfc8 19. Ne5 $1 {Threatening to win the b-pawn
} 19... Ra6 $8 (19... --
20. Nxd7 20... Nxd7 21. Rxb7) (19... Nxe5 20. Rxb6 Ng6 21. Qb2 21... Ra7 22.
Rb1 {also wins the b-pawn
}) 20. Nc4 Nxc4 21. Qxc4 Nb6 22. Qd3 Rd8 23. c4 e5
24. d5 (24. Bxe5 $2 24... Qxe5) 24... f6 25. Rc1 Qc5 (25... -- 26. c5 26... --
27. d6) 26. Kf1 $1 26... Nd7 {Otherwise White will suceed in playing c5 and d6.
Black can't exchange pawns without leaving White in full command of the c-file
  } (26... -- 27. f3 27... -- 28. Bf2) 27. f3 Qf8 28. Bf2 28... c5 {ACT III)  T
he move finishes the first stage of the middlegame. The position is now closed,
and on general principles the Knight might be expected to be more valuable
than the Bishop. In the present case this is not so:  White has  1) The good
Bishop  2) can exert positional pressure on the b-file  3) Prepare a
breakthrough on the Kingside  Now comes a long series of moves which may seem
insignificant taken separaetly, but which, seen as a whole, exemplify typical
maneuvering technique. White gradually builds up the most favourable
arrangement of his pieces, always with the Kingside breakthrough in mind. He
can allow himself the luxury of making moves - or even conducting the whole
operations - for the sole purpose of gaining time. Meanwhile Black can do
absolutely nothing  } 29. Be1 b6 30. Bc3 Qd6 31. Ke2 Raa8 32. Kd2 Rf8 33. Kc2
Rf7 34. Re1 Kf8 35. Re2 35... Kg8 {Black has adopted a passive policy. He has
little choice, for the scheme of playing the Knight from d7 to b8 to a6 would
allow White an immediate central breakthrough  } (35... Nb8 36. f4 $1 36...
exf4 37. e5) 36. Rae1 Re8 37. Kb3 Kf8 38. g3 {White is making steady progress.
Hig King is in a safe spot on the Queenside, while the rest of his pieces are
now so placed that the important advance Pf4 cannot be long delayed  } 38...
Ke7 {This allows White to play Pf4 immediately. However, the Black King could
not remain on this side of the board much longer. Like his opposite number, he
seeks safety on the Queenside  } 39. f4 $1 39... Kd8 (39... exf4 40. e5 $1
40... fxe5 41. Bxe5 $18) 40. Qf3 Ref8 41. Qg4 Re7 42. f5 {White has made
further headway. The Black f-pawn is now fixed, and preparations can begin for
the breakthrough by Pg5  } 42... Kc7 43. Qf3 Ree8 44. h4 Rh8 45. g4 Reg8 46.
Bd2 Qf8 47. Ka3 {White's last few moves have clearly been intended as
preparation for Pg5. Now, however, there follows a series of moves which white
does not seem to be doing anything in particular  } 47... Kd6 48. Rg2 Qa8 49.
Reg1 Rh7 50. Rg3 50... Rgh8 {If white plays Pg5 now, Black would control the
open h-file. Thus the g5 breakthrough is temporarily prevented  } 51. Rh1 (51.
g5 hxg5 52. hxg5) 51... Qc8 52. Rgh3 Qg8 53. Qb3 Qd8 54. Rb1 {Here White could
have proceeded with the Pg5 break, but it would have led to the exchange of
all four Rooks. Therefore, before committing himself White decides to continue
maneuvering in hope of finding a more favourable opportunity} 54... Qa8 55.
Rbh1 Qd8 56. Qb5 Qa8 57. R1h2 Qc8 58. Rd3 Qa8 59. Rh1 Rd8 60. Rdh3 Rdh8 61. Kb3
Qc8 62. Kc2 Qa8 63. Kd3 Qc8 64. Be3 Qc7 65. R3h2 Qc8 66. Qb1 Qc7 67. Qg1 Qd8
68. g5 $1 {The beginning of Act IV:  After the breakthrough several weak spots
in the Black position are exposed to attack    At long last White opens a file.
As this move threatens both Pg6 winning a Rook and Pgxh6, Black has no option
but to take  } 68... hxg5 (68... -- 69. g6 (69. gxh6 gxh6 70. Rg2 {
controlling the g-file
})) 69. hxg5 69... Rxh2 {Black has also placed his
pieces to the best advantage, and he can now take off all four Rooks.
Nevertheless White retains a strong initiative  } 70. Rxh2 Rxh2 71. Qxh2 71...
fxg5 {Black is left with an isolated backward pawn on g7. His gain of pawn is
only temporary  } (71... Qf8 72. g6 Ke7 73. Qh7) 72. Qh5 72... Qg8 73. Bxg5 Nf6
74. Qh4 Kd7 75. Ke2 (75. Bxf6 gxf6 76. Qxf6 76... Qg3+ $11 {perpetual check
})
75... Ne8 76. Qh2 $1 76... Qf7 77. Kd3 (77. Qxe5 77... Qh5+ $19) 77... Kd6 78.
Qb2 Qb7 79. Bd2 $1 {ACT V:  With this move White prettily forces the win of a
pawn. He threatens not only Bxa5 but also Bc3, attacking the e-pawn. Black
cannot defend both threats because his Queen cannot leave either b6 or c6
unprotected. White's advantage is now decisive  } 79... Nf6 80. Bxa5 Nd7 81.
Qb5 Qc7 82. Bd2 Qc8 83. Bg5 Qa8 84. Kc2 Qc8 85. a5 bxa5 86. Qxa5 Qb8 87. Qd8 {
In view of the mate threat (Be7) White must allow the exchange of Queens,
leaving a Bishop v Knight ending which is easy to win  } 87... Qxd8 88. Bxd8
Nf8 89. Bg5 Kc7 90. Kb3 Nd7 91. Be7 Kb6 92. Bd8+ Kb7 93. Kc3 Kc8 94. Be7 Kc7
95. Kd3 {The White King heads for g6 to clinch the win
} 95... Kc8 96. Ke3 Kc7
97. Kf3 Kc8 98. Kg4 Nb6 99. Bxc5 Nxc4 100. Bb4 Nb2 101. Kg5 Nd3 102. Kg6 $18
102... Nf2 (102... Nxb4 103. Kxg7) 103. Kxg7 Nxe4 104. f6 Nxf6 1-0

[Event "06"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1940.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Keres"]
[Black "Euwe"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "33: Typical Maneuvering"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "3q4/1kr3p1/1prp1p1p/p3pP2/P1P1P1PP/1P3Q2/4K2R/3R4 w - - 0 35"]
[PlyCount "41"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{In this position - a pendant to the previous game - Black has just played ...
Pf6. Clearly White will now maneuver for the pawn breakthrough with Pg5, but
first he seeks to position his pieces into their best locations to support the
breakthrough  } 35. Rg2 Rc8 36. Rg3 Qd7 37. Qd3 Qf7 38. Rh1 Rh8 39. Rhh3 (39.
Rgh3 {expected
}) 39... Rcc8 {indirectly defending the d-pawn
} 40. g5 $5 {
This gives no clear result. From an objective point of view it would have been
better to continue manueverig for a more favourable opportunity with Rooks
doubled on the h-file  } (40. Qxd6 Rhd8 41. Qa3 (41. Qe6 Qxe6 42. fxe6 42...
Rd4 $132)) 40... hxg5 41. hxg5 Qc7 42. Qd5+ Ka7 43. Rd3 43... Rxh3 $2 {
allows White to achive his goals
} (43... fxg5 44. Rxh8 Rxh8 45. Qxd6 Qxd6 46.
Rxd6 Rh4 47. Ke3 Rh3+ 48. Kd2 {excellent drawing chances
}) 44. Rxh3 fxg5 45.
Rh7 45... Qe7 {preventing Pf6
} 46. Kf3 Rf8 47. Kg4 47... Rf7 {
The strong position of the White King made Qe6 a serious threat
} 48. b4 $1 {
Opening a second front. This theme will be cropping up continually inconnection
with maneuvering. This new breakthrough leads to a strong attack against the
Black King  } (48. Qe6 Qxe6 49. fxe6 Re7 50. Kf5 50... Rb7 {
White has some problems making progress
}) 48... axb4 49. a5 49... Qb7 {
Black attempts to keep the b-pawn in the hope of making counterchances with it.
} (49... bxa5 50. Qxa5+ Kb7 51. Qxb4+ Kc7 52. Qa5+ {
The decisive entry of the White Rook can't be prevented
}) 50. axb6+ Kxb6 51.
Qxd6+ Ka7 52. Qxe5 b3 53. Rh3 $1 53... Rf6 (53... b2 54. Ra3+) (53... -- 54.
Qa5+ Kb8 55. Rh8+) 54. Qd4+ Rb6 (54... Qb6 55. Qd7+ Ka6 56. Qa4+ {
the b-pawn falls
}) 55. Rxb3 1-0

[Event "Nuremberg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1888.??.??"]
[Round "2"]
[White "Gottschall"]
[Black "Tarrasch"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C16"]
[Annotator "34: How Tarrasch Maneuvered"]
[PlyCount "200"]
[EventDate "1888.??.??"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e5 Ne7 5. f4 c5 6. a3 Bxc3+ 7. bxc3 c4 8. Nf3
Qa5 9. Qd2 Nd7 10. Nh4 Nb6 11. Qe3 Na4 12. Bd2 12... Qb5 {This last move
provoked criticism at the time. Gottschall considered the move weak, and
another critic stated Black could have won the front c-pawn with ... Pa6, ...
Nc6-a7-b5  Tarrasch disagreed, defending his move with the argument which
really boiled down to the fact that it spoiled nothing. Black can take the
liberty of losing moves, leaving his opponent to guess what he is really up to.
In any case White can defend the front c-pawn with Nf3-g1-e2  } (12... a6 13.
-- 13... Nc6 14. -- Na7 15. -- Nb5) 13. Be2 Ng6 (13... Qb2 14. O-O Qxc2 15. Bd1
$18) 14. Nf3 Ne7 15. Nh4 {White wants to stop Black from playing ... Nf5
}
15... Ng6 16. Nf3 Ne7 17. Nh4 Ng6 18. Nf3 Qa5 19. O-O Qd8 20. Qf2 Ne7 21. Nh4
Ng6 22. Nf3 Ne7 23. Nh4 Ng6 24. Nf3 Bd7 25. Kh1 Nb6 26. Rae1 (26. -- 26... Nc8
{working the Knight to f5
}) 26... Qe7 27. Bc1 27... Na4 28. Qe3 28... h6 {
Black doesn't permit 29. Ng5
} (28... -- 29. Ng5 h6 30. Nxe6 fxe6 (30... Bxe6
31. f5) 31. Bh5) 29. g3 29... Rc8 {"Weak" declared White, at the time. "Not at
all" replied Black in his notes. "The Rook can now proceed via c6 and b6 to
b1"    } 30. Ng1 (30. -- 30... Rc6 31. -- Rb6 32. -- Rb1) 30... h5 $1 (30... --
31. Bh5 31... -- 32. f5 exf5 33. e6 Bxe6 34. Bxg6 fxg6 35. Qxe6) 31. Nh3 Qf8
32. Bf3 Ne7 33. Bg2 33... Nf5 {
Here, and for the next few moves, Tarrasch is "tacking". 
} (33... Rc6 $1) 34.
Qd2 Qe7 35. Ng5 Qd8 36. Bh3 g6 37. Bxf5 gxf5 38. Re3 Qe7 39. Qg2 39... Kd8 {
This move was sharply criticized by Tarrasch himself after the game. The right
plan was feasible in the following stages:  1) Play the Rooks from c8-c6-b6-b1
2) Play the Knight around to b5, first advancing the a-pawn  3) Winning the
a-pawn  } (39... Rc6) 40. Bd2 $1 40... Kc7 41. Ra1 Kb8 42. h4 $2 {An error, whi
ch White deprives himself of the chance for counterplay with a later Pg4  }
42... Rc6 {
At last, but less effective now that the White a-pawn is adequately protected

} 43. Ree1 Rb6 44. Kg1 Be8 45. Kh1 Rb5 46. Kg1 Nb6 47. Qe2 Ra5 48. Bc1 Ra4 49.
Bb2 Na8 50. Reb1 Nc7 51. Ra2 Nb5 52. Rba1 Bd7 53. Kg2 Kc8 54. Qe3 Kd8 55. Kf2 {
There is nothing White can do. Meanwhile the Black King is going over to take
protection of the h-pawn, thereby allowing the Rh8 to engage in the action
against the a-pawn  } 55... Ke8 56. Kg2 Kf8 57. Kf2 Kg7 58. Kg2 Kg6 59. Nf3 Rc8
60. Nd2 Rc6 61. Nb1 {Protecting the pawn a fourth time. Since Black can get no
farther in this way he must again resort to maneuvering  } 61... Rc8 62. Nd2
Kh6 63. Nf3 Nc7 64. Kf2 Nb5 65. Kg2 Rc6 66. Nd2 Rca6 67. Nb1 R4a5 68. Kf2 Nc7
69. Nd2 Ba4 70. Bc1 70... Nb5 {The struggle seems to have reached a dead end,
with all the threatened points defended as many times as they are attacked.
With Black's next move suddenly the game enters an entirely new phase  } 71.
Kg2 71... Bxc2 $3 {Most suprising. Black gets only two pawns for the piece,
but the sacrifice must nevertheless be considered correct as White will still
be devoid of any real counterplay. His Knight has no way of becoming active,
and meanwhile the advnace of Black's Queenside pawns will eventually produce a
pair of united passed pawns  } 72. Rxc2 Nxa3 73. Bxa3 (73. Rca2 $4 73... Nc2 $1
) 73... Rxa3 74. Rxa3 (74. Rb1 74... Qc7 75. Rcb2 Qa5 76. Rb4 b5 77. Rxb5 Qxc3
78. Qxc3 Rxc3 79. R1b2 Raa3 80. Nf1 80... Rd3 {Black dominates the board
})
74... Qxa3 75. Qe1 b5 76. Nb1 (76. Qb1 Qa4 77. Qb4 (77. Rb2 $1) 77... Qxb4 78.
cxb4 78... Ra4 {Black must win
}) 76... Qb3 77. Qc1 Ra2 78. Rxa2 Qxa2+ 79. Kf3
79... Kg7 $1 {
A very fine maneuver. The threat now is simply ... Pa5 and ... Pb4
} (79... a5
80. Qa3 Qxa3 (80... Qxb1 81. Qf8+ {perpetual check
}) 81. Nxa3 b4 82. Nc2 b3
83. Na3 $11) 80. Qa3 {Seeing no hope in marking time, White makes one last
attempt at perpetual check  } 80... Qxb1 81. Qe7 81... Qf1+ $1 82. Ke3 Qe1+ 83.
Kf3 Qxc3+ 84. Kg2 Qd2+ 85. Kh3 85... Qa5 {
By guarding d8 Black allows his own King to escape the coming checks
} 86.
Qf6+ Kf8 87. Qh8+ Ke7 88. Qf6+ Ke8 89. Qh8+ Kd7 90. Qf8 90... Qd8 $1 91. Qc5 (
91. Qd6+ Ke8 92. Qc6+ Qd7 93. Qa8+ Ke7 94. Qh8 Qe8 95. Qf6+ 95... Kd7 {
the Black king escapes
}) (91. Qxf7+ Qe7 92. Qxh5 92... b4 $19) 91... Qb8 92.
Qb4 Ke8 93. Qc5 Qb7 94. Qa3 b4 95. Qf3 b3 96. Qxh5 b2 97. Qh8+ Kd7 98. Qf8 b1=Q
99. Qxf7+ Kc6 100. Qxe6+ Kb5 0-1

[Event "Manchester"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1890.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Muller"]
[Black "Tarrasch"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "34: How Tarrasch Maneuvered"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "2r2bk1/2rq3p/4b1p1/p4pP1/1ppPpP2/P3P1P1/1PR2K2/1NR1QN2 w - - 0 40"]
[PlyCount "72"]
[EventDate "1890.??.??"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Tarrach commented that in position of this sort he like to move to and fro on
principle, to induce his opponent to weaken his position, or, failing at that,
at least convince him of his helplessness  } 40. Nfd2 Qg7 41. Nf1 Qd7 42. Nfd2
42... b3 {Winning the exchange, though a difficult struggle lies ahead as teh
White Knights are well-suited to a closed position like this  } 43. Rc3 Bb4 44.
Nf1 $1 (44. axb4 44... axb4 {Black would win easily as his Rooks would have
the a-file for the invasion of White's position  }) 44... Bxc3 45. Nxc3 45...
h6 $1 {The only way to obtaing an open file for the Rooks
} 46. gxh6 Kh7 (
46... Qh7 47. Na4 {The Knight becomes very active
}) 47. g4 Kxh6 48. g5+ Kg7
49. Qd2 49... Bd5 {Black cannot allow the advance of the d-pawn
} 50. Ng3 Rh8
51. Rh1 Rxh1 52. Nxh1 Rc8 53. Kg1 Rh8 54. Qg2 54... Kf7 {The King moves across
to guard the Bishop and release the Queen for duties on the open h-file  } 55.
Nf2 Kf8 56. Qg3 Bc6 57. Kg2 57... Qh7 {Now Black is not afraid of Pd5, the
White position being such that the advanced d-pawn could be easily won  } 58.
Kg1 Qh5 59. Kg2 Kf7 60. Kg1 Ke6 61. Kg2 Kd6 62. Kf1 Qf3 63. Qxf3 exf3 64. Kg1 {
Now comes the most attractive part of the game. Tarrasch maneuvers so that the
Knights are slowly but surely restricted in their activities  } 64... Bb7 65.
Nb5+ Kd7 66. Nc3 Ba8 67. Na4 (67. Nfd1 67... Rh1+ $3 68. Kxh1 f2+) 67... Be4 $1
68. Nc3 (68. Nb6+ Ke6 69. Nxc4 69... Rc8 $1) (68. Nc5+ Kc6 69. Ncxe4 fxe4 70.
Nxe4 70... Re8 {The Black Rook forces entry into White's defences
}) 68... Bc2
{Now White is in zugzwang
} 69. Nh1 (69. Na4 Kc6 70. Nc3 Re8 71. Ncd1 Bxd1 72.
Nxd1 c3 73. bxc3 73... Rxe3) 69... Rh3 70. Nf2 Rg3+ 71. Kf1 Bd3+ 72. Ke1 Rg1+
73. Kd2 Rf1 74. Nxd3 (74. Nfd1 f2 75. -- Rxd1+ 76. Nxd1 f1=Q) (74. Ncd1 Bc2 75.
Kc1 Bxd1) 74... cxd3 75. Kxd3 Rc1 0-1

[Event "St Petersburg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1909.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lasker"]
[Black "Salwe"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C62"]
[Annotator "35: Lasker's Maneuvering Skill"]
[PlyCount "129"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 d6 4. d4 Bd7 5. Nc3 Nf6 6. O-O Be7 7. Bg5 exd4 8.
Nxd4 O-O 9. Bxc6 bxc6 10. Qd3 Re8 11. Rae1 c5 12. Nb3 Ng4 13. Bxe7 Rxe7 14. f4
Rb8 15. h3 Nh6 16. f5 (16. g4 {Lasker recommended this afterwards. The move
played has in any case the disadvantage of giving Black free use of e5 and g5 
 }) 16... f6 17. Nd5 Re8 18. c4 Nf7 19. Qc3 Re5 20. Nd2 c6 21. Nf4 Qb6 22. b3
Rbe8 23. Qg3 23... Kh8 24. Nh5 Rg8 25. Rf4 Qd8 26. Nf3 26... Re7 {The weakness
of Black's d-pawn is balanced by the weakness of the White e-pawn, so that
White's only real advantage is some spatial superiority. The attack on the
enemy King soon comes to a full stop  } 27. Rh4 (27. Rg4 27... Qf8 {
adequate defence
}) 27... Qe8 28. Qf2 {
Now a typical phase of tacking begins.
} (28. Nf4 28... Nh6 {gets nowhere
})
28... Rf8 29. Qd2 {Not quite as innocent as it looks
} 29... Qb8 30. Kh1 Rfe8
31. Rg4 31... Rg8 {The best defence
} (31... Nh6 32. Nxf6 (32. Rxg7 $1 32...
Rxg7 33. Qxh6 Rf7 34. Nxf6 Ref8 35. Ng5 $18) 32... Nxg4 33. Nxe8) 32. Rd1 {
Strengthening the pressure against the d-pawn
} 32... Qb4 {Searching for
counterplay. It appears from the sequel, however, that the Queen would have
done better to stay at home  } (32... Qe8) 33. Qf2 Qc3 34. Qh4 Nh6 35. Rf4 Nf7
36. Kh2 Rge8 37. Qg3 37... Rg8 {
The Queen is out of play and cannot defend the critical d6
} 38. Rh4 $1 (38.
Rg4 Nh6 39. Rh4 d5 40. cxd5 cxd5 41. Rxd5 41... Bc6 {
counterattack based on White's weak e-pawn
}) 38... g5 (38... d5 39. cxd5 cxd5
40. Nf4) 39. fxg6 (39. Rg4 Be8) 39... Rxg6 40. Qf2 f5 (40... -- 41. Rf4 {
the f-pawn comes under heavy pressure
}) 41. Nf4 Rf6 42. Ne2 Qb2 43. Rd2 Qa1
44. Ng3 Kg8 (44... -- 45. exf5 Bxf5 46. Nxf5 Rxf5 47. Rxh7+ $1 47... Kxh7 48.
Qh4+ Kg7 49. Qxe7) 45. exf5 Bxf5 46. Nd4 $1 (46. Nxf5 Rxf5 47. Rxh7 47... Rxf3
$1 $132 (47... Qf6)) 46... cxd4 47. Nxf5 Kf8 48. Qxd4 Qxd4 49. Nxd4 Ne5 50. Rh5
Ref7 51. c5 {Lasker plays the ending with great skill. this move leads to a
four Rook ending, and such endings routinely allow many drawing chances;
lasker has seen, however, that in the present case his advantage will quickly
prove decisive  } 51... dxc5 52. Rxe5 cxd4 53. Rxd4 Rf2 54. Rd8+ Kg7 55. Ra5
Rc2 56. a3 $1 {In order to avoid losing the a-pawn after R7f2
} (56. -- 56...
Rff2) 56... c5 57. Rc8 Rb2 58. Rb5 Rff2 59. Rb7+ Kg6 60. Rc6+ Rf6 61. Rxc5 Ra6
62. a4 $1 62... Rf6 (62... Rxa4 63. Rc6+ Kf5 64. Rb5+ 64... Ke4 65. bxa4 $1)
63. Rc3 a6 64. Rg3+ Kh6 65. Rgg7 1-0

[Event "Nottingham"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tylor"]
[Black "Lasker"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "A00"]
[Annotator "35: Lasker's Maneuvering Skill"]
[PlyCount "90"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Another example of Lasker's maneuvering skill - this from his later years
} 
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bb5 Bb4 5. O-O O-O 6. d3 d6 7. Bg5 Ne7 8. Nh4
c6 9. Bc4 Kh8 10. f4 exf4 11. Bxf6 gxf6 12. Rxf4 Ng6 13. Nxg6+ 13... fxg6 14.
Bb3 {To prevent Black from playing ... Pd5 with gain of tempo
} (14. d4 Bxc3
15. bxc3 15... d5 $1) 14... Qe7 15. Ne2 Ba5 16. c3 Bd7 17. Ng3 {With an eye on
the two Black Bishops, White would like to see the position assume a closed
character. He therefore takes steps to dscourage Black from playing ... Pf5,
even though in doing so the Knight is not very well placed on g3  } 17... Bc7
18. Rf2 Kg7 19. Qd2 Rae8 20. Raf1 20... Be6 $1 {An important decision: Black
gives up the Bishop pair. The point is that the White Bishop is so active that
it would be dangerous for Black to open up the position. Also, as teh rest of
the game shows that Black's remaining Bishop will outperform the White Knight 
 } 21. Qc2 {Black forces a weakening of the enemy e-pawn, and the proceeds to
put it under fire  } 21... Bb6 22. d4 22... Bc7 {The Bishop promptly returns
to its former postion. The intention was solely to force Pd4 and thereby
weaken the e-pawn  } 23. Kh1 23... h5 $1 24. Re1 (24. -- h4 25. Ne2 Bc8 26. Rf4
26... g5 {winning the e-pawn
}) 24... Qf7 25. Rfe2 Bxb3 26. axb3 (26. Qxb3
Qxb3 27. axb3 Re7 28. Kg1 28... Rfe8 {White's endgame might be tenable though
it would not be a pleasant task. Black would continue to maneuver, keeping
White under constant nagging pressure  }) 26... Qd7 27. Nf1 Re7 28. Qd3 Rfe8
29. Nd2 29... d5 $1 {The game enters a new pahse. Black has laid siege to the
weak e-pawn, but since White has no other weaknesses, he can easily defend it.
Therefore Black opens the position so that the Bishop can demonstrate its
superiority over the Knight  } 30. exd5 Rxe2 31. Rxe2 Rxe2 32. Qxe2 Qxd5 33.
Qe7+ Qf7 34. Qe4 {The ending favours Black  in any case for in addition to the
far-ranging Bihop he has the better pawn position. It is therefore
understandable that White prefers to keep the Queens on the board  } 34... Qd7
35. Nf3 35... Kf7 $1 36. c4 (36. -- 36... Qe6 37. Qc2 Qe3) (36. Nh4 36... Qg4
$1) 36... Qe6 37. Qd3 (37. Qxe6+ Kxe6 38. Kg1 Kf5 39. Kf2 Ke4 40. Ke2 40... g5
$1 {Black soon wins a pawn
}) 37... Bf4 $1 {
A powerful post for the Bishop, mainly because of its potential access to c1
}
38. g3 (38. Kg1 Qe3+ 39. Qxe3 Bxe3+ 40. Kf1 40... Bc1) 38... Qe3 $1 39. Qc3 (
39. Qd1 39... Qc1) 39... Bh6 40. c5 {White has little choice. Either he must
exchange Queens, or he must allow the Black Queen to penetrate into his
position. He is hopeing that Black will now exchange Queens at c3, but Lasker
is no longer content with that.  } 40... Qf2 41. Qc4+ Kg7 42. Qd3 42... Be3 43.
Qd1 43... a5 $22 {Placing White in zugzwang
} 44. b4 (44. d5 cxd5 45. Qxd5
Qf1+) 44... axb4 45. b3 Kh6 0-1

[Event "Hanover"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1926.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Holzhausen"]
[Black "Nimzowitsch"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "B00"]
[Annotator "36: The Teachings of Nimzowitsch"]
[PlyCount "142"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 Nc6 2. Nf3 e6 3. d4 d5 4. exd5 exd5 5. Bg5 Be7 6. Bxe7 Qxe7+ 7. Qe2 Bf5
8. c3 Be4 9. Nbd2 O-O-O 10. O-O-O Nh6 11. Ne5 Nxe5 12. dxe5 12... Bg6 {
Black is already preparing to maneuver. The weaknesses are the e-pawn and the
b1-h7 diaganal; the pivot point is the e4 square  } 13. Nf3 Rhe8 14. Qe3 Kb8
15. Qf4 15... Be4 {The value of this square is already apparent
} 16. Re1 Qc5
17. Nd2 Bg6 18. Nb3 Qb6 19. Qd4 f6 20. f4 fxe5 21. fxe5 (21. Rxe5 Rxe5 22. Qxe5
22... Re8 $17) 21... Be4 {Now the e-pawn must fall, but afterwards is when the
maneuvering beings in earnest  } 22. Nd2 c5 23. Qe3 (23. Qa4 Rxe5 24. Nxe4 dxe4
25. Rxe4 25... Qe6 $1 $40 26. Rxe5 26... Qxe5 $17) 23... Rxe5 24. Qg3 Qc7 25.
Bd3 Rde8 26. Bxe4 dxe4 27. Nc4 R5e6 28. Qxc7+ Kxc7 29. Ne3 $1 {The Knight
es an ideal blockading square. As we have already learned, such a Knight is
the perfect counter to a passed pawn  } 29... Nf7 30. Kc2 Nd6 31. c4 Kc6 32.
Rhf1 32... Rh6 $1 {A typical tacking maneuver. Black forces a weakening of the
enemy pawn structure which, although apparently insignificant, now, will later
become a matter of decisive importance  } 33. h3 Rg6 34. Re2 34... a6 {
Play on both flanks: the advance ... Pb5 will lead at least to an increase in
Black's space control  } 35. Rf4 b5 36. b3 Rg5 37. g4 Rge5 38. Kc3 a5 39. Ref2
(39. -- 39... a4 40. -- axb3 41. axb3 bxc4 42. bxc4 {
opening two Queenside files for his Rooks
}) 39... a4 40. bxa4 40... bxc4 $1 {
This temporary pawn sacrifice
} 41. Rf8 (41. Nxc4 Nxc4 42. Kxc4 42... Ra8 {
Black regains his pawns, at the same time removing the blockade of his passed
pawn  }) 41... R5e7 {Safety first. Under no circumstances will Black tolerate
an enemy Rook operating behind his lines  } 42. Rxe8 Rxe8 43. Nxc4 Nxc4 44.
Kxc4 44... Ra8 {Black's alternative maneuvers have created progress. The Black
Rook will now force an entry on the Queenside and then proceed to threaten the
White pawns on the Kingside  } 45. Rf7 {
As usual in Rook endings the best defence is counterattack. 
} (45. Kb3 45...
Kd5 {
followed by the advance of the e-pawn would lead to a quick loss for White
})
45... Rxa4+ 46. Kb3 Rb4+ 47. Kc3 Rb7 48. Rf5 Ra7 49. Kc4 (49. -- 49... Ra3+)
49... Ra4+ 50. Kb3 Rd4 51. Re5 Kd6 52. Re8 Rd3+ 53. Kc4 Rxh3 54. Rxe4 54... Ra3
$1 {This marks the culmination of the alternative maneuvers against the two
weaknesses. White can no longer protect them both at the same time  } 55. Re2
Ra4+ 56. Kb5 Rxg4 57. a4 Rb4+ 58. Ka5 h5 59. Rd2+ Kc6 60. Re2 Rg4 61. Re6+ Kd5
62. Re8 h4 63. Rd8+ Kc4 64. Kb6 h3 65. Rd1 Kb4 66. Rb1+ Kxa4 67. Kxc5 g5 68.
Rh1 Rg3 69. Kd4 g4 70. Ke4 Rg2 71. Kf4 h2 0-1

[Event "London"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1927.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Nimzowitsch"]
[Black "Buerger"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A16"]
[Annotator "36: The Teachings of Nimzowitsch"]
[PlyCount "121"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. g3 Nxc3 5. bxc3 g6 6. Bg2 Bg7 7. Qb3 c6 8.
d4 O-O 9. Ba3 Nd7 10. Bh3 Re8 11. f4 Qc7 12. Nf3 Nf6 13. Bxc8 Raxc8 14. O-O e6
15. Rad1 15... b6 {With the obvious intentions of freeing his game with ...
Pc5. Nimzowitsch now applies what he termed "prophylaxis". He takes measrues
to discourage this freeing advance - for the time being by occupying the
d-file  } 16. c4 Red8 17. Rd3 Bf8 (17... c5 18. dxc5 bxc5 19. Rfd1) 18. Bb2 {
Nimzowitsch plans to maneuver, and avoids exchange of pieces. But it appears
he is getting nowhere  } 18... Bg7 19. Ba3 Bf8 20. Bxf8 {
After all! Without this exchange Black would easily achieve ... Pc5
} 20...
Rxf8 21. Qb2 21... Qe7 (21... c5 22. dxc5) 22. Ne5 Rfd8 23. Rfd1 Ne4 (23... c5
24. Qa3 24... Qc7 25. d5) 24. Qc2 f6 25. Nf3 b5 26. c5 f5 27. Re3 (27. Nd2 Nxd2
28. R3xd2 Rd5 29. e4 fxe4 30. Re2 Qf6 31. Rxe4 31... h5 $11 {Nimzowitsch
})
27... a5 28. Ne5 Rc7 29. a3 Kg7 30. Kg2 {Intending Pg4-g5 and Ph4-h5. Since
this would at least give White an enduring initiative, it is understandable
that Black does not permit the g-pawn to advance; but the weakness which his
next move creates on g6 is the justification for the following exchange
sacrifice  } 30... h5 31. Rxe4 $1 31... fxe4 32. Qxe4 Qf6 33. Nxc6 Rd5 (33...
Rxc6 34. Qxc6 Rxd4 35. Qc7+ $1 35... Kg8 (35... Kh6 36. Rxd4 Qxd4 37. Qd6 $1 {
a very dangerous raid
}) 36. Rb1 $1) 34. Ne5 Qf5 35. Qd3 $1 35... Qxd3 36.
Rxd3 Rd8 37. Kf3 Rb8 38. Rb3 b4 39. a4 Rd8 40. Ke4 40... Rcc8 {White now plans
to create two united passed pawns by Pe4 and Pd5. To achieve this goal several
conditions must be met:  1) The c-pawn must be solidly defended  2) Black's
protected passed b-pawn must be blockaded  3) The White King must be posted on
c4  } 41. Nc4 Ra8 42. Re3 Kf6 43. Nd2 Ke7 44. Nb3 {
The ideal post for the Knight
} 44... Ra6 45. Kd3 Rd5 46. h4 Ra8 47. Kc4 Kd7
48. Rd3 Kc7 49. Rd1 {Nimzowitsch carries his love of maneuvering to excess.
The direct Pe4 could have been played immediately  } (49. e4 Kc6 50. Nxa5+ $1
50... Rxa5 51. exd5+ exd5+ 52. Kxb4 $18) 49... Rd7 50. Rg1 Rf7 51. Rb1 51...
Kb7 {Black can do nothing
} 52. Nd2 Kc6 53. Nf3 Kc7 54. Ne5 Rg7 55. Rb3 Rb8
56. e4 Rgg8 57. d5 {The goal is reached. White's united passed pawns slice
through the Black position like a knife through butter  } 57... exd5+ 58. exd5
Rbc8 59. d6+ Kd8 60. Kd5 Rg7 61. c6 1-0

[Event "Hannover"]
[Site "Hannover"]
[Date "1926.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Nimzowitsch"]
[Black "Antze"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "36: The Teachings of Nimzowitsch"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "8/p1q5/5k1p/3Q1p2/5P2/1P2P2K/P7/8 w - - 0 44"]
[PlyCount "75"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{In this ending the pivot for White's alternating maneuvers will be d4, and to
a smaller extent e5 and f6 as well.   White's broad strategy will be to create
a passed pawn on the Queenside. Another important idea is to invade with the
White King via h5. Black's counterplay lies in harrying the White King with
checks, and in his passed h-pawn  } 44. Qd4+ Kg6 45. Qd2 Kf6 46. Qb2+ Kg6 47.
b4 Qc4 48. Qd2 Kh5 (48... Qf1+ 49. Qg2+ {Forces Queens off with a simple win
for White. This tactic constantly arises in this type of ending and thus must
be constantly watched for  }) 49. a4 a6 50. Kg3 Qg8+ 51. Kh2 Qc4 52. Qb2 Qd3
53. Qg2 Qc4 (53... Qxe3 54. Qh3+ $18) 54. Kg3 Qg8+ (54... Qxb4 55. Qe2+ Kg6 56.
Qxa6+) 55. Kh3 Qc4 56. Qf3+ Kg6 57. Kh4 $1 57... Kg7 (57... Qxb4 58. Qc6+ Kg7
59. Kh5 $18) 58. Qb7+ Kg6 59. Qb6+ Kh7 60. Qf6 $1 {An important step towards
the win; Black now has to protect not only his a-pawn but also the f-pawn  }
60... Qd5 61. Kg3 (61. -- 61... Qh1+ {perpetual check
}) 61... Qg8+ 62. Kh2
Qa2+ 63. Kh3 Qd5 64. Qe7+ (64. Qxa6 Qf3+ 65. Kh2 Qf2+ 66. Kh1 66... Qf3+ $11)
64... Kg6 65. Qe8+ $1 65... Kh7 (65... Kf6 66. Kg3 Qd3 67. a5 Qf1 68. Qe5+ Kg6
69. Qe6+ Kg7 70. Qxf5 Qg1+ 71. Kf3 Qf1+ 72. Ke4 Qc4+ 73. Ke5 Qb5+ 74. Ke6 $16)
66. Kg3 Qb3 67. a5 $1 67... Qb1 {
This allows White to win the a-pawn after which the game is as good as over
}
(67... Qd3 $1 68. Qf7+ Kh8 69. Qf6+ Kh7 70. Qd4 $1 {The pivot
} 70... Qf1 (
70... Qb1 71. Qd7+ Kg6 72. Qc6+ Kg7 73. Qb7+ Kf8 74. Qxa6) 71. Qd7+ Kg6 72.
Qe6+ Kg7 73. Qxf5) 68. Qd7+ Kg6 69. Qc6+ Kg7 70. Qb7+ Kf8 71. Qxa6 Qe1+ 72. Kf3
Qd1+ 73. Qe2 Qd5+ 74. Kf2 Qd8 75. a6 Qh4+ 76. Kg2 Qe7 77. Qf3 Qc7 78. b5 Qg7+
79. Kf2 Qb2+ 80. Qe2 Qa1 81. b6 1-0

[Event "Karlsbad"]
[Site "Karlsbad"]
[Date "1911.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Cohn"]
[Black "Nimzowitsch"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "36: The Teachings of Nimzowitsch"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "2q5/p5pk/1p5p/3p1p2/3Pr3/P3PQP1/1P2R1KP/8 b - - 0 63"]
[PlyCount "75"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Can the methods employed here really be classified as maneuvers or merely
marking time?  Nimzowitsch believed the difficulties which the opponent had to
contend with being quite sufficient to justify the decision to play on  } 63...
a5 {The idea is to clear the a7 for the King. Long term planning
} 64. h4 Kg6
65. Kh2 h5 66. Kg2 Kh6 67. Rf2 67... g6 {
Black plays with great patience - typical of a maneuvering scenario
} 68. Rf1
Kg7 69. Rf2 Kf7 70. Kh2 Ke7 71. Re2 71... Qc1 {Black has a lot of freedom, but
as yet cannot create meaningful threats. This game exemplifies the fact that
maneuvering amounts to a "slow" initiative  } 72. Qf2 Kd7 73. Re1 Qc6 74. Kg2
74... Rg4 {There are two weaknesses in the White pawn position - e3 and g3.
The characteristic alternating procedure is to first put one weakness and then
the other under attack  } 75. Rf1 (75. Re2 75... Re4 76. Kh3 Qc1 77. Kg2 Qd1
78. Kh2 78... Qd3 {White is tied down to e3 and can't prevent ... Kb7
}) 75...
Qc7 76. Qf3 Kc8 77. Qf2 Kb8 78. Kh3 78... Ka7 {Black has traveled his King
across from h7 to a7, and has meanwhile fixed the Kingside pawns. The
consequence of this fixing is that White now has permanent weaknesses of g3
and e3. Black's maneuvering axis consists of support points e4 and g4. White's
two weak points are close together and therefore should be easy enough to
defend. The question is whether Black, by combining his concentrated attack on
these two weaknesses with a breakthrough by ... Pg5, or with an invasion down
the c-file, will be able to crack the White defences  } 79. Rg1 79... Qd7 80.
Kh2 (80. -- 80... f4) 80... Qd6 81. Kh3 Qc6 82. Re1 Qe6 83. Kh2 83... Qe4 {
Now white has to seriously watch for the possible breakthrough ... Pg5
} 84.
Kh3 (84. -- g5 85. hxg5 h4) 84... Qe6 85. Kh2 Qe7 86. Kh3 Qe4 87. Rg1 Qe6 88.
Kh2 Re4 89. Rc1 $2 {
White gives up the e-pawn in the hope of getting counterchances. 
} (89. Re1
g5 90. hxg5 h4 91. gxh4 f4 92. g6 f3 93. g7 $132) 89... Rxe3 90. Qf4 Re2+ 91.
Kh3 Ka6 92. b4 axb4 93. axb4 93... Kb5 {With his Queen unable to move for fear
of discovered check, the end is in sight  } 94. Rc7 94... Qe4 {
Forcing the trade of Q's because of mate threats on h1 and g2
} 95. Qxe4 (95.
Qf1 Qg4#) 95... Rxe4 96. Rg7 Re6 97. Rd7 Kc4 98. Kg2 Kxd4 99. Kf3 Kc4 100. b5
d4 0-1

[Event "Ramsgate"]
[Site "Ramsgate"]
[Date "1929.??.??"]
[Round "1"]
[White "Capablanca"]
[Black "Michell"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A25"]
[Annotator "37: Capablanca Maneuvers"]
[PlyCount "121"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. c4 e5 2. Nc3 Nf6 3. g3 Nc6 4. Bg2 g6 5. d3 Bg7 6. Bd2 Ne7 7. Nf3 d6 8. O-O
O-O 9. Qc1 Nh5 10. Bh6 f5 11. Bxg7 Kxg7 12. e3 h6 13. Ne2 Be6 14. Qc3 Kh7 15.
Nd2 c6 16. Rae1 Qd7 17. f4 exf4 18. Nxf4 Nxf4 19. gxf4 Rae8 20. Rf3 {With this 
and the next move Capablanca begins to exert pressure on the g-file. Black
reacts with operations in the centre  } 20... Ng8 21. Rg3 Nf6 22. Bf3 d5 23. b3
23... Rd8 24. d4 (24. -- 24... dxc4 25. Nxc4 Qxd3) 24... Ne4 25. Nxe4 fxe4 26.
Be2 Qe7 27. Rf1 Rf7 28. Qa5 {In order to induce a weakening of Black's
Queenside. Another possibility, of course, would have been Pc5, followed by
Pb4-b5; but in the current situation this would not have had any great effect 
 } (28. c5 28... -- 29. b4) 28... a6 29. Rf2 Bf5 30. Rfg2 Rd6 31. Bg4 {
The struggle is coming to a dead end and Capablanca now attempts to put new
life into the position by exchanging his good Bishop for Black's bad Bishop.
The "bad" Bishop is in fact an important defensive piece  } 31... Bxg4 32. Rxg4
Qd7 33. h4 33... Rf5 {Preventing Ph4-h5
} (33... --) 34. c5 {Now that Kingside
operations have come to a halt, White tries to do something on the Queenside  }
34... Rdf6 35. a4 Qe7 36. Qb6 Re6 37. Qa5 Rh5 38. Qe1 Rf6 39. b4 Qd7 40. Qg3
Qe6 41. Rb2 {At last the moment has arrived when White can force his opponent
into weakening his Queenside  } 41... Rhf5 42. Qg2 Rf7 43. b5 axb5 44. axb5 Rc7
45. Kh2 Qf6 46. Qf1 46... h5 {A difficult decision. This move force White to
play Rg5, after which Black exchanges a pair of Rooks plugs the weaknesses on
g6. At the same time, however, he relievves White of his weak h-pawn. There is
much to be said for retaining the possibility of ... Pg5, or even trying ...
Pg5 at once. On the other hand, Black's plan of getting the position clarified
at last is not to be wholly condemned  } 47. Rg5 Rxg5 48. hxg5 Qf5 49. Qh3 $1
49... Qxh3+ $2 {A serious mistake, giving White the chance to resume his
alternating attacks on both flanks with great effect.  } (49... Kg7 50. Qxf5
gxf5 51. bxc6 bxc6 52. Rb8 52... Ra7 {
The counterattack against White's e-pawn gives Black excellent chances
}) 50.
Kxh3 Kg7 51. Kh4 Kf7 52. bxc6 bxc6 53. Rb8 Re7 (53... Ra7 {
The attack on the e-pawn would come too late
} 54. Rc8 Ra3 55. Rc7+ Kg8 56.
Rxc6 Rxe3 57. Rxg6+) 54. Rc8 Re6 55. Rc7+ Kg8 56. Kg3 Kf8 57. f5 $1 {
The decisive breakthrough
} 57... gxf5 58. Kf4 Re7 59. Rxc6 h4 60. Rh6 Rg7 61.
Rxh4 1-0

[Event "Karlsbad"]
[Site "Karlsbad"]
[Date "1929.??.??"]
[Round "10"]
[White "Capablanca"]
[Black "Treybal"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D30"]
[Annotator "37: Capablanca Maneuvers"]
[PlyCount "115"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 d5 2. c4 c6 3. Nf3 e6 4. Bg5 Be7 5. Bxe7 Qxe7 6. Nbd2 f5 7. e3 Nd7 8. Bd3
Nh6 9. O-O O-O 10. Qc2 g6 11. Rab1 Nf6 12. Ne5 Nf7 13. f4 Bd7 (13... Nxe5 14.
dxe5 Ng4) 14. Ndf3 14... Rfd8 15. b4 Be8 16. Rfc1 a6 17. Qf2 {White has already
begun an attack on one flank, but this move gives notice that he intends to
keep Black busy on the other flank as well  } 17... Nxe5 18. Nxe5 Nd7 19. Nf3
$1 {In dealing with the subject of the initiative we established the principle
that the side with an advantage in space should avoid exchanges. The fact that
we see this principle here during the process of maneuvering is not suprising,
for alternative maneuvers are, as we know, a form of the intiative} 19... Rdc8
(19... dxc4 20. Bxc4 20... Bf7 21. -- 21... Nf6 (21... Nb6)) 20. c5 Nf6 21. a4
Ng4 22. Qe1 Nh6 23. h3 Nf7 24. g4 {White has the initiative on both sides of
the board. The art of maneuvering now is to use the greater speed with which
he can switch his forces from one flank to the other to stretch Black's
cramped defenders to the breaking point  } 24... Bd7 25. Rc2 Kh8 26. Rg2 Rg8
27. g5 {White could no longer leave his pawn on the fourth rank as Black
threatened ... Pg5  } (27. gxf5 $2 {fine for Black
}) 27... Qd8 28. h4 Kg7 (
28... h5 29. gxh6 29... Nxh6 {The g6 square would have been too weak
}) 29. h5
{White has attained an ideal maneuvering position. At any favourable moment he
can open a file for his Rooks on whichever flank he chooses  } 29... Rh8 30.
Rh2 Qc7 31. Qc3 31... Qd8 {Black is completely passive
} 32. Kf2 Qc7 33. Rbh1
Rag8 34. Qa1 Rb8 35. Qa3 {Here and the next few moves Capablanca rather
suprisingly rejects the thematic line Rh3, R1h2 and Qh1 trebling on the h-file
  } 35... Rbg8 36. b5 $1 36... axb5 (36... cxb5 37. h6+ $1 37... Kf8 38. c6+
$18) 37. h6+ {An extremely important moment, in which the actions on the two
flanks seem to converge.  } (37. axb5 37... gxh5 $1 38. Rxh5 38... Ra8 $132)
37... Kf8 38. axb5 Ke7 39. b6 {Now Black is completely encircled
} 39... Qb8
40. Ra1 Rc8 41. Qb4 Rhd8 42. Ra7 {The play on both flanks is at the end and
now White can bring every piece over to the Queenside. The only vulnerable
spot in Black's position is at b7. How can White possibly get at it? In spite
of the terrible grip exerted by White's remarkable V-formation of pawns, the
answer is not easy to see  } 42... Kf8 43. Rh1 Be8 44. Rha1 Kg8 45. R1a4 Kf8
46. Qa3 Kg8 47. Kg3 {The Knight will have to be brought via d2 and b3 to a5 to
intensify the pressure on the b-pawn. Before embarking on this maneuver White
must rule out the possibility of ... Pe5 by Black  } (47. Nd2 e5 48. fxe5 48...
Nxe5 $44 {Black causes some trouble
}) 47... Bd7 48. Kh4 Kh8 49. Qa1 Kg8 50.
Kg3 Kf8 51. Kg2 Be8 52. Nd2 Bd7 53. Nb3 Re8 (53... Be8 54. Na5 Rd7 55. Nxb7
Rxb7 56. Ra8 $18) 54. Na5 Nd8 55. Ba6 $3 {
The brilliant conclusion which Capablanca must have foreseen long ago
} 55...
bxa6 56. Rxd7 Re7 (56... Kg8 57. Nb3 {wins the a-pawn
}) 57. Rxd8+ Rxd8 58.
Nxc6 1-0

[Event "Baden Baden"]
[Site "Baden Baden"]
[Date "1925.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Thomas"]
[Black "Alekhine"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "B02"]
[Annotator "38: Alekhine's Dynamic Maneuvering"]
[PlyCount "106"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 Nf6 2. d3 c5 3. f4 Nc6 4. Nf3 g6 5. Be2 Bg7 6. Nbd2 d5 7. O-O O-O 8. Kh1
b6 9. exd5 $2 9... Qxd5 10. Qe1 Bb7 11. Nc4 Nd4 12. Ne3 Qc6 13. Bd1 Nd5 14.
Nxd4 {This leads to a serious weakening of the c-pawn
} (14. Nxd5 14... Qxd5
15. Rf2) 14... cxd4 15. Nxd5 Qxd5 16. Bf3 Qd7 17. Bxb7 Qxb7 18. c4 {
There was no other way to secure the c-pawn
} (18. Rf2 Rac8 19. a4 Rc5 20. b3
Rfc8 21. Qd1 Qc7 22. Ra2 $17) (18. Bd2 Rac8 19. c4 dxc3 20. Bxc3 {The pawn stru
cture would be exactly the same as in the game, but by trading the Bishops
White could obtain more chances of counterplay against Black's weakened
Kingside  }) 18... dxc3 19. bxc3 Rac8 20. Bb2 (20. Bd2) 20... Rfd8 21. Rf3 Bf6
22. d4 {This fixes both centre pawns on the same colour as their Bishop.
} (
22. Qe2 22... Qa6 23. c4 {In this case White's pawn position would have been
just as badly weakened; but after the exchange of Bishops the possibility of
counterplay against the Black Kingside is certainly not to be ruled out  })
22... Qd5 23. Qe3 Qb5 24. Qd2 24... Rd5 {Here Nimzowitsch would have observed
that the axis for Black's maneuvers is formed by the support points at d5 and
c4  } 25. h3 e6 26. Re1 26... Qa4 {
Reminding White that he also as a weakness at a2
} 27. Ra1 b5 28. Qd1 Rc4 29.
Qb3 Rd6 30. Kh2 Ra6 31. Rff1 Be7 32. Kh1 Rcc6 33. Rfe1 33... Bh4 {
Forcing the Rook off the e-file
} 34. Rf1 (34. Re2 Qxb3 35. axb3 Rxa1+ 36.
Bxa1 Ra6 37. Bb2 Ra2 38. Kh2 38... a5 39. -- 39... a4) 34... Qc4 {
Typical maneuvering style. 
} 35. Qxc4 (35. -- 35... Ra4 36. -- 36... Rca6 {
The Exchange of Queens can no longer be avoided
}) 35... Rxc4 36. a3 (36. --
36... b4) 36... Be7 37. Rfb1 37... Bd6 {Black pauses to force yet another
White pawn onto the same colour as White's Bishop} 38. g3 Kf8 39. Kg2 Ke7 40.
Kf2 Kd7 41. Ke2 Kc6 42. Ra2 {Now that Black's King is reinforcing the defence,
White must be ready to meet ... Rca4  } 42... Rca4 43. Rba1 Kd5 44. Kd3 R6a5
45. Bc1 a6 46. Bb2 {
Black has accomplished all his aims; all that remains is the execution
} 46...
h5 $1 {Threatening to unhinge White's whole game with ... Ph4
} 47. h4 (47. --
47... h4) 47... f6 48. Bc1 e5 49. fxe5 fxe5 50. Bb2 (50. dxe5 Bxe5 51. Bf4 Bxf4
52. gxf4 52... Ke6 53. -- 53... Kf5) 50... exd4 51. cxd4 51... b4 {
Sealing the fate of the a-pawn
} 52. axb4 Rxa2 53. bxa5 Rxb2 0-1

[Event "Dresden (06)"]
[Site "Dresden (06)"]
[Date "1926.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Rubinstein"]
[Black "Alekhine"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "A46"]
[Annotator "38: Alekhine's Dynamic Maneuvering"]
[PlyCount "70"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. Nf3 e6 3. Bf4 b6 4. h3 Bb7 5. Nbd2 Bd6 6. Bxd6 cxd6 7. e3 O-O 8.
Be2 d5 9. O-O Nc6 10. c3 Ne4 11. Nxe4 dxe4 12. Nd2 f5 13. f4 g5 14. Nc4 d5 15.
Ne5 Nxe5 16. dxe5 Kh8 17. a4 $2 {At first sight White's position looks quite
good. He has the better Bishop, and is threatening to take the initiative on
the Queenside with Pa5. The sequel will show that he is being too optimistic  }
(17. g3 17... Rg8 18. Kh2) 17... Rg8 18. Qd2 18... gxf4 $1 19. Rxf4 (19. exf4
Qh4 20. Kh1 Rxg2 21. Kxg2 21... Rg8+ $19) 19... Qg5 20. Bf1 20... Qg3 {
Beginning to maneuver.
} 21. Kh1 (21. -- 21... Qxh3) 21... Qg7 $1 22. Qd4
22... Ba6 {Dashing White's only hope, for he must now give up his good Bishop
for Black's bad one  } 23. Rf2 Qg3 24. Rc2 Bxf1 25. Rxf1 25... Rac8 {
All the time Black operates with threats
} 26. b3 Rc7 27. Re2 Rcg7 28. Rf4 Rc7
29. Rc2 Rcg7 30. Re2 {In the process of maneuvering, it frequently happens
that moves, even whole sequences, are repeated. In the present case the game
has not reached an impasse, as one might think. Black's primary aim is to gain
time, which was probably running short on his clock  } 30... Rg6 $1 31. Qb4 (
31. -- 31... Rh6 32. -- Rxh3+) (31. Qd1 31... Rh6 $22 32. Rf1 (32. Qf1 32...
Qg7) (32. b4 Qg7 33. Qd4 33... Rxh3+) (32. c4 32... d4) 32... Qxe5) 31... Rh6
32. h4 32... Qg7 {
Disdaining the obvious gain of the h-pawn, Black goes after bigger game
} 33.
c4 (33. Qd6 Rg6 34. Rff2 34... f4 $1 35. exf4 e3 36. Rxe3 Rxg2) 33... Rg6 34.
Qd2 34... Rg3 $1 {At last Black occupies the g3 support point, which in the
game has functioned as the "Nimzowitschian" pivot square  } 35. Qe1 (35. Kg1 d4
36. exd4 e3 37. Qc3 Rh3 38. Qd3 38... Qg3 $19 {everything depends on g3
})
35... Rxg2 0-1

[Event "Buenos Aires"]
[Site "Buenos Aires ol-fin (14)"]
[Date "1939.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "Castillo"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A44"]
[Annotator "38: Alekhine's Dynamic Maneuvering"]
[PlyCount "133"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 c5 2. d5 e5 3. e4 d6 4. Nc3 Ne7 5. g3 Ng6 6. h4 Be7 7. h5 Nf8 8. Bb5+
Nbd7 9. a4 a6 10. Be2 h6 11. Be3 Bg5 12. Qd2 Nh7 13. Nf3 Bxe3 14. Qxe3 O-O 15.
Nd2 b6 16. Nc4 Qc7 17. f4 Re8 18. O-O Rb8 19. b3 19... f6 {White has more
space, and thereby the better chances. It is difficult for him to strengthen
his position any further, since it is hard to find a way to conviniently open
a file. Moreover, White must be somewhat cautious as his own King position is
a bit drafty for him to undertake anything reckless. In these circumstances
there is only one possibility left: he must maneuver. Black for his part, has
just as little chance of opening a file without disadvantage  } (19... b5 20.
axb5 axb5 21. Na5 {
Black must maneuver, but his pieces have less room in which to do it
}) 20.
Qf2 Kh8 21. Kh2 21... Ndf8 22. Ne3 (22. -- b5 23. axb5 axb5 24. Na5 24... Bd7)
22... Ra8 23. Rh1 Bd7 24. Qf1 Qb7 25. Kg2 25... Re7 {Until now Black's moves
have appeared to follow a regular patern, with the aim of enforcing ... Pb5.
This last move, however, does not fit into the pattern. Apparently Black has
decided that ... Pb5 is not practicable  } 26. Bd3 Bc8 27. Qf3 Qc7 28. Rhf1 Qd8
29. Nc4 Qc7 30. Kh2 Qd8 31. Be2 Raa7 32. Rab1 Qc7 33. Rf2 Rb7 34. Ra1 Bd7 35.
Ne3 Ra7 36. Raf1 Qb8 37. Ra1 Bc8 38. Qg2 Re8 39. Qf1 Qc7 40. Nc4 Qd8 41. Qd1
Rae7 42. Bg4 $1 {All this looked like aimless woodshifting, but now suddenly
White has achieved something  } 42... exf4 $2 {A familiar occurence after
prolonged maneuvering: the opponent is losing his patience, and feels obliged
to take some definite action  } (42... -- 43. Bxc8 Qxc8 44. Nxd6) 43. gxf4
43... f5 {With an eye on the open position of the White King
} 44. Bh3 $1 {
This suprising riposte poses insoluble problems for Black
} (44. exf5 Re3) (
44. Bxf5 Bxf5 45. exf5 45... Re3 $40) 44... b5 (44... fxe4 45. Bxc8 Qxc8 46.
Nxd6) (44... -- 45. e5) 45. axb5 axb5 46. Nxb5 Rxe4 47. Nbxd6 Qh4 48. Qf3 Nf6
49. Nxe8 Ng4+ 50. Kg2 Rxe8 51. Bxg4 fxg4 52. Qg3 Qxh5 53. f5 $1 53... Bb7 (
53... Bxf5 54. Nd6 $18) 54. Rd1 54... Ng6 {
A last desperate attempt to save the day
} 55. fxg6 Bxd5+ 56. Rxd5 Qxd5+ 57.
Kg1 Re1+ 58. Rf1 Rxf1+ 59. Kxf1 Qf5+ 60. Qf2 Qxg6 61. Qf8+ Kh7 62. Ne3 Qa6+ 63.
Kf2 Qa7 64. Qf5+ g6 65. Qxg4 h5 66. Qf4 Qd7 67. Qe5 1-0

[Event "Hastings"]
[Site "Hastings"]
[Date "1930.??.??"]
[Round "3"]
[White "Sultan Khan"]
[Black "Capablanca"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E12"]
[Annotator "39: Indian Style Maneuvers"]
[PlyCount "137"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. Nf3 Nf6 2. d4 b6 3. c4 Bb7 4. Nc3 e6 5. a3 d5 6. cxd5 exd5 7. Bg5 Be7 8. e3
O-O 9. Bd3 Ne4 10. Bf4 Nd7 11. Qc2 f5 (11... Ndf6) 12. Nb5 12... Bd6 $2 (12...
a6 13. Qxc7 (13. Nxc7 Rc8 14. Ne6 Rxc2 15. Nxd8 15... Rxb2 $1 16. Nxb7 Nxf2)
13... axb5 14. Qxb7 Ndc5 15. dxc5 Nxc5 16. Qc7 16... Nxd3+ $17) 13. Nxd6 cxd6
14. h4 Rc8 15. Qb3 Qe7 16. Nd2 Ndf6 17. Nxe4 fxe4 18. Be2 18... Rc6 {
With the obvious idea of doubling on the c-file
} 19. g4 (19. -- 19... Rfc8)
19... Rfc8 {The d-pawn cannot be saved
} (19... Qe6 20. g5 Nd7 21. Bb5 Rc7 22.
Qb4) 20. g5 Ne8 21. Bg4 Rc1+ 22. Kd2 R8c2+ (22... Rxa1 23. Rxa1 Rc4) 23. Qxc2
Rxc2+ 24. Kxc2 Qc7+ 25. Kd2 Qc4 26. Be2 Qb3 27. Rab1 27... Kf7 {
After this Black is totally devoid of counterplay
} (27... b5 28. -- 28... b4)
(27... Bc6 28. Rhc1 Bb5 29. Rc3 Qa4) 28. Rhc1 Ke7 29. Rc3 Qa4 30. b4 $1 30...
Qd7 (30... -- 31. b5 {Putting the Queen out of play}) 31. Rbc1 {Although it is
clear that White has the advantage, both materially and positionally, the fact
remains that no direct win is possible. Hence White commences maneuvering  }
31... a6 32. Rg1 Qh3 33. Rgc1 Qd7 (33... -- 34. Rc7+ 34... Nxc7 35. Rxc7+ Ke6
36. Rxb7) 34. h5 Kd8 35. R1c2 35... Qh3 {
The Queen is still active, but can achieve nothing
} 36. Kc1 Qh4 37. Kb2 {
Before proceeding with serious maneuvering Whtie places his King in a safe
corner, just as we have seen in the games of Nimzowitsch  } 37... Qh3 38. Rc1
Qh4 39. R3c2 Qh3 40. a4 Qh4 41. Ka3 Qh3 42. Bg3 Qf5 43. Bh4 {
Suddenly White introduces a small finesse} 43... g6 (43... Qh3 44. g6+ 44...
Qxh4 45. gxh7) (43... Kd7 44. Rg1 $1 {Exploitation of the exposed Black King
}
) 44. h6 {What has White achieved by this little intermezzo? In the first
place his h-pawn is no longer vulnerable, and secondly the Black Knight is now
completely immobilized  } 44... Qd7 (44... Qh3 45. Bg3 Qf5 46. Bf4) 45. b5 a5 (
45... axb5 46. Bxb5 {The White Rooks penetrate down the c-file
}) 46. Bg3 Qf5
47. Bf4 Qh3 48. Kb2 Qg2 49. Kb1 Qh3 (49... Qxf2 50. Bh5 Qh4 51. Rh2 {
The Queen is trapped!
}) 50. Ka1 Qg2 51. Kb2 Qh3 52. Rg1 $1 {The decisive
phase is rapidly approaching, with direct threats beginning to appear. Black
now must defend against the threat of  } 52... Bc8 (52... -- 53. Bg4 Qh5 (53...
Qh4 54. f3 $1 54... exf3 55. Bxf3 Qh3 56. Bg4 Qh4 57. Rh2 {trapping the Queen

}) 54. Be6 54... -- 55. Bg8) (52... Qe6 53. Bg4 Qf7 54. Rgc1 Qg8 55. Rc8+ Bxc8
56. Rxc8+ Ke7 57. Rb8 Qh8 58. Rb7+ Kf8 59. Be6 $18) (52... Qd7 53. Bg4 Qe7 54.
Rgc1 Qf7 55. Rc3 Qg8 56. Rc8+ $1) 53. Rc6 $1 53... Qh4 (53... Bb7 54. Bg4 Qh4
55. Rc2 {Hunt for the Queen is on
}) 54. Rgc1 Bg4 (54... Bb7 {
Leads to the exchange of White's worthless f-pawn for Black's valuable b-pawn

} 55. Rxb6 Qxf2 56. Rc2 Bc8 57. Rb8 Nc7 58. Bg4 $18) 55. Bf1 $1 {
Even with check Black can't take the f-pawn
} 55... Qh5 (55... Qxf2+ 56. R6c2
Qg1 57. Rg2 Qh1 58. Rh2 Qg1 (58... Qf3 59. Be2 Qxe2+ 60. Rxe2 Bxe2 61. Rc6 $18)
59. Be2) 56. Re1 (56. -- 56... Be2 $132) 56... Qh1 57. Rec1 (57. Rxb6 {
Too hasty
} 57... Bh3 58. Rc6 Bxf1 59. Rcc1 59... Qf3 $1 60. Rxf1 Qe2+) 57...
Qh5 58. Kc3 $1 58... Qh4 (58... Be2 59. Kd2 Bxf1 60. Rxf1 Qf3 61. Bg3 Qg4 62.
Rfc1 Qxg5 63. Rxb6 Qxh6 64. Rb8+ Ke7 65. Rxe8+ Kxe8 66. b6 $18) 59. Bg3 $1
59... Qxg5 60. Kd2 Qh5 61. Rxb6 {The fall of this pawn robs the Black position
of all cohesion. Against the furious activity of the White pieces there is
nothing to be done  } 61... Ke7 62. Rb7+ Ke6 63. b6 Nf6 64. Bb5 Qh3 65. Rb8 Nd7
(65... Nh5 66. Re8+ Kf7 67. Rc7+ Kf6 68. Rf8+) 66. Re8+ Kf7 67. b7 $1 67... Bh5
68. Re1 Bg4 69. Bxd7 1-0

[Event "Portoroz"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1958.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Averbakh"]
[Black "Neikirch"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C98"]
[Annotator "40: More Recent Game of Maneuver"]
[PlyCount "83"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 O-O 8. c3
d6 9. h3 Na5 10. Bc2 c5 11. d4 Qc7 12. Nbd2 Nc6 13. dxe5 dxe5 14. Nf1 Bd6 15.
Nh4 Ne7 16. Qf3 Rd8 17. Ne3 17... Qc6 $2 18. c4 {White plays for control of d5.
Admittedly this weakens d4, but this is only of academic importance while
Black has no way of occupying it  } 18... Ne8 {
Hoping to reach d4 by wat of c7 and e6
} 19. Bb3 19... b4 (19... -- 20. cxb5
axb5 21. Qxf7+) 20. Nd5 20... Qb7 {
This allows White to post the Bishop actively on a4.
} (20... a5 21. Bg5 Ra7)
21. Ba4 Nc7 22. Bg5 Ncxd5 (22... Ne6 23. Bxe7 Bxe7 (23... Nd4 24. Nf6+ Kh8 25.
Qh5 $18) 24. Bc6 $1) (22... f6 23. Nxf6+ gxf6 24. Qxf6 $40) 23. cxd5 f6 24. Be3
24... Bd7 {Now the siege on the c-pawn begins
} (24... c4 25. Rac1) 25. Bxd7
Qxd7 26. Rac1 Rdc8 27. Rc4 Rab8 28. b3 Rc7 29. Rec1 Rb5 30. g4 $1 {The familiar
motif: with most of the Black forces tied to the defence of the c-pawn, White
opens a second front on the other side of the board  } 30... g5 31. Ng2 Kg7 32.
h4 h6 33. h5 $1 {Denying Black use of g6
} 33... a5 34. Ne1 Qc8 35. Nd3 35...
f5 {A rather desperate attempt to get some counterplay. Black is totally tied
up by the need to defend the c-pawn. It is sufficiently protected now, but
after White plays Qe2, Pf3 and Qf2 it would be lost anyway  } (35... -- 36. Qe2
36... -- 37. f3 -- 38. Qf2) 36. exf5 Ng8 37. Re1 {
Now the Black pawn is going to suffer
} 37... Nf6 38. Bc1 $1 38... Rf7 (38...
e4 39. Rcxe4 Nxe4 40. Qxe4) 39. Bb2 Qc7 40. Rce4 $1 {Beautifully decisive
}
40... Nxe4 41. Qxe4 Kf6 42. Nxe5 1-0

[Event "01"]
[Site "Zurich  (19.05.59)"]
[Date "1959.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Blau"]
[Black "Keres"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C85"]
[Annotator "40: More Recent Game of Maneuver"]
[PlyCount "118"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Bxc6 dxc6 7. Qe1 Be6 8.
d3 Nd7 9. b3 c5 10. Bb2 f6 11. Nbd2 O-O 12. Qe3 12... Nb8 {The Knight is
heading for d4 via c6. At d4 it may be exchanged, in which case Black
dissolves his doubled pawns by the recapture; or if it is driven back by c3
the White d-pawn is left weakened  } 13. Rfd1 Nc6 14. c3 Qe8 15. Rac1 Rd8 16.
Nf1 {White could have advanced his backward d-pawn, but this advance of course,
has the drawbakc of allowing Black to get rid of his doubled c-pawns. Also the
position would be opened up for the two Bishops  } (16. d4 cxd4 17. cxd4 exd4
18. Nxd4 Nxd4 19. Bxd4 19... Qh5 $1 20. Rxc7 20... Bd6 {
So, one way or another it seems best for White to continue maneuvering
})
16... Rf7 17. Ng3 Bf8 18. Rd2 {White gives up his last good chance to play d4

} 18... Rfd7 19. Rcd1 19... a5 $1 {Now that the d-pawn has been definitely
relegated to the status of backward pawn it is a weakness. Black therefore
loses no time in seeking to create a second weakness in White's position  } 20.
Ne2 (20. d4 cxd4 21. cxd4 exd4 22. Nxd4 Bc5) 20... a4 21. bxa4 (21. c4) 21...
Ra8 $1 22. Nc1 (22. d4 cxd4 23. cxd4 Bb4) 22... Rxa4 23. c4 {
Not an easy decision, but White had only unpleasant choices here
} (23. Ba1
Qa8) 23... Nd4 24. h3 g6 25. Bxd4 cxd4 26. Qe2 Qa8 27. Rc2 27... Rd6 {
Now the game acquires a new aspect and Black begins to maneuver in earnest
against the enemy weak points  } 28. Nd2 Rb6 29. Ndb3 Ra3 30. Kh2 c5 31. g3 {
In order to play Pf4 later, but he is never able to get it in
} 31... Qc8 32.
Qf1 Bh6 33. Qg2 Bd7 34. Re2 Qc7 35. Rde1 {White indirectly prevents ... Pf5
but putting indirect pressure against Black's e-pawn  } 35... Re6 36. Qf3 {
Again restraining ... Pf5
} 36... Kg7 37. Rc2 Ba4 38. Rb2 Rb6 39. Ree2 $2
39... Rb4 (39... Bxc1 40. Nxc1 40... Bd1 $19 {
both players overlook the win of the exchange
}) 40. Qg2 {Up until now
White's defensive lines have held under heavy pressure. All the same he has
had to concede terrain, and his pieces have been forced back all along the
line. In the closing phase of the game Black decides to give up the two
Bishops, as in this way he is able to facilitate the attack on the d-pawn  }
40... b5 $1 41. cxb5 Bxc1 42. Nxc1 Rc3 43. Qf1 Bxb5 44. Rec2 Ba4 45. Nb3 (45.
Rxc3 Rxb2 46. Ra3 Qa5) (45. Rxb4 cxb4 46. Rxc3 Qxc3) 45... Qb6 $1 (45... Rxc2
46. Rxc2 Bxb3 47. axb3 Rxb3 48. Qc1 $1) 46. Qc1 Bxb3 47. axb3 Rbxb3 48. Ra2 (
48. Rxb3 Qxb3 49. Rxc3 dxc3 50. Qa1 c2 51. Qa7+ Kh6 52. Qxc5 Qxd3 53. Qf8+ Kg5
54. h4+ 54... Kg4 $1 $19) 48... Rxd3 49. Rxc5 Rdc3 50. Rxc3 dxc3 51. Rc2 Rb2
52. Kg2 g5 53. h4 53... Qb7 {The e-pawn can't be saved
} 54. Rxc3 (54. f3
54... Qb3 $19) (54. Kf3 g4+ 55. Ke3 Qb6+ 56. Kd3 Qd4+) 54... Qxe4+ 55. Rf3 Rb3
56. Qd1 Qxf3+ 57. Qxf3 Rxf3 58. Kxf3 gxh4 59. gxh4 f5 0-1

[Event "Wageningen"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1957.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Olfasson"]
[Black "Alster"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A80"]
[Annotator "40: More Recent Game of Maneuver"]
[PlyCount "167"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 f5 2. Nc3 d5 3. Bg5 g6 4. h4 Bg7 5. Qd2 Nc6 6. Nf3 Nf6 7. Bh6 Bxh6 8.
Qxh6 Be6 9. e3 Qd7 10. Bb5 Ng4 11. Qf4 a6 12. Bxc6 Qxc6 13. Ne5 Nxe5 14. Qxe5
Kd7 15. O-O-O Qd6 16. Ne2 c6 17. Nf4 Rhg8 18. Rd3 b6 19. Rb3 Rab8 20. Nd3 Qxe5
21. Nxe5+ Kd6 22. f4 22... c5 {The art of maneuvering is by no means peculiar
to the middlegame. It is precisely in the ending that typical alternating
tactics are frequently necessary in order to turn some definite advantage into
a win.   The presence of four Rooks means that it retains some middlegame
character, but even so the Knight is stronger than the bad Bishop. For the
time being, however, this advantage is not a decisive one. White has the
iniative and uses it to carry out the following maneuvers  } 23. Ra3 Ra8 24.
Rd3 {to avoid having his Rook cut off from play by Black's ... Pc5-c4
} 24...
Kc7 25. Rh3 Rad8 26. Rd1 Rg7 27. Rg3 Rdg8 28. Rh1 Kd6 29. Kd2 Bc8 30. Ke2 Be6
31. Kf2 Bf7 (31... h5 32. Rg5 (32. c3 c4 33. Rb1 {
White transfers the zone of battle to the Queenside
}) 32... Bd7 33. Rh3 c4
34. Rhg3 34... Be8 {White is getting nowhere on the Kside
}) (31... h6 32. h5
g5) 32. h5 $1 32... Rf8 {Black has to allow the weakening of his pawns
} (
32... gxh5 33. Nxf7+) 33. hxg6 Bxg6 (33... hxg6 34. Rh6) 34. Rh6 Rfg8 35. Nf3
35... e6 36. Ng5 Rc7 37. c3 c4 38. Nf3 {
White begins to maneuver with the goal of creating a second weakness
} (38.
Rgh3 Rgg7) 38... b5 39. Ke1 b4 40. Kd2 (40. cxb4 c3 41. bxc3 Rxc3 42. Kd2 Rgc8)
40... bxc3+ (40... a5 {maintaining tension
}) 41. Kxc3 Rb7 42. Ne5 Rbg7 (42...
Rgb8 43. Nxg6 hxg6 44. Rgxg6 Rxb2 45. Rxe6+ $18) 43. b3 cxb3 44. axb3 Rb8 45.
Nd3 (45. Nxg6 Rbg8) 45... Re7 46. Rh1 {
White has forced teh second weakness. Now he fastens on the Black a-pawn
}
46... a5 47. Ra1 Ra8 48. Nc5 Raa7 49. Ra2 Kc6 50. Rh3 Kb5 51. Rh1 Be8 52. Rb1
Kc6 (52... -- 53. b4 axb4+ 54. Rxb4+ Kc6 55. Rxa7 Rxa7 56. Nxe6) 53. Kd3 Kb5
54. Kc3 Kc6 55. Rbb2 h5 56. b4 {Since White is getting no farther with his
attack on the Black a-pawn, he decides to exchange it for his own destitute
b-pawn. This, however, is simplifications which improves Black's drawing
chances  } 56... axb4+ 57. Kxb4 Kd6 58. Kc3 Bc6 (58... -- 59. Rb6+ Bc6 60. Rxa7
Rxa7 61. Nxe6 $1 61... Ra3+ 62. Kd2 Ra2+ 63. Kd3 Rxg2 64. Nd8 Kc7 65. Rxc6+
Kxd8 66. Rd6+ $16) 59. Kd2 {Before understanding anything further White
transfers his King to the other flank  } 59... h4 60. Ke1 60... Rxa2 {
This is inevitable in the long run, for otherwise White will bring his King to
h3  } 61. Rxa2 Rh7 62. Ra6 62... h3 $1 {Indirectly protecting his e-file, and
at the same time dissolving one of his weaknesses  } 63. gxh3 Rxh3 64. Kf2 Rh2+
65. Kg3 Rh6 66. Nd3 {e5 and c5 are axis of White's operations
} 66... Kc7 67.
Ra7+ 67... Kd8 $2 {The final mistake
} (67... Kd6 68. Ne5 68... Be8 {
unclear how White progresses
}) 68. Nc5 {Now that the Black King can no
longer protect the e-pawn, this duty must be permanently undertakes by the
Rooks. This allows White's K to enter the front line in person  } 68... Be8 69.
Kf2 Rh2+ 70. Ke1 Rh6 71. Kd2 Bh5 72. Kc3 Ke8 73. Kb4 Bf7 74. Nd7 {Now White can
attack the Black position with his Knight at one end of the axis (e5) and his
King at the other end (c5)  } 74... Rh3 75. Ne5 Bh5 76. Kc5 Rxe3 77. Kd6 Kf8
78. Kxe6 Re4 79. Kf6 Kg8 80. Rg7+ Kh8 81. Rg3 $1 81... Bg4 82. Ra3 $1 82... Kg8
83. Ra8+ Kh7 84. Nf7 1-0

[Event "Beverwijk"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1953.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Rossolimo"]
[Black "Euwe"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C50"]
[Annotator "41: Liquidation in the Opening"]
[PlyCount "135"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Be7 4. d4 d6 5. dxe5 dxe5 6. Qxd8+ Bxd8 7. Nc3 {
White's liquidation has simplified the position, but Black's game is not easy

} 7... f6 {Protecting the e-pawn, so that Black can now threaten to drive the
Bc4 off its important diagonal with ... Na5  } (7... Nf6 8. Bb5 Bd7 9. O-O O-O
10. Re1 Re8 11. Bg5 a6 12. Rad1) 8. a3 Na5 9. Ba2 b6 10. Be3 Nb7 (10... Ba6 11.
Nd2 $1) 11. O-O-O Nd6 12. Nd2 {Black has been losing time, therefore White
avails himself of the chance to improve the placing of his pieces. This move
casts an eye towards the c4 squares while also making Pf4 possible  } 12... Ne7
13. Nc4 13... Nxc4 $2 {This is a typical mistake: Black thinks he is easing
his defence by exchanging. He should have played ... Nf7, overprotecting his
e-pawn, an important precaution in the event of a White Pf4  } (13... Nf7) 14.
Bxc4 c6 15. Ne2 (15. b4 {to obtain the d5 support point
}) 15... Bc7 16. h3
16... Bd7 $2 17. Ng3 $1 (17. Bf7+ Kxf7 18. Rxd7 Rac8 19. -- 19... Rhd8 {
White need not hurry with the liquidation
}) 17... h5 {Practically forced
} (
17... -- 18. Nh5) (17... g6 18. Bh6 18... -- 19. Bg7 {winning the exchange: a
clear demonstration of the strength of the Bishop on c4  }) (17... Rd8 18. Nh5
18... Kf8 19. Rd2 Be8 20. Nxf6 $1 20... gxf6 21. Bh6#) 18. Bf7+ Kxf7 19. Rxd7
Rac8 20. Nf5 $1 {Forestalling for the time being the possibility of having the
Rook forced off by Black's ... Rhd8  } 20... Rhe8 21. Rhd1 Kf8 22. Nd6 Bxd6 23.
R1xd6 {White's advantage is now decisive
} 23... Ra8 24. a4 {Such moves are
characteristic of the theme "The Struggle for the Diagonals". White strives to
bring his Bishop back to life by opening a diagonal  } 24... c5 {
Temporarily closing the diagonal
} 25. Re6 Kf7 26. Red6 {
White maneuvers in search of a better plan
} (26. Rc6) 26... Kf8 27. Kd2 $1 {
Here is one greate advantage of liquidation in the opening: the King himself
can play an active part in the fight  } 27... Rec8 28. Kc3 Nc6 29. Kc4 Nd8 (
29... Nd4 30. c3) 30. c3 Nf7 31. Rd2 (31. Re6) 31... Ke8 32. Kb5 32... Rd8 {
Now White must liquidate further
} 33. Rxd8+ Nxd8 (33... Rxd8 34. Rxd8+ Nxd8 (
34... Kxd8 35. Ka6) 35. a5) 34. a5 $1 34... Rb8 35. axb6 Rxb6+ (35... axb6 36.
Rd6 {Black must lose a pawn
}) 36. Kxc5 Nb7+ 37. Kd5 Ra6 38. b4 Kd7 39. Kc4+ {
Operating at the head of his troops, the King does not feel altogether safe.
He therefore retires in order to prepare for c4. It is clear that this move
could not be played forthwith!  } 39... Nd6+ 40. Kb3 Kc7 41. f3 Ra1 (41... Nb5
42. Rd5 $1) 42. Bc5 Ne8 43. Kb2 Ra6 44. Rd1 Kc8 45. Kb3 Nc7 46. c4 Ne6 47. Be3
Nf4 48. b5 Re6 49. Bxf4 exf4 50. Rd5 g6 51. c5 Kc7 52. Kc4 Re8 53. Rd6 f5 54.
Rxg6 fxe4 55. Rg7+ Kb8 56. fxe4 Rxe4+ 57. Kd5 Re8 58. c6 Re2 59. Rb7+ Ka8 60.
Rf7 Kb8 61. Rb7+ Ka8 62. Rf7 Kb8 63. Rxf4 Rxg2 64. Rf8+ Kc7 65. Rf7+ Kb8 66.
Rb7+ Ka8 67. Rh7 Rg5+ 68. Kd6 1-0

[Event "ol"]
[Site "ol"]
[Date "1954.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Prins"]
[Black "Kotov"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A53"]
[Annotator "41: Liquidation in the Opening"]
[PlyCount "103"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 d6 3. Nc3 e5 4. dxe5 dxe5 5. Qxd8+ Kxd8 6. Bg5 Be7 7. Nf3 Nbd7
8. Bh4 {A multi-purpose move. White clears g5 for occupation by a Knight, and
at the same time prepares to plant the Bishop on g3, attacking the e-pawn. In
itself this attack is nothing unusual, but the presence of the Bishop on g3
has an ulterior significance. The structure of the position will sooner or
later require Black to play ... Pc6, and the ideal post for his King would
typically be on c7, after which he could complete his development. However, it
is clear that the existence of a White Bishop on g3 would defeat Black's idea.
As a result the Black King will be relegated to staying in the centre, with
all the dangers that implies  } 8... c6 9. O-O-O (9. Bg3 9... Bd6) 9... Ng4 (
9... Kc7 10. Bg3 Bd6 (10... Ng4 11. h3) 11. c5 $1 11... Nxc5 12. Nxe5) 10. Bg3
10... f6 {In this way Black tries to build a barrier against the enemy Bishop
while solidly protecting the e-pawn  } 11. Nh4 Nh6 12. e4 Bb4 13. Be2 $1 {
This is logical. Since White means to take advantage of the insecurity of
Black's King in the centre, he doesn't shrink from doubling of his c-pawn, the
exchange would open more lines against Black's King  } 13... Ke7 14. f4 $1 {
The indicated means of freeing the Bishop} 14... exf4 15. Bxf4 g5 (15... Nf7
16. Nf5+) (15... Ne5 {An exchange on h6 would ease White's game
}) 16. Be3 Ne5
17. Nf3 Nhg4 18. Bg1 Be6 19. Nd4 $3 19... Bxc3 (19... Nxc4 20. Nxe6 Kxe6 21.
Bxc4+) (19... Bxc4 20. Nf5+ Ke6 (20... Kf7 21. h3 Bxc3 22. Nd6+ Ke7 23. Nxc4
$18 {winning a piece
}) (20... Kf8 21. h3 Bxc3 22. Bc5+ Kg8 23. Bxc4+ Nxc4 24.
Rd7 {These variations make it clear that the Black King is exposed to all
sorts of dangers in the middle, in spite of the exchange of Queen  }) 21. h3
Bxc3 22. Rd6+ Kf7 23. Bxc4+ Nxc4 24. Rd7+ Ke8 25. Re7+ Kd8 26. bxc3 $16 {
White dominates
}) 20. bxc3 Nh6 (20... Bxc4 21. Nf5+ Ke6 22. Rd6+ Kf7 23.
Bxc4+ Nxc4 24. Rd7+) 21. Nxe6 Kxe6 22. c5 Rhd8 23. Bd4 {Obviously White avoids
further liquidation. His one aim now is to keep the pieces on the board;
otherwise his attack would fizzle out  } 23... Nhf7 24. Rhf1 Ke7 25. Rf2 Rf8
26. Bh5 $1 26... Nh8 (26... -- 27. Bxf7 Rxf7 28. Bxe5 fxe5 29. Rxf7+ Kxf7 30.
Rd7+ $16) 27. Bxe5 fxe5 28. Rf5 $1 {Forcing a further exchange
} 28... Rxf5
29. exf5 Rf8 30. g4 b6 (30... Nf7 31. Bxf7 Rxf7 32. Rd6) 31. Rd6 Rf6 32. Rxf6
Kxf6 33. Kd2 $2 (33. cxb6) 33... Ng6 $2 (33... bxc5 34. Kd3 Ng6 35. fxg6 hxg6
36. Bxg6 $11) 34. fxg6 hxg6 35. cxb6 $1 35... axb6 36. c4 gxh5 (36... c5 37.
Bxg6 Kxg6 38. Kd3 $18) 37. c5 $1 37... b5 38. gxh5 g4 39. Ke3 Kg5 40. Ke4 Kxh5
41. Kxe5 Kh4 42. Kf6 $1 {The winning idea. Before going after the c-pawn White
must get rid of the Black g-pawn or else win a tempo  } 42... Kh5 (42... Kh3
43. Kg5 $18) 43. a3 Kh6 44. Ke6 Kh5 45. Kd6 Kh4 46. Kxc6 Kh3 47. Kxb5 Kxh2 48.
c6 g3 49. c7 g2 50. c8=Q g1=Q 51. Qh8+ Kg2 52. Qg8+ $18 1-0

[Event "AVRO"]
[Site "AVRO"]
[Date "1938.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Fine"]
[Black "Alekhine"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C76"]
[Annotator "41: Liquidation in the Opening"]
[PlyCount "91"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 d6 5. O-O Bd7 6. c3 g6 7. d4 Bg7 8. dxe5
Nxe5 9. Nxe5 dxe5 10. f4 {A suprising advance. Once might expect that a
weakening of White's e-pawn would prove to be a serious matter in the
subsequent play, but the fact is that it is Black who has great difficulties
because of the open f-file  } 10... Bxa4 (10... Bb5 11. Bxb5+ axb5 12. Qb3 Qd7
13. fxe5 Bxe5 14. Na3 c6 15. Bf4) 11. Qxa4+ Qd7 (11... b5 12. Qb3 {
Black's Queenside is seriously weakened
}) 12. Qxd7+ Kxd7 13. fxe5 Ke6 14. Bf4
{This is the position at which White was aiming when he played 10. Pf4.
Clearly Black can't win back the pawn at once, since if he captures on e5, he
leaves the f-pawn unprotected. It is also clear that the White e-pawn cannot
be held indefinitely. Fine actually sized up the situation very acutely. The
recapture of the e-pawn will cost previous time which White will be able to
put to good use. Despite the relatively reduced material, the position of the
Black King in the centre will be a focal point of key tactical blows later  }
14... Rf8 15. Nd2 Bxe5 16. Nb3 Bxf4 17. Rxf4 (17. Nc5+ Kd6 18. Nxb7+ Kc6 19.
Na5+ 19... Kb5 $19) 17... b6 18. a4 $1 18... Ke5 $2 (18... a5) 19. g3 $1 {
Black very likely overlooked the force of this innocent move.   The advantage
of White's actual move is that his Queen Rook remains on its own file - a very
important point in view of the threatened a5  } (19. Raf1 f5 20. g4 Ne7) 19...
Nf6 (19... g5 20. Rf5+ Kxe4 21. Raf1 {mating net
}) (19... a5 20. Nd4 Nf6 21.
Nf3+ Ke6 22. Ng5+ Ke5 23. Raf1 {winning the f-pawn
}) 20. Nd2 Nh5 (20... Nd7)
21. Rf2 Ke6 (21... a5 22. b4) 22. a5 $1 22... Ra8 (22... b5 23. Nb3) 23. Raf1
Rhd8 (23... Rhf8 24. g4 Ng7 25. axb6 cxb6 26. Rf6+ {Wining the b-pawn
}) 24.
Nf3 Ke7 (24... -- 25. Ng5+ (25. Nd4+)) (24... f6 25. Nd4+ Kd7 26. g4) 25. axb6
cxb6 26. Ng5 h6 (26... f6 27. Nxh7 Rd6 28. g4) 27. Rxf7+ Kd6 28. Nf3 g5 29. Nd4
Re8 30. Rh7 Rh8 31. Rff7 Rxh7 32. Rxh7 Rf8 33. Rxh6+ Nf6 34. Nf3 Kc5 35. Nd2 g4
36. Rg6 Nd7 37. Rxg4 Ne5 38. Rg5 Kd6 39. Rf5 Rd8 40. Nf3 Nd3 41. Rd5+ Ke7 42.
Rxd8 Kxd8 43. b3 Ke7 44. Nd2 a5 45. Kf1 b5 46. Ke2 1-0

[Event "USA"]
[Site "It New York"]
[Date "1927.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Spielmann"]
[Black "Capablanca"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "B15"]
[Annotator "42: Liquidation for Defensive Reasons"]
[PlyCount "59"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Nf6 5. Ng3 Bg4 6. Qd3 Nbd7 7. h3 Bh5 8.
Nxh5 Nxh5 9. Nf3 e6 10. g3 Bd6 11. Bg2 O-O 12. O-O Qc7 13. b3 Nhf6 14. Bb2
14... e5 {Capablanca plays for exchanges, apparently on the grounds that White,
if undisturbed, could build up a strong position by Rfe1 followed in due
course by Pc4  } 15. dxe5 Nxe5 16. Qf5 {The idea behind this move is to
prevent Black taking the sting out of the White Bishop pair by playing ...
Nxf3+ followed by ... Be5  } 16... Rfe8 17. Rfe1 Nxf3+ 18. Bxf3 Rxe1+ 19. Rxe1
Re8 20. Rxe8+ 20... Nxe8 {Black has exchanged a lot of material, but he is
still under some pressure, mainly due to the White Bishop pair  } 21. Bg4 21...
Qe7 $132 (21... -- 22. Qc8) 22. Kf1 (22. Qc8 Qe1+ 23. Kg2 23... Bc5) 22... Bb4
23. c3 Nd6 24. Qd3 Ba5 25. Ba3 (25. b4 25... Bc7 26. c4 {Alekhine
}) 25... Bc7
26. c4 Qe5 27. Qe2 Qxe2+ 28. Kxe2 {
} 28... b6 {In this position the players
agreed to a draw. According to Alekhine in the tournament book, White still
had the better of it. He could have maintained a promising iniative, either by
    } 29. c5 (29. Kd3 c5 30. b4) 29... Nb5 30. cxb6 1/2-1/2

[Event "St. Petersburg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1914.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Marshall"]
[Black "Lasker"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "42: Liquidation for Defensive Reasons"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r3r1k1/pp1b2bp/1q1p2p1/2nP2B1/3p3Q/3B1N1P/PP4P1/3R1RK1 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "31"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1... Ba4 {Attacking the Rook
} (1... Nxd3 2. Rxd3 Bb5 3. Rb3) 2. Bxg6 {
Leading to a remarkable liquidation
} (2. b3 Nxd3 3. Rxd3 (3. bxa4 3... Nb2 4.
-- 4... d3+) 3... Bb5 $19) 2... hxg6 3. Bd8 3... Qxd8 4. Ng5 Qxg5 5. Qxg5 Bxd1
6. Qxg6 6... Bc2 $1 {One of the basic principles of good defence ... the
willingness to give back any material gained  } (6... -- 7. Rf7) 7. Qxc2 d3 8.
Qd1 8... a5 {Now with Rook and two minor pieces, together with a powerful
passed pawn, Black has more than sufficient compensation for the Queen  } 9.
Qg4 Rf8 10. Rd1 Rae8 11. Qg6 Re2 12. Rf1 (12. Rxd3 Nxd3 13. Qxd3 Re1+ 14. Kh2
14... Be5+ $19) 12... d2 13. Rxf8+ Kxf8 14. Qxd6+ Kg8 15. Qd8+ Kh7 16. Qh4+ Bh6
0-1

[Event "Amsterdam"]
[Site "Amsterdam"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Bronstein"]
[Black "Panno"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "E86"]
[Annotator "42: Liquidation for Defensive Reasons"]
[PlyCount "37"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{By means of liquidation White forestalls the threatened attack on his King
} 
1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 g6 3. d4 Bg7 4. e4 d6 5. f3 e5 6. Nge2 c6 7. Be3 O-O 8. Qd2
Qa5 9. O-O-O b5 10. cxb5 cxb5 11. dxe5 dxe5 12. Nd5 $1 12... Qxd2+ (12... Qxa2
13. Nc7 $18 {winning the exchange
}) 13. Rxd2 Nxd5 14. exd5 {White has not
only stopped the threatened attack against his castled position, but also
secured the better game, his passed d-pawn being an especially strong asset  }
14... b4 15. Ng3 f5 16. Bg5 Nd7 17. Bb5 Rb8 18. Bc6 Kf7 19. Rc2 {We stop at
s poinst since the issues of primary interest in this liquidation process have
been clarified. White has an ongoing initiative  } 1/2-1/2

[Event "Sweden v USSR"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1954.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Sterner"]
[Black "Boleslavsky"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "42: Liquidation for Defensive Reasons"]
[PlyCount "44"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A futile liquidation
} 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6
6. Be2 e5 7. Nb3 Be7 8. O-O O-O 9. Be3 Be6 10. f4 a5 11. fxe5 {Played, presumab
ly, out of fear of the opponent's world-class ranking. Fear, however, is a
poor counselor. In view of the nature of Black's position - backward d-pawn
and consequent weakness of d5, best was  } (11. f5 Bc8 12. Bc4) 11... dxe5 12.
Qxd8 Rfxd8 13. Rfd1 (13. Nc5 Bxc5 14. Bxc5 Nd4 15. Bd3 (15. Be7 15... Nxe4 $1
16. Bxd8 Nxc3 17. bxc3 Nxe2+ 18. Kf2 Rxd8 19. Kxe2 19... Bc4+ {
combinative liquidation
}) 15... Nd7 16. Ba3 Rac8) 13... Nb4 14. Rxd8+ Bxd8
15. Bd3 a4 16. Nd2 (16. Nc5 Bb6) 16... a3 17. b3 Ng4 18. Bc5 (18. Nf1 Rc8 19.
Bd2 19... Bb6+ $18) (18. Nd1 Nxe3 19. Nxe3 Bb6 20. Ndf1 20... Bd4 {
winning the a-pawn
}) 18... Nxd3 19. cxd3 Rc8 20. Bb4 (20. d4 b6 21. Bb4 Ne3
22. Nd5 (22. d5 Nc2 23. Rc1 Nxb4 24. dxe6 Bg5 25. exf7+ Kf8) 22... exd4 23.
Ne7+ Bxe7 24. Bxe7 Rc2 25. Bb4 Rb2) 20... Bb6+ 21. Kf1 Ne3+ 22. Ke2 Nc2 0-1

[Event "New York"]
[Site "New"]
[Date "1918.??.??"]
[Round "7"]
[White "Marshall"]
[Black "Capablanca"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D64"]
[Annotator "42: Liquidation for Defensive Reasons"]
[PlyCount "78"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Capablanca liquidates in order to repel an attack
} 1. d4 d5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. c4
e6 4. Nc3 Nbd7 5. Bg5 Be7 6. e3 O-O 7. Rc1 c6 8. Qc2 dxc4 9. Bxc4 Nd5 10. Bxe7
Qxe7 11. O-O Nxc3 12. Qxc3 b6 13. e4 Bb7 14. Rfe1 Rfd8 15. d5 15... Nc5 $1 {
To have taken the d-pawn would have opened teh e-file, which would have given
White a strong initiative. Now Black threatens to destroy the White pawn
centre by ... Nxe4!  } 16. dxe6 (16. -- Nxe4 17. Rxe4 cxd5 18. Rg4 f5) 16...
Nxe6 17. Bxe6 Qxe6 18. Nd4 $1 {Offering a pawn for attacking chances
} 18...
Qe5 $1 {Capablanca sidesteps any White attacking chances with this brilliant
liquidation, by which he gains excellent counterpay at the cost of a pawn  } (
18... Qxa2 19. Nf5 f6 20. e5 fxe5 (20... Qf7 21. Nxg7 Kxg7 22. exf6+ Qxf6 23.
Re7+) 21. Rxe5) 19. Nxc6 Qxc3 20. Rxc3 Rd2 21. Rb1 (21. Ne7+ Kf8 22. Rc7 22...
Re8 $1 (22... Bxe4 23. f3 $16) 23. Rxb7 (23. Ng6+ fxg6 24. Rxb7 24... Rxe4 $1)
23... Rxe7 24. Rb8+ Re8 25. Rxe8+ 25... Kxe8 {
Theoretical draw since Black's active Rook offsets the extra pawn
}) 21... Re8
22. e5 (22. f3 f5 23. exf5 Ree2) 22... g5 $1 {
Preventing Pf4 while giving air to the King
} 23. h4 gxh4 24. Re1 (24. f4 Re6
25. -- 25... Rg6 {putting the g-pawn under pressure
}) 24... Re6 25. Rec1 (25.
Nxa7 Rg6) 25... Kg7 26. b4 b5 (26... -- 27. b5) 27. a3 Rg6 28. Kf1 Ra2 29. Kg1
$22 {White is in zugzwang!
} 29... h3 30. g3 a6 31. e6 Rxe6 32. g4 (32. Nd4
h2+ 33. Kxh2 Rh6+ 34. Kg1 Rh1#) 32... Rh6 33. f3 (33. g5 h2+ 34. Kh1 Rxc6 35.
Rxc6 Rxf2) 33... Rd6 34. Ne7 34... Rdd2 {
Rooks doubled on the sevent rank - every chessplayers dream!
} 35. Nf5+ Kf6
36. Nh4 Kg5 37. Nf5 Rg2+ 38. Kf1 Rh2 39. f4+ Kxf4 0-1

[Event "Beverwijk"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1957.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Toran"]
[Black "Donner"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C97"]
[Annotator "43: Liquidation to Preserve an Advantage"]
[PlyCount "61"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3
O-O 9. h3 Na5 10. Bc2 c5 11. d4 Qc7 12. Nbd2 Re8 13. Nf1 g6 14. Ne3 Bf8 15. b4
cxb4 16. cxb4 16... Nc6 $2 17. Bb2 Bb7 18. Bb3 Bg7 19. Rc1 Qd8 20. dxe5 Nxe5 (
20... dxe5 21. Nd5 $16) 21. Bxe5 {A suprising exchange of the strong Bishop on
b2; however this is the point of the liquidation. White will force through an
attack on f7  } 21... dxe5 22. Qxd8 Raxd8 23. Rc7 23... Rd7 {All forced
} 24.
Rxd7 Nxd7 25. Ng5 {The attack on f7 is decisive
} 25... Re7 (25... Rc8 26.
Nxf7 Kf8 27. Nd6 $18) 26. Rc1 Bh6 (26... -- 27. Nxf7 27... Rxf7 28. Rc7) 27.
Nxf7 Bxe3 28. fxe3 Kg7 29. Rc7 Bxe4 (29... Ba8 30. Nd6 Kf6 31. Rc8 Nb6 32. Rb8
$18) 30. Nd6 30... Bf5 31. g4 1-0

[Event "Moskva"]
[Site "Moskva"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "18"]
[White "Capablanca"]
[Black "Eliskases"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "43: Liquidation to Preserve an Advantage"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "8/pp2r2k/2p1p1pq/3pP1Rr/1P1P1PQP/P5KR/8/8 b - - 0 45"]
[PlyCount "18"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Liquidation into a won Rook and pawn ending
} 45... Kg7 (45... Re8 46. Rxh5 (
46. Kf3 Re7 47. Rg3 Rxh4 48. Rxg6 Rxg4 49. Rxh6+ Kxh6 50. Rxg4 Rg7 51. Rh4+ Kg6
52. Rh8 Re7 53. Kg4 Kg7 54. Ra8 a6 55. Kg5 $22) 46... gxh5 {
gives White nothing
}) 46. Rxh5 Qxh5 47. Qxh5 gxh5 48. f5 $1 {
This pawn sacrifice allows the decisive entry of White's King
} 48... exf5 49.
Kf4 Re6 (49... Rf7 50. Rg3+) 50. Kxf5 50... Rg6 {Thus ruling out White's
threat of Rg3-g5; but now White's King enters with effect  } 51. e6 Rg4 52. Ke5
Re4+ 53. Kd6 Rxd4 54. Re3 1-0

[Event "Bad Neuenahr"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1957.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Jager"]
[Black "Troger"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D05"]
[Annotator "43: Liquidation to Preserve an Advantage"]
[PlyCount "58"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black takes the iniative and uses it to force more and more liquidation
} 1.
d4 Nf6 2. Nf3 e6 3. e3 d5 4. Bd3 Nbd7 5. Qe2 $2 5... Bd6 6. Nbd2 O-O 7. O-O e5
8. dxe5 Nxe5 9. Nxe5 Bxe5 10. f4 $2 10... Bd6 11. e4 Bg4 12. Qe1 dxe4 13. Nxe4
13... Re8 {
The poor position of White's Queen allows Black to seize the initiative
} 14.
Nxf6+ Qxf6 15. Qg3 Qd4+ 16. Kh1 16... Be2 $1 {
Trying to invade on the 7th rank
} 17. Bd2 $1 17... Bb4 $1 (17... Qxb2 18. Bc3
Qxc3 19. Bxh7+ $18) 18. Bxe2 (18. Bc3 Bxc3 19. bxc3 {White has weakened pawns

}) 18... Rxe2 19. Bxb4 Qxb4 20. Qd3 Rae8 21. Rad1 h6 22. b3 Qe4 23. Qxe4 R8xe4
24. c4 {Black has a won position} (24. Rc1 24... Rd2 $1) 24... Rxa2 25. Rd8+
Kh7 26. Rd7 26... Rxf4 $1 27. Rg1 Rb2 28. h3 Rxb3 29. Rxc7 h5 0-1

[Event "Wageningen"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1957.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Clark"]
[Black "Szabo"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "43: Liquidation to Preserve an Advantage"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "2r4r/p2b1pk1/1q1p1npb/1p1Pp3/1P2P3/P2Q2PP/3N2BK/3NRR2 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "23"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A forceful liquidation  Clearly Black has a much better game with control of
the open c-file as well as chances of Kingside attack by virtue of the
half-open h-file. Szabo finds a forceful means of liquidating into a won
ending  } 1... Ng4+ $1 2. Kh1 2... Qd4 $1 {Forcing the following liquidation
}
3. Qxd4 (3. Qf3) 3... exd4 4. Nb3 Ne3 5. Nxd4 (5. Nxe3 dxe3 6. Rc1 6... e2) (5.
Rf3 Nxg2 6. Kxg2 6... Bxh3+ $1 7. Kxh3 7... Bd2+ $19) 5... Nxf1 6. Bxf1 Bc1 7.
Nxb5 Bxb5 8. Bxb5 Bxa3 9. Ne3 Bxb4 10. Rb1 Bc5 11. Nc4 Rxh3+ 12. Kg2 Rch8 0-1

[Event "New York"]
[Site "New"]
[Date "1927.??.??"]
[Round "9"]
[White "Vidmar"]
[Black "Capablanca"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[Annotator "43: Liquidation to Preserve an Advantage"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "2r2rk1/pp1b1ppp/8/q1nPp3/4P3/3B4/P3QPPP/R1BR2K1 b - - 0 19"]
[PlyCount "12"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A less successful liquidation
} 19... Nxd3 $2 (19... Ba4 20. Qd2 (20. Rd2
Nxd3 21. Qxd3 21... Rc3 $36) 20... Qxd2 21. Rxd2 Nxd3 22. Rxd3 Rc4 (22... Rc2))
20. Qxd3 Qc3 21. Be3 Qxd3 22. Rxd3 a5 23. a4 Rc4 24. f3 {
In this position a Draw was agreed. White stands slightly better, for after
}
24... Bxa4 25. Bb6 {Black loses the a-pawn and then White's protected passed
d-pawn is superior to Black's b-pawn. Nonetheless, with opposite coloured
Bishops this advantage is a pretty theoretical one  } 1/2-1/2

[Event "Portoroz"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1958.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Olfasson"]
[Black "Szabo"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "43: Liquidation to Preserve an Advantage"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "3r3k/ppQP2pp/1qn2pb1/8/2p5/6PB/P4P1P/3RR1K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "29"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. Qxb6 (1. Qc8 $1 1... -- 2. Re8+ Bxe8 3. dxe8=Q+ Rxe8 4. Qxe8#) 1... axb6 2.
Rb1 Ne5 (2... Bxb1 3. Re8+ $18) (2... Nd4) 3. Rxe5 fxe5 4. Rxb6 Be4 (4... c3 5.
Rxb7 c2 6. Rc7 h6 7. Rc8 Kh7 8. a4 $18) 5. Re6 Bc6 6. Rxe5 Kg8 (6... Bxd7 7.
Bxd7 Rxd7 8. Re8#) 7. Rc5 Kf7 8. Rxc4 Ke7 9. f4 {
Liquidation is the recurring theme here
} 9... Ra8 (9... Bxd7 10. Rc7 {
The general exchanges on d7 wins
}) 10. Rd4 Kd8 11. Be6 Ra3 12. f5 Re3 13. Rg4
g6 14. fxg6 Rxe6 15. g7 1-0

[Event "Munich ol"]
[Site "Munich ol"]
[Date "1958.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Botvinnik"]
[Black "Alexander"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "43: Liquidation to Preserve an Advantage"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r5k1/2p1q1b1/2Pp2p1/p2Pp1P1/1p6/3QBr2/PP6/2KR3R w - - 0 27"]
[PlyCount "23"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A world champion liquidates
} 27. Qxg6 $1 27... Kf8 (27... Rxe3 28. Rdf1 $18)
(27... Qf7 28. Qh7+ Kf8 29. g6 Qf6 30. Bh6 $1 30... Bxh6+ 31. Qxh6+ Qg7 32.
Qh8+ $18) (27... Raf8 28. Qh7+ Kf7 29. Qh5+ Kg8 30. g6 R8f5 31. Qh7+ Kf8 32.
Bh6 Bxh6+ 33. Qxh6+ Qg7 34. Qxg7+ Kxg7 35. Rdg1 $18) 28. Qe4 $1 28... Qf7 29.
g6 Qf5 30. Qxf5+ Rxf5 31. Rdf1 {
The key move, White reaches f7 with gain of tempo
} 31... Rxf1+ 32. Rxf1+ Kg8
33. Rf7 Rc8 34. Kc2 34... e4 {Otherwise White plays Kd3
} 35. b3 Bc3 36. Kd1
36... Be5 {
Black's position is hopeless becuase he cannot exchange off the Rooks
} (36...
Rf8 37. Rxf8+ Kxf8 38. Bb6 $1) 37. Ke2 Bc3 38. Ba7 $1 1-0

[Event "Belgrade"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "????.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Durasevic"]
[Black "Milic"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "43: Liquidation to Preserve an Advantage"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "4r1k1/4qpp1/3p3p/Bp4n1/2bN4/2P2P2/1P1Q1KPP/R7 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "38"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black has a choice of liquidation
} 1. Qe1 $2 1... Nh3+ (1... Qxe1+ 2. Rxe1
Rxe1 3. Kxe1 Ne6 4. Nf5 $14) 2. Kg3 (2. gxh3 2... Qh4+ $19) 2... Qg5+ {
Black prefers to win the White Queen, but even here there are technical
problems. It seems winning the exchange may have been easier  } (2... Qxe1+ 3.
Rxe1 Rxe1 4. Kxh3 $132) 3. Kxh3 Rxe1 4. Rxe1 4... Be6+ {A further forcing
liquidation - logical as the Knight was stronger than the Bishop  } 5. Nxe6
5... fxe6 {The end of the liquidation - the only question is whether White can
somehow hold on to the draw. We leave a moot point - suffice it to say White's
task is difficult  } 6. Bb4 d5 7. g3 Kf7 8. Re2 Qf5+ 9. Kg2 Qd3 10. Kf2 d4 11.
Ba5 Qd1 12. cxd4 Qxd4+ 13. Kg2 Qd1 14. Rd2 Qa4 15. Bc3 b4 16. Rd4 Qc2+ 17. Rd2
Qb3 18. Be5 g5 19. g4 19... Qe3 0-1

[Event "Buenos Aires"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1960.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Reshevsky"]
[Black "Pachman"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E46"]
[Annotator "43: Liquidation to Preserve an Advantage"]
[PlyCount "49"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Accurate liquidation
} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. e3 O-O 5. Nge2 d5 6.
a3 Be7 7. cxd5 Nxd5 8. Qc2 Nxc3 9. Nxc3 c5 10. dxc5 Bxc5 11. Be2 Nc6 12. O-O
Qe7 13. b4 Bd6 14. Rd1 Bd7 15. Bb2 15... Rfd8 $2 16. Ne4 $1 16... Bb8 (16...
Be5 17. Bxe5 Nxe5 18. Qc7 $1) (16... Be8 17. b5 Nb8 18. Nxd6 Rxd6 19. Rxd6 Qxd6
20. Qc8) 17. b5 Ne5 18. Qc5 $1 18... Kf8 (18... Qxc5 19. Nxc5 b6 20. Nxd7 Rxd7
21. Rxd7 Nxd7 22. Bf3 $18) 19. Rac1 $1 {
White is in no hurry. He quietly builds up pressure
} (19. Bxe5 Qxc5 20. Nxc5
Bxe5 21. Nxd7+ Rxd7 22. Rxd7 Bxa1 23. Rxb7 {
Drawing chances due to opposite coloured bishops
}) 19... f6 20. a4 Nf7 21.
Ba3 21... Qxc5 {Black is now forced to liquidate to a losing position
} 22.
Nxc5 Ke8 23. Nxb7 {It's over now
} 23... Rc8 24. Rxc8+ Bxc8 25. Bf3 1-0

[Event "Leipzig"]
[Site "Leipzig"]
[Date "1960.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Botvinnik"]
[Black "Pachman"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "43: Liquidation to Preserve an Advantage"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "8/8/1p1q2pk/1PbQp1p1/P2pP1B1/6P1/2P3KP/8 w - - 0 34"]
[PlyCount "39"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{White goes into an ending with opposite coloured Bishops  Black offers the
exchange of Queens expecting a draw due to unlike Bishops    } 34. Kf3 Kg7 (
34... Qxd5 35. exd5 {Helping White with the use of e4
}) 35. Qxd6 35... Bxd6 {
Black has hoped to hold this ending; he has given up a pawn for it.Botvinnik's
excellent play shows the way to victory  } 36. Ke2 36... Bb4 37. Kd3 Kf6 38.
Kc4 Be1 39. Kd5 Bb4 40. Bd7 Be1 41. Be8 Bc3 42. Kc6 $1 {The only way to win
}
(42. h3 42... Be1 $11) (42. h4 gxh4 43. gxh4 43... g5 $1 $11) (42. g4 Bb4 43.
Bxg6 Kxg6 44. Kxe5 Kf7 45. Kxd4 45... Ke6 $11) 42... Ba5 43. Kc7 $1 43... Kg7
44. Kd6 Kf6 (44... Bc3 45. Ke6 -- 46. Bc6 -- 47. Bd5 -- 48. Bc4 -- 49. Bd3 --
50. Kxe5) 45. Bxg6 $1 45... Kxg6 46. Kxe5 Kf7 47. h4 g4 48. Kf5 Be1 49. h5 Bd2
(49... Bxg3 50. Kxg4 Be1 51. Kf5) 50. e5 Ke7 51. Ke4 $1 51... Ke6 52. a5 Bxa5
53. h6 1-0

[Event "USSR Ch"]
[Site "Moscow URS ch"]
[Date "1957.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Keres"]
[Black "Tal"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "43: Liquidation to Preserve an Advantage"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "2r3k1/pp1b2pp/3bp3/n2qNp2/3P4/P2BB3/1P2QPPP/3R2K1 b - - 0 20"]
[PlyCount "49"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Another liquidation into an ending with unlike Bishops
} 20... Ba4 $1 (20...
Bxe5 21. dxe5 Qxe5 22. Bxa7 Qxe2 23. Bxe2) 21. Re1 Bxe5 22. dxe5 Rd8 23. b4 (
23. Bb1 Bd1) (23. Bc2 Bxc2 24. Qxc2 24... Nc6 {excellent for Black
}) 23...
Bc6 $1 24. f3 Qxd3 25. Qxd3 (25. bxa5 Qxa3 26. a6 $1 {drawing chances
}) 25...
Rxd3 {Even the greatest masters go astray in the judgement of endings of
unlike Bishops  } 26. bxa5 Rxa3 27. Bxa7 Rxa5 28. Bd4 Ra2 29. Rb1 Rd2 30. Bc3
Rc2 31. Bd4 31... Kf7 {Thie ending is an instructive win in all lines. It
differs from the previous example due to the passed extra pawns and Rooks on
the board inhibit the drawing tendencies of unlike Bishops  } 32. h4 Kg6 33.
Rb4 h6 34. Rb2 34... Rxb2 {Now even with Rooks off it's a win
} 35. Bxb2 Kh5
36. Ba3 Kxh4 37. Bf8 Kg3 38. Bxg7 h5 39. Bh6 39... Bxf3 $1 40. gxf3 Kxf3 41.
Kf1 b5 42. Bd2 h4 43. Bb4 h3 44. Kg1 Ke2 0-1

[Event "Barcelona"]
[Site "Barcelona"]
[Date "1929.??.??"]
[Round "14"]
[White "Aguilera"]
[Black "Capablanca"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "E23"]
[Annotator "43: Liquidation to Preserve an Advantage"]
[PlyCount "70"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Qb3 c5 5. dxc5 Nc6 6. Nf3 Qa5 7. Bd2 Qxc5 8.
a3 Bxc3 9. Bxc3 Na5 10. Bxa5 Qxa5+ 11. Qb4 Qc7 12. e3 b6 13. g3 Bb7 14. Bg2 a5
15. Qc3 Rc8 16. Rc1 16... d5 $1 {well timed
} 17. cxd5 {White goes in for a
liquidation - but this type of play was Capablanca's strongest suit  } (17. b3
dxc4 18. bxc4 Bd5) (17. Nd2 dxc4 18. Bxb7 18... Qxb7) 17... Qxc3+ 18. Rxc3 Rxc3
19. bxc3 19... Bxd5 {
Now Capablanca has his favourable ending because of White's weakened pawns
}
20. Nh4 Bc4 (20... Bxg2 21. Nxg2 Ne4 22. Ke2 Nxc3+ 23. Kd3 Nd5 24. Rb1 f5 25.
Nf4 {White will regain the pawn
}) 21. Kd2 g5 22. Bc6+ (22. Nf3 22... Ne4+ $19
) 22... Ke7 23. Ng2 Rc8 24. Bb7 Rc7 25. Ba8 Rc8 26. Bb7 Rb8 27. Bc6 Rd8+ 28.
Kc2 Rc8 29. Ba4 (29. Bb7 Rc7 30. Ba8 Bd5 31. Bxd5 31... Nxd5) 29... Bd5 30. Rg1
Ne4 31. Kb2 Nxf2 32. Ne1 Ng4 33. Bc2 Nxe3 34. Bxh7 Rh8 35. Bd3 Rxh2+ 0-1

[Event "Hamburg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1930.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Maroczy"]
[Black "Betbeder"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C11"]
[Annotator "43: Liquidation to Preserve an Advantage"]
[PlyCount "93"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Liquidation into a Queen ending
} 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bg5 dxe4 5.
Nxe4 Be7 6. Bxf6 Bxf6 7. c3 Nd7 8. Qc2 Qe7 9. O-O-O b6 10. f4 Bb7 11. g3 O-O-O
12. Bg2 c5 13. Nf3 cxd4 14. Nxd4 Bxd4 15. Rxd4 Nc5 16. Re1 Qc7 17. Red1 {
White has slightly more space, but no more. Black decides to liquidate
} 17...
Rxd4 18. Rxd4 Nxe4 19. Bxe4 Rd8 20. Qd3 $1 (20. Bxb7+ Qxb7 21. Rxd8+ Kxd8 22.
Qxh7 Qh1+ 23. Kc2 Qg2+ 24. Kb3 Qd5+ 25. c4 Qf3+ 26. Kb4 a5+ 27. Kb5 27... Kc7 {
White cannot win
}) 20... Rxd4 21. Qxd4 f5 (21... g6 22. Qh8+ Kd7 23. Bc2 $1
23... h5 24. Qf8) (21... Bxe4 22. Qxe4 g6) 22. Bxb7+ 22... Qxb7 {The liquidatio
n is complete, and both sides have achieved their aims. Black it is true, has
slightly the worst of it, but he feels this Queen and pawn ending must be
drawable. However, Maracozy was probably the best Queen and pawn ending player
of all time  } 23. Kc2 Qa6 (23... Qg2+ 24. Kb3 Qxh2 25. Qxg7 {
only helps White
}) 24. a4 (24. Qxg7 24... Qe2+ {perpetual check
}) 24... Qb7
25. Kb3 h5 (25... Qd5+ 26. Qxd5 exd5 27. c4 $1 27... dxc4+ 28. Kxc4 Kc7 29. Kd5
$18) 26. Qd6 Qf7 27. Ka3 Kb7 28. h4 a5 29. b4 axb4+ 30. cxb4 Qg6 31. Qd7+ Kb8
32. Qd3 Qf6 33. Kb3 Qa1 34. a5 $1 {
The winning motif: White uses an outside passed pawn to force a win
} 34...
bxa5 35. Qb5+ Kc8 (35... Kc7 36. Qxa5+ Qxa5 37. bxa5 $18) 36. Qc6+ Kb8 37. Qb6+
Kc8 38. Qxe6+ Kd8 39. Qd5+ Ke7 40. bxa5 Qb1+ 41. Ka4 g6 42. a6 Qa1+ 43. Kb5
Qb2+ 44. Kc6 Qf6+ 45. Kc7 Qc3+ (45... Qxa6 46. Qd7+ Kf6 47. Qd6+ $18) 46. Qc6
Qe3 47. Kc8 $1 1-0

[Event "Nuremberg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1910.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tarrasch"]
[Black "Vogel"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C66"]
[Annotator "43: Liquidation to Preserve an Advantage"]
[PlyCount "73"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 d6 4. d4 Bd7 5. Nc3 Nf6 6. O-O Be7 7. Re1 exd4 8.
Nxd4 Nxd4 9. Qxd4 Bxb5 10. Nxb5 O-O 11. Bg5 Ng4 12. Bxe7 Qxe7 13. c4 a6 14. Nc3
Qe5 15. Qxe5 dxe5 (15... Nxe5 16. b3 c6 17. Rad1 Rad8 18. f4 Ng6 19. g3 19...
b5 $1) 16. Nd5 {Tarrasch believed White obtained the advantage with this move

} 16... c6 (16... Nf6 17. Nxc7 (17. Nxf6+ gxf6 18. Rad1 18... Rad8 $14) 17...
Rac8) 17. Ne7+ Kh8 18. Nf5 {Otherwise ... Pg6 hems in the Knight
} 18... Rad8
19. Rad1 g6 20. Nd6 20... Rd7 21. c5 21... Kg8 {In order to double Rooks
} (
21... Rfd8 22. Nxf7+ $1) 22. Nc4 $1 {Decisive; Black's only choice is between
losing a pawn or giving up the d-file  } 22... Rfd8 (22... Rxd1 23. Rxd1 f6 24.
Rd7 Rf7 25. Rxf7 Kxf7 26. Na5 {wins a pawn
}) 23. Rxd7 Rxd7 24. f3 Nh6 (24...
Nf6 25. Re2 Re7 26. Rd2 Rd7 27. Rxd7 Nxd7 28. b4 28... -- 29. Na5) 25. Nxe5 Rd2
26. Nc4 Rc2 27. b3 Rxa2 28. Rd1 {
Black now faces a decisive incursion down the d-file
} 28... a5 29. Rd8+ Kg7
30. Ra8 a4 31. Rxa4 Rxa4 32. bxa4 Ng8 33. Nd6 Kf6 34. Nxb7 Ke5 35. a5 Ne7 36.
Nd6 Kd4 37. a6 1-0

[Event "3rd Match Game"]
[Site "m Paris"]
[Date "1909.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lasker"]
[Black "Janowsky"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C68"]
[Annotator "43: Liquidation to Preserve an Advantage"]
[PlyCount "83"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Bxc6 dxc6 5. d4 exd4 6. Qxd4 Bg4 7. Nc3 Qxd4
8. Nxd4 O-O-O 9. Be3 Bb4 10. Nde2 {
With a double exchange of pieces Black can weaken the White pawn position
}
10... Bxe2 {This exchange, in combination with the next one, forces a
weakening of the White pawns  } 11. Kxe2 Bxc3 12. bxc3 {White now has an
isolated a-pawn and double c-pawns. From the defensive point of view, however,
these pawns are very strong, for three of them are blockading four opposing
ones. And since Black has no good way to attack these pawns, the net result is
that White virtually has an extra pawn on the Kingside  } 12... Nf6 13. f3 Nd7
14. Rad1 Ne5 15. Rd4 15... b6 16. f4 $1 {
Now Black cannot play ... Nc4 without first undoubling White's c-pawns
} (16.
-- 16... c5 17. Rd2 b5 18. -- Nc4) 16... Nd7 17. Rhd1 c5 18. R4d3 Nb8 19. Kf3
19... Rde8 {Putting pressure on the e-pawn
} 20. f5 $5 {Typical Lasker
}
20... Re7 (20... Nc6 21. Bf4 Re7 22. -- 22... Rhe8 {Tarrasch
}) 21. Bf4 Nc6
22. g4 Rhe8 23. Re3 f6 24. g5 24... Na5 $2 (24... fxg5 25. Bxg5 Ne5+) 25. h4
Nc4 26. Re2 Rf7 27. Rg1 Kd7 28. h5 $1 28... Nd6 (28... Ne5+ 29. Bxe5 Rxe5 30.
g6 hxg6 31. fxg6 Rf8 32. Rh2 32... -- 33. h6) 29. h6 fxg5 30. Rxg5 30... g6 {
Losing a pawn, but things were bad anyway
} 31. fxg6 hxg6 32. Rxg6 Ref8 33.
Rg7 $1 33... Rxg7 34. hxg7 Rg8 35. Rg2 Ne8 36. Be5 Ke6 37. Kf4 Kf7 38. Kf5
Nxg7+ (38... Nd6+ 39. Bxd6 cxd6 40. Rg1) 39. Bxg7 Rxg7 40. Rxg7+ Kxg7 41. Ke5
Kf7 42. Kd5 $18 1-0

[Event "Budapest"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1961.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Pogats"]
[Black "Portisch"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "B19"]
[Annotator "43: Liquidation to Preserve an Advantage"]
[PlyCount "78"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black forces a favourable liquidation
} 1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4
Bf5 5. Ng3 Bg6 6. Nf3 Nd7 7. h4 h6 8. Bd3 Bxd3 9. Qxd3 Qc7 10. Bd2 Ngf6 11.
O-O-O e6 12. c4 O-O-O 13. Bc3 c5 14. Kb1 cxd4 15. Bxd4 Bc5 16. Qe2 Bxd4 17.
Rxd4 17... Nb8 $1 {Clearing the way for liquidations on the d-file. Moreover
the exchanges prepared by this move are give an especially forceful character
by the vigorous entry of the Knight on c6  } 18. Rhd1 Nc6 19. Rxd8+ Rxd8 20.
Rxd8+ Qxd8 21. Qd2 $2 {An error leading to a poor Knight ending
} (21. b3
21... Nd4 22. Nxd4 Qxd4 23. h5) 21... Ng4 22. Ne4 {Defence by counterattack
}
22... Qxd2 23. Nfxd2 23... Kc7 $1 (23... f5 24. Nc5 e5 25. Ne6 $132) 24. Nf1 (
24. f3 {The e3 square is weakened
} 24... Ne3) 24... Nd4 {
Protecting e6 and thereby threatening ... Pf5
} 25. f3 Ne5 26. b3 26... Ng6 $1
{Now White must lose material
} 27. h5 27... Nf4 28. Ne3 28... Nf5 {Black plya
s to win the g-pawn rather than the h-pawn, thus leaving White with isolated
and vulnerable pawns. White resists this plan, but will must lose  } 29. Nxf5
exf5 30. Ng3 30... g6 $1 {Black nears the goal. The g-pawn is lost
} 31. Kc2
Nxg2 32. Kd2 Kd6 33. hxg6 fxg6 34. Ke2 Ke5 35. Kf2 Nf4 36. Ke3 36... Nd5+ $1
37. Kd2 (37. cxd5 f4+) 37... Nb4 38. a3 Nc6 39. Ke1 39... Nd4 (39... Kf4 40.
Kf2) 0-1

[Event "?"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "????.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Combinative liquidation"]
[Black "In the Opening"]
[Result "*"]
[ECO "B59"]
[Annotator "44: Combinative Liquidation"]
[PlyCount "24"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Combinative liquidation in the opening
} 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4.
Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Be2 e5 7. Nb3 Be7 8. Bg5 8... Nxe4 $1 9. Bxe7 (9. Nxe4
Bxg5 10. Nxd6+ 10... Ke7 {
The Knight must move, whereupon Black can exchange Queen
}) 9... Nxc3 10. Bxd8
Nxd1 11. Rxd1 (11. Bc7 11... Nxb2 {Leaving Black a pawn up. Notice that this
liquidating combination is possible only because White's b-pawn is undefended,
and because the Knight can escape via a4  }) 11... Kxd8 12. Rxd6+ 12... Ke7 {
The combination is over, and Black has fully freed his position. Moreover in
the resulting endgame he has the initiative  } *

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Unzicker"]
[Black "Stahlberg"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B64"]
[Annotator "44: Combinative Liquidation"]
[PlyCount "85"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A liquidating combination of doubtful value
} 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4
4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 Be7 8. O-O-O O-O 9. f4 h6 10. Bh4 10...
Nxe4 {The line actually played is a combinative liquidation aiming at a quick
draw. The Russian Grandmaster Geller has used this system a number of times
with considerable success. The present game, however, casts doubt on the value
of the liquidation  } (10... Nxd4 11. Qxd4 Qa5 12. e5 dxe5 13. Qxe5 Qxe5 14.
fxe5 Nd5 15. Bxe7 15... Nxe7 {
Subsequent experience showed that Black could hold his own in the ending
})
11. Bxe7 (11. Nxe4 Bxh4 12. Nxc6 bxc6 13. Nxd6 13... Be7 {
Black would have no trouble
}) 11... Nxd2 12. Bxd8 Nxf1 13. Nxc6 bxc6 14. Be7
Re8 15. Rhxf1 Rxe7 16. Rxd6 16... Bb7 {
This position is critical to the validity of this combinative liquidation.
}
17. g3 $1 (17. Re1 c5 18. g3 18... Rc8 {
A quick draw: Szabo-Geller, Amsterdam, 1956
}) (17. Ne4 c5 18. Nxc5 Bxg2)
17... c5 18. Rfd1 {White has a slight but definite pull. Hi is master of the
open d-file and the Black pawn structure has been weakened  } 18... g5 $2 (
18... Kf8 {White can achieve a won Knight vs Bishop ending
} 19. Rd8+ Rxd8 20.
Rxd8+ Re8 21. Rxe8+ Kxe8 22. Nb5 $1) (18... g6) 19. Re1 $1 19... gxf4 20. gxf4
Kf8 21. Re5 Rc7 (21... Rc8) 22. Nb5 Rcc8 23. f5 $1 23... exf5 (23... a6 {
blockading the pawn
} 24. Na3) 24. Rxf5 Be4 25. Rf4 Bh7 26. Rdf6 (26. Rxh6
26... Kg7 27. Ra6 Rab8 28. Rxa7 $1) 26... Bg8 27. Nd6 Rc7 28. Rxh6 Rd8 29. Nf5
Rcd7 30. b3 Rd1+ 31. Kb2 Rg1 32. Rc6 Rg2 33. h4 Bh7 34. Rxc5 Bg6 35. Rc7 Rh2
36. h5 $1 36... Bxh5 37. Nh6 Rdd2 38. Nxf7 Kg7 39. Ng5+ Kh6 40. Nf3 Rdf2 41.
Rf6+ Bg6 42. Nxh2 Rxf6 43. Ng4+ {the last little combinative liquidation
} 1-0

[Event "Goteborg"]
[Site "Goteborg m"]
[Date "1955.??.??"]
[Round "10"]
[White "Spassky"]
[Black "Rabar"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B67"]
[Annotator "44: Combinative Liquidation"]
[PlyCount "89"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Another combinative liquidation from the Sicilian
} 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4
cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bg5 e6 7. Qd2 a6 8. O-O-O Bd7 9. f4 h6 10. Bh4 {
This position is very similiar with the previous one at the same stage. In
combinative liquidation the slightest discrepancy may make all the difference  
} 10... Nxe4 11. Qe1 $1 (11. Bxd8 Nxd2 12. Bh4 Nxf1 13. Rhxf1) (11. Nxe4 Qxh4
12. Nxc6 Bxc6 13. Nxd6+ Bxd6 14. Qxd6 Qe7 (14... Rd8)) 11... Nf6 12. Nf5 Qa5
13. Nxd6+ Bxd6 14. Rxd6 O-O-O 15. Rd1 $1 {An excellent move, the strength of
which is in the fact that it prevent any further liquidation on the d-file.  }
(15. Bxf6 gxf6 16. Qd2 Ne7 17. Be2 17... Bc6 18. -- 18... Qc7 {
there would be general exchange on the d-file
}) 15... Qc7 16. Qf2 Ne7 17. Bd3
Bc6 18. f5 $1 18... e5 19. Rhe1 19... Ned5 20. Nxd5 Rxd5 21. Qg3 {
A new liquidation combination
} 21... e4 (21... Ne8 22. Bc4 Rxd1+ 23. Rxd1 f6
24. Qa3 $1 $16) 22. Qxc7+ (22. Qxg7 $2 22... Qf4+ 23. Kb1 Qxh4 24. Qxh8+ Rd8
25. Qg7 exd3) 22... Kxc7 23. Bxf6 (23. Bxe4 Rxd1+ 24. Kxd1 Nxe4) 23... exd3 24.
Bxg7 Rhd8 (24... Rg8 25. f6 dxc2 26. Rxd5 Bxd5 27. Kxc2) 25. Be5+ Kc8 26. cxd3
26... Rxd3 $2 {This leaves White with a sound extra pawn, an ending which is a
win, in spite of the Bishops of opposite colours  } (26... Rc5+ 27. Kb1 27...
Bxg2 {Splitting up the White pawns so that the extra one would carry very
little weight  }) 27. Rxd3 Rxd3 28. Kc2 Rd8 29. g4 {
It would take us too far afiled to go into the problems of this ending
} 29...
Re8 30. Kd2 Kd7 31. Re3 Rg8 32. Rg3 Ke7 33. Ke3 f6 34. Bc3 Kf7 35. Kf4 Re8 36.
Rd3 Re4+ 37. Kg3 Re2 38. h3 Ke7 39. Kh4 Be4 40. Rd2 Re3 41. Bd4 Re1 42. Bf2 Rf1
43. Bc5+ Kf7 44. Rd7+ Kg8 45. Rd6 1-0

[Event "Paris"]
[Site "Paris"]
[Date "1938.??.??"]
[Round "3"]
[White "Capablanca"]
[Black "Rossolimo"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D66"]
[Annotator "44: Combinative Liquidation"]
[PlyCount "63"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Combinative liquidation in a familiar variation of the Orthodox Queen's
Gambit  } 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Bg5 Be7 5. e3 O-O 6. Nf3 Nbd7 7. Rc1
c6 8. Bd3 h6 9. Bh4 dxc4 10. Bxc4 b5 11. Bd3 a6 12. a4 b4 13. Ne4 Nxe4 14. Bxe7
14... Nxf2 $1 {The point of the combination
} (14... Qxe7 15. Bxe4 {
loses a pawn
}) 15. Bxd8 (15. Kxf2 Qxe7 16. Rxc6 16... e5 {
Black gets a fine game
}) 15... Nxd1 16. Kxd1 Rxd8 17. Rxc6 17... Bb7 $2 (
17... e5 18. d5 e4 19. Bxe4 Nf6) 18. Rc7 18... Bxf3+ {Further simplifications.}
(18... Rab8 19. Kd2 Bd5 20. Rhc1 Bb3 21. a5 $16) 19. gxf3 Nb6 (19... e5 {
is now ineffective
} 20. Be4 Rac8 21. Rxc8 Rxc8 22. Bb7) 20. Rc6 (20. a5 {
White has no time for
} 20... Nd5) 20... Nxa4 21. Kc2 {Thus White not only
saves his threatened b-pawn, but also regains the lost a-pawn  } 21... Rdb8 (
21... -- 22. Bxa6 (22. Ra1 -- 23. Kb3)) 22. Ra1 b3+ 23. Kc1 Rb4 24. Bxa6 Nb6
25. Kd2 25... e5 $5 (25... -- 26. Rd6 26... -- 27. Kc3 27... Ra4 28. Rxa4 Nxa4+
29. Kxb3 $18) 26. dxe5 (26. Kc3 Nd5+) 26... Nc4+ {Based on two finesses  1)
The unprotected Rook on a1, which prevents White from capturing twice on c4  2)
The interpolation which follows on the next move  } 27. Kc3 Nxe5 28. Rc5 Rb6
29. Bd3 $1 {This is the complete refutation. Black can't take the rook without
being mated on the back rank  } (29. Rxe5 Raxa6 30. Rxa6 Rxa6 31. Kxb3 Ra1)
29... Re8 30. Rxe5 Rxe5 31. Ra8+ Re8 32. Rxe8# 1-0

[Event "Netherlands"]
[Site "Nederland"]
[Date "1931.??.??"]
[Round "10"]
[White "Euwe"]
[Black "Capablanca"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "E16"]
[Annotator "44: Combinative Liquidation"]
[PlyCount "57"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 b6 4. g3 Bb7 5. Bg2 Bb4+ 6. Bd2 Bxd2+ 7. Qxd2 O-O 8.
Nc3 Ne4 9. Qc2 Nxc3 10. Ng5 $1 {Winning the Exchange. Capablanca, however, was
of the opinion that Black has full compensation, which explains why he went
into this line in both the 8th and 10th games of this match  } 10... Ne4 (10...
Qxg5 11. Bxb7 Nxe2 12. Qxe2 Nc6 13. Bxa8 {
Black has little to show for the lost Exchange
}) 11. Bxe4 Bxe4 12. Qxe4 Qxg5
13. Qxa8 Nc6 14. Qb7 Nxd4 15. Rd1 (15. Qe4 Qa5+ 16. Kf1 16... Nb3) (15. O-O
15... Nxe2+ 16. Kg2 f5 17. f4 {winning chances
}) 15... c5 $1 {
It is not easy for White to get any enduring advantage
} (15... Qe5 {
8th game
} 16. e3 Nc2+ 17. Ke2 d5 18. Rd2 Qxb2 19. cxd5 $16) 16. e3 Nc2+ 17.
Kd2 Qf5 18. Qg2 Nb4 19. e4 Qf6 20. Kc1 Nxa2+ 21. Kb1 Nb4 22. Rxd7 Nc6 23. f4 e5
24. Rhd1 Nd4 25. Rxa7 exf4 26. gxf4 Qxf4 27. Re1 Nf3 28. Re2 Nd4 29. Re1
1/2-1/2

[Event "Budapest"]
[Site "Budapest"]
[Date "1929.??.??"]
[Round "8"]
[White "Prokes"]
[Black "Capablanca"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "44: Combinative Liquidation"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "2r3k1/pp3pp1/1r2pb1p/1q1pN3/3P4/2P3P1/PPQ2P1P/1R2R2K b - - 0 28"]
[PlyCount "9"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Simple liquidation
} 28... Bxe5 29. Rxe5 29... Qc4 $1 {The point: the Black
Queen attacks not only the White a-pawn, but also the d-pawn, this being
possible because White's Queen is unguarded. Black thereby wins a pawn  } 30.
Qc1 Qxa2 31. Re1 a5 32. Kg2 32... a4 {and Black won by weight of material
}
0-1

[Event "Beverwijk"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1958.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Euwe"]
[Black "Milic"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "44: Combinative Liquidation"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "3q1n2/4bQpk/r2p2np/2pP4/2N1N3/6B1/1P4PP/5RK1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "33"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A more complex liquidating combination
} 1. Bxd6 Nd7 (1... Bxd6 2. Nf6+) 2.
Bxe7 Nxe7 3. Ncd6 3... Ne5 {Black's last hope depends on this move
} 4. Nf6+
Kh8 5. Nfe8 $1 5... Nxf7 6. Nxf7+ Kg8 7. Nxd8 {White has won a piece
} 7...
Nxd5 (7... Ra8 8. Nxg7 Kxg7 (8... Rxd8 9. Ne6 Rxd5 10. Rf8+ Kh7 11. Rf7+) 9.
Rf7+ Kg6 10. Rxe7 Rxd8 11. Re5 Kf6 12. Re6+) 8. Nb7 Rb6 9. Nxc5 Rxb2 10. Rf3
Rb1+ 11. Kf2 Rb2+ 12. Kg3 Re2 13. Nd6 g5 14. Nce4 Nf4 15. Rf2 Re3+ 16. Kg4 Kh7
17. Kf5 1-0

[Event "New York"]
[Site "New"]
[Date "1927.??.??"]
[Round "12"]
[White "Capablanca"]
[Black "Vidmar"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C98"]
[Annotator "44: Combinative Liquidation"]
[PlyCount "73"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Capablanca once more the liquidation artist
} 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6
4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3 Na5 9. Bc2 c5 10. d4 Qc7 11.
Nbd2 O-O 12. h3 Nc6 13. d5 Nd8 14. a4 b4 15. Nc4 a5 16. Nfxe5 $1 {A celebrated
liquidation combination. Alekhine expressed the opinoun that it should not
have led to a winning ending  It is undeniable, however, that Capablanca's
method leads in any case to an ending which is favourable; and this was all
Capablanca usually needed in order to win  } (16. Be3 Nd7 17. Nfd2 {Alekhine
}
) 16... Ba6 {An interpolation which doesn't alter anything
} 17. Bb3 dxe5 18.
d6 Bxd6 19. Qxd6 Qxd6 20. Nxd6 {
This is the ending which Capablanca was playing for
} 20... Nb7 $2 {This is th
e weak move, according to Alekhine. Why, he ask, should Black voluntarily
leave his opponent the two Bishops  } (20... Rb8 21. Bc4 (21. Nb5 {
Golombek (Capablanca's Best Hundred Games)
} 21... Bxb5 22. axb5 Rxb5 23. Bc4
Rb6 24. Rxa5 {Liquidation in favour of White, with his two Bishops coming into
their own and a White Rook penetrating the enemy lines  }) 21... Bxc4 22. Nxc4
Nc6) 21. Nxb7 Bxb7 22. cxb4 cxb4 (22... axb4 23. f3 (23. Be3 $1 23... Nxe4 (
23... Rfc8 24. Rec1 Ra5 25. f3 Ba6 26. Bc4 {
Black has a serioiusly weakend Queenside
}) 24. f3 Nf6 25. Bxc5) 23... Ba6)
23. f3 Rfd8 (23... Nd7 24. Be3 24... Rfc8 $1 25. Red1 25... Rc7 {Alekhine
}
26. Rd6 Rac8 27. Rad1 {Golombek
}) 24. Be3 h6 25. Red1 Bc6 26. Rac1 Be8 27.
Kf2 Rxd1 28. Rxd1 Rc8 29. g4 $1 {Threatening to drive the Knight away by Ph4
and Pg5, and then win a pawn by Rd5  } (29. Bb6 {Too hasty
} 29... Nd7 30.
Bxa5 Nc5) 29... Bd7 {This loses rapidly, but a saving defence can't be found
}
(29... -- 30. h4 -- 31. g5) 30. Bb6 30... Be6 {Loss of a pawn is unavoidable
}
(30... Ra8 31. Bc7) 31. Bxe6 fxe6 (31... Rc2+ 32. Ke3 fxe6 33. Rd2) 32. Rd8+
Rxd8 33. Bxd8 Nd7 34. Bxa5 Nc5 35. b3 $1 (35. Bxb4 $4 35... Nxa4 (35... Nd3+)
36. b3 Nb6 37. Bd6 Nd7 38. Ke3 {Alekhine
}) 35... Nxb3 36. Bxb4 Nd4 37. a5 1-0

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1956.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Jamsarat"]
[Black "Kramer"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "B62"]
[Annotator "44: Combinative Liquidation"]
[PlyCount "80"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bc4 e6 7. Bg5 Be7 8.
Qd2 a6 9. Bb3 h6 10. Bh4 O-O 11. O-O-O Bd7 12. g4 12... Nxe4 $1 {A liquidating
combination which we have met before in this chapter. This time the
consequences are ramified  } 13. Nxe4 (13. Bxe7 Nxd2 14. Bxd8 Nxd4 15. Rxd2
Nxb3+ 16. axb3 Rfxd8 17. Rxd6 Bc6 18. Rhd1 Rxd6 19. Rxd6 19... Kf8 {the endgame
is in Black's favor in view of the weakened state of White's Kingside  }) 13...
Bxh4 14. Nxd6 14... Nxd4 $1 15. Qxd4 (15. Nxb7 Qb6 16. Qxd4 Qxd4 17. Rxd4 17...
Bc6 $19 {Black wins a piece
}) 15... Bc6 16. Rhg1 Qf6 17. Qxf6 (17. f4 Qxd4
18. Rxd4 18... Bf2 $19) 17... Bxf6 18. f4 18... Rad8 {
It is now apparent that White's advanced cavalry post cannot be maintained
}
19. Rd3 (19. g5 hxg5 20. fxg5 Be5 21. Nc4 21... Bxh2 {With the Bishop pair now
in fully cry it is clear that the liquidation which started at the diagramed
position has worked out in Black's favour  }) 19... Rd7 20. Ne4 Bd4 21. Rgd1
Rfd8 22. c3 Bb6 23. Rxd7 Be3+ (23... Rxd7 24. Rxd7 Bxd7 25. Kd2 {
White has overcome the worst of his worries
}) 24. Kb1 (24. R7d2 Bxe4 25. Bc2
25... Bf3 $1 $19 {White loses a Rook
}) 24... Rxd7 25. Rxd7 Bxd7 26. Nd6 Bc6
27. f5 Bf4 28. Nc8 Be4+ (28... exf5 29. gxf5 Bxh2 30. Ne7+ Kf8 31. Nxc6 {
endings of Bishops of opposite colour
}) 29. Bc2 Bxc2+ 30. Kxc2 30... Bxh2 {
Black won as follows
} 31. fxe6 fxe6 32. c4 Kf7 33. Kd3 Bc7 34. c5 Ke8 35. b4
Kd7 36. Nb6+ Bxb6 37. cxb6 g6 38. a4 Kc6 39. Ke4 h5 40. gxh5 gxh5 0-1

[Event "Bognor Regis"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1961.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Darga"]
[Black "Lehmann"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "44: Combinative Liquidation"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "3r2kr/ppp1qp1p/2n3p1/2QB1P2/3P4/P7/1P5P/1K1R3R w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "9"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. Bxc6 Qxc5 2. dxc5 Rxd1+ 3. Rxd1 bxc6 4. Rd8+ Kg7 5. f6+ $1 1-0

[Event "USSR Ch"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1960.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Korchnoi"]
[Black "Gurgenidze"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "44: Combinative Liquidation"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "1rb1nqk1/3n1rbp/p2p2p1/2pPpp2/1PP1P3/R1BN1PP1/2Q1B1NP/5RK1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "19"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. bxc5 dxc5 2. exf5 gxf5 3. f4 $1 3... Qe7 (3... e4 4. Ne5 $1 {Unless Black
exchanges Knights, giving White connected pawns, he will lose the exchange
after Nc6  } 4... -- (4... Nxe5 5. fxe5) 5. Nc6) (3... exf4 4. Ngxf4 4... -- 5.
Bh5 (5. Ne6)) 4. fxe5 Nxe5 5. Nxe5 Bxe5 6. Bxe5 Qxe5 7. Re3 {Typical of this
sort of combination. After several consecutive exchanges comes the deadly
follow-up. Possible Black had hoped, when embarking on this sequence of moves,
that he would be able to defend himself with ... Qd4  } 7... Qd4 8. Rd1 (8. Rf4
Qa1+) 8... Rb2 9. Rxd4 Rxc2 10. Rxe8+ 1-0

[Event "Budapest"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1961.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Honfi"]
[Black "Lengyel"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "44: Combinative Liquidation"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r1bq3k/1p2bQpp/p3p3/2n5/3NN3/PP2B3/2P3PP/5RK1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "9"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. Nxc5 Bxc5 2. Nc6 $3 {A fantastic move
} 2... bxc6 (2... Bxe3+ 3. Kh1 {
The Bishop is tied to the defense of the f8 square, where White is threatening
mate  } 3... Qg8 4. Qxg8+ Kxg8 5. Ne7+ Kh8 6. Rf8#) 3. Bxc5 Bd7 (3... h6 4. Qg6
Bd7 5. Rf7) 4. Bd4 e5 (4... Qg8 5. Qxd7 Rd8 6. Bxg7+) 5. Bxe5 1-0

[Event "Buenos Aires"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1914.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Capablanca"]
[Black "Villegas"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D04"]
[Annotator "44: Combinative Liquidation"]
[PlyCount "67"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 d5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. e3 c6 4. Bd3 Bg4 5. c4 e6 6. Nbd2 Nbd7 7. O-O Be7 8. Qc2
Bh5 9. b3 Bg6 10. Bb2 Bxd3 11. Qxd3 O-O 12. Rae1 Qc7 13. e4 dxe4 14. Nxe4 Nxe4
15. Rxe4 Bf6 16. Qe3 c5 17. Ne5 cxd4 (17... Nxe5 18. dxe5 Be7) 18. Nxd7 $3 {
A magnificent combination
} (18. Bxd4 Nxe5 19. Bxe5 Bxe5 20. Rxe5 20... b6 {
The liquidation Black is hoping for, securing the d-file first
}) 18... Qxd7 (
18... dxe3 19. Nxf6+ gxf6 (19... Kh8 20. Rh4 h6 21. Rxh6+ gxh6 22. Ne8+ $16 {
White has two minor pieces for the Rook
}) 20. Rg4+ Kh8 21. Bxf6#) 19. Bxd4
19... Bxd4 $2 (19... Qe7) 20. Rxd4 Qc7 21. Rfd1 Rfd8 22. b4 Rxd4 23. Qxd4 {
White's positional advantage is now clear. His control of the d-file makes the
Queenside majority a formidable weapon in his hand  } 23... b6 (23... a6 {
A shade better, making it harder for White to create a passed pawn
}) 24. g3
Rc8 25. Rc1 Rd8 26. Qe3 {Black's seizure of the d-file is only an apparent
success. He will not be able to profit from the file, for at any moment White
may play Pc5, creating a passed pawn which will tie down Black's pieces
completely  } 26... Kf8 27. c5 bxc5 28. bxc5 Rd5 29. Qe4 $1 29... g6 (29...
Rxc5 30. Qb4) 30. c6 Kg7 31. a4 Rd6 (31... Rd8 {the only way to hold out
})
32. Qe5+ $1 32... f6 33. Qxd6 Qxd6 34. c7 1-0

[Event "USSR Ch"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "????.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Furman"]
[Black "Nezmetdinov"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "44: Combinative Liquidation"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "2rr2k1/pb1q1pbp/1pn1p1p1/1Q6/P2PB3/BN2P3/5PPP/1RR3K1 b - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "10"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{A wild combination} 1... Nxd4 $5 2. Qxd7 Ne2+ 3. Kf1 Nxc1 (3... Rxd7 4. Bxb7
Rxc1+ 5. Nxc1 Nxc1 6. Rxc1 $18) 4. Qxc8 (4. Qxd8+ Rxd8 5. Bxb7 5... Rd1#) 4...
Ba6+ 5. Ke1 (5. Qxa6 Rd1#) 5... Rxc8 6. Rxc1 $18 {Black is a piece short
} 1-0

[Event "New York"]
[Site "New York ch-US  Rd: 2"]
[Date "1960.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lombardy"]
[Black "Fischer"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "B54"]
[Annotator "44: Combinative Liquidation"]
[PlyCount "86"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. f3 Nc6 6. c4 e6 7. Nc3 Be7 8. Be3
O-O 9. Nc2 d5 10. cxd5 exd5 11. Nxd5 Nxd5 12. Qxd5 Qc7 13. Qb5 Bd7 14. Rc1
14... Nb4 $1 15. Nxb4 {White takes up the gauntlet unwisely} 15... Qxc1+ 16.
Bxc1 Bxb5 17. Nd5 {This was the tactical finesse that White was relying on
when he went in for the liquidation. Black, however, has seen further  } 17...
Bh4+ $1 {The real point of Black's 14th move
} 18. g3 Bxf1 19. Kxf1 19... Bd8
{The combination has ended and Black has won the exchange. True, White has
some compensation - a pawn and advantage in space - but in the long run it
will not be enough.   } 20. Bd2 Rc8 21. Bc3 21... f5 $1 22. e5 Rc5 23. Nb4 Ba5
24. a3 Bxb4 25. axb4 Rd5 26. Ke2 Kf7 27. h4 Ke6 28. Ke3 Rc8 29. Rg1 Rc4 30. Re1
30... Rxc3+ $1 31. bxc3 Rxe5+ 32. Kd2 Rxe1 33. Kxe1 {
This liquidation has produced a pawn ending which is won for Black
} 33... Kd5
34. Kd2 Kc4 35. h5 b6 36. Kc2 g5 37. h6 f4 38. g4 a5 39. bxa5 bxa5 40. Kb2 a4
41. Ka3 Kxc3 42. Kxa4 Kd4 43. Kb4 Ke3 0-1

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "Moscow-ch  ;HCL 43"]
[Date "1945.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Fridstein"]
[Black "Smyslov"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D15"]
[Annotator "44: Combinative Liquidation"]
[PlyCount "92"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. Nf3 d5 3. c4 c6 4. Nc3 dxc4 5. e3 b5 6. a4 b4 7. Na2 e6 8. Bxc4
Be7 9. O-O O-O 10. Qe2 Bb7 11. Rd1 a5 12. Bd2 Nbd7 13. Nc1 Qb6 14. Nd3 c5 15.
Nde5 Nxe5 16. Nxe5 16... Rad8 {White offers a pawn
} 17. Bb5 (17. dxc5 17...
Qxc5 $1 {White would get into difficulties. He therefore offers a pawn in
order to try for counterplay on the d-file  }) 17... cxd4 18. exd4 Qxd4 (18...
Rxd4 19. Be3 Rxd1+ 20. Rxd1 Qc7 21. Nd7 $1 21... Rd8 (21... Ra8 22. Nxf6+ Bxf6
23. Rd7) 22. Bb6 {Smyslov
}) 19. Nc4 19... Qd5 $1 {
Black plays for attack, and is not concerned about holding the extra pawn
}
20. Qf1 Qh5 21. Nxa5 21... Bf3 $3 22. gxf3 (22. Nc6 22... Bd6 23. h3 Bxc6 24.
Bxc6 24... Qe5 25. g3 25... Qxb2 {Black wins a pawn
}) 22... Rxd2 23. Rxd2
Qg5+ 24. Kh1 24... Qxd2 {The outcome of the combination is clear enough.
White's King position is wrecked, and this fact now dictates the course of the
game} 25. Qe2 Qf4 26. Nc4 Rc8 27. Rd1 Rc5 28. Ne3 g6 (28... Rh5 29. Nf1 Bd6 30.
Qe3 Rxh2+ 31. Kg1 $1 {Smyslov
}) 29. Ng2 Qc7 30. Ne3 30... b3 $1 31. Qd3 Qf4
32. Ng2 Qb4 33. Ne3 Qh4 34. a5 Rh5 35. Nf1 Qxf2 36. Rd2 (36. -- 36... Bc5)
36... Qc5 37. Bc4 Qxa5 38. Bxb3 Kg7 39. Ng3 Rh4 40. Kg2 40... Rb4 41. Qc3 (41.
-- Rxb3 42. Qxb3 Qxd2+) 41... Qb5 42. Rd3 42... Bd6 $1 {
Breaking all resistance
} 43. Re3 (43. Rxd6 43... Rxb3 {the b-pawn falls
})
43... Bf4 44. Rd3 Be5 45. Qc2 Nd5 46. Ne2 46... Rh4 {
Black wins at least another pawn
} 0-1

[Event "London"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1851.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Anderssen"]
[Black "Kierseritzky"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C33"]
[Annotator "45: Eagerness to win material"]
[PlyCount "45"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. f4 exf4 3. Bc4 Qh4+ 4. Kf1 b5 5. Bxb5 Nf6 6. Nf3 Qh6 7. d3 Nh5 8.
Nh4 Qg5 9. Nf5 c6 10. g4 Nf6 11. Rg1 11... cxb5 {We do not intend to present a
compreshensive analysis of this famous game. We content ourselves with
indicating poits at which Black is guilty of undue greed for material. This is
the first such point; in return for the piece White obtains a big lead in
development  } 12. h4 Qg6 13. h5 Qg5 14. Qf3 14... Ng8 {The defender should be
at any moment ready to return the material he has won. The text is motivated
by precisely the opposite principle. In order to hold on to his extra piece
Black is willing to deprive himself of what little development he has  } (14...
Nxg4) 15. Bxf4 Qf6 16. Nc3 Bc5 17. Nd5 Qxb2 18. Bd6 $1 {The finish of this
game is very fin, and is just famous - notwithstanding the fact that its
earlier part, as Dr. Lasker said, is an affront to our susceptibilities  }
18... Bxg1 19. e5 19... Qxa1+ 20. Ke2 20... Na6 {Black's move is still
motivated, albeit subconsciously, by the determination not to relinquish
material. He rules out White's check at c7  } (20... Ba6 {
Black could have given White more trouble.
}) 21. Nxg7+ Kd8 22. Qf6+ $1 22...
Nxf6 23. Be7# 1-0

[Event "San Sebastian"]
[Site "San"]
[Date "1911.??.??"]
[Round "1"]
[White "Capablanca"]
[Black "Bernstein"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "45: Eagerness to win material"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "4rr2/p1pb1ppk/2ppn2p/q4N2/4P1P1/1P2QP2/P1P1N2P/3RR1K1 b - - 0 22"]
[PlyCount "26"]
[EventDate "1911.??.??"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{This was the position after White's 22nd move - Nd4-e2. It is apparent White
has an attack against the Black King's position but it is not so clear how to
advance the attack. Black was evidently of the opnion that his King was secure
enough and therefore deemed the time fipe for a little plundering  } 22... Qxa2
$2 23. Neg3 23... Qxc2 $2 24. Rc1 {
Played mainly to prevent Black from exchanging Queens by ... Qc5
} 24... Qb2
25. Nh5 Rh8 (25... g6 26. Qxh6+ Kg8 27. e5 $1 27... gxh5 28. gxh5) 26. Re2 Qe5
27. f4 Qb5 28. Nfxg7 {The correctness of this offer hinges on the question
whether White's Knight will ever escape after ... Nxg7} 28... Nc5 {
This loses rapidly and hopelessly
} (28... Nxg7 29. Nf6+ Kg6 30. Nxd7 f6 31.
e5 $1 31... Kf7 32. Nxf6 Re7 33. Ne4 dxe5 34. fxe5 $18) (28... Rd8) (28... Qb6)
29. Nxe8 Bxe8 30. Qc3 f6 31. Nxf6+ Kg6 32. Nh5 Rg8 33. f5+ Kg5 34. Qe3+ Kh4 35.
Qg3+ 1-0

[Event "Ch World (match)"]
[Site "New York (USA)"]
[Date "1890.??.??"]
[Round "16.98"]
[White "Gunsberg"]
[Black "Steinitz"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C52"]
[Annotator "45: Eagerness to win material"]
[PlyCount "43"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5 4. b4 Bxb4 5. c3 Ba5 6. O-O Qf6 7. d4 h6 8. Qa4
Bb6 9. Bb5 Nge7 10. Ba3 exd4 11. e5 Qg6 12. cxd4 Nd5 13. Re1 Nf4 14. g3 Qg4 15.
Nbd2 Nh3+ 16. Kg2 Ng5 17. Bb2 Ne7 18. Be2 Ne6 19. Kh1 19... Qf5 {Here Gunsberg
picked up his KN with the clear intention of moving it to h4. He even placed
it momentarily on that square, and then hastily retracted the move. After a
while Gunsberg picked up the Knight again and played Nh4. As he did so he
shook his head and shrugged his shoulders as if to say "I'm bound to move this
piece and I can't find any better place to put it"  } 20. Nh4 20... Qxf2 {
Steinitz played this move without pausing to think. In veiw of what had
happened he was quite convinced that his opponent had overlooked, until too
late, that his f-pawn was unprotected  } 21. Ne4 {Rude awakening. The only
square for the Queen is e3, but then come Bf1 and the Queen is snared in
mid-board} 21... Qe3 22. Bf1 {The instince to win material can manifest itslef
in some strange ways. We must make it clear, howevver, that Gunsberg's tactics
here are not to be condoned. After the game Steinitz pointed out that Gunsberg
had himself been the victim of similar tactics, in a match game with Chigorin,
and that on that occasion Gunsberg had been extremely angry  } 1-0

[Event "New York"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1924.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Reti"]
[Black "Marshall"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "A15"]
[Annotator "45: Eagerness to win material"]
[PlyCount "60"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. Nf3 Nf6 2. c4 d5 3. cxd5 Nxd5 4. d4 Bf5 5. Nc3 e6 6. Qb3 Nc6 7. e4 Nxc3 8.
exf5 Nd5 9. Bb5 Bb4+ 10. Bd2 Bxd2+ 11. Nxd2 exf5 12. Bxc6+ bxc6 13. O-O O-O 14.
Qa4 Rb8 15. Nb3 Rb6 16. Qxa7 Qg5 17. Qa5 17... c5 18. Qxc5 Nf4 19. g3 19... Rh6
{Alekhine states that Black now has all sorts of threats
} 20. Qxc7 $2 {
White is guilty of material greed
} (20. -- 20... Qh5 21. h4 Qf3) (20. Qc2
20... Nh3+ (20... Rxh2 21. Kxh2 Qh5+ 22. Kg1 Qf3 23. gxf4 23... Qg4+ {
draw by perpetual check
}) 21. Kh1 f4 22. Qc5 {
White will defend without difficulty
}) 20... Ne2+ 21. Kg2 Qg4 22. Rh1 f4 23.
f3 (23. -- 23... f3+ 24. Kf1 Qh3+ 25. Ke1 Qg2 26. Rf1 Rxh2 27. -- 27... Qxf1+
$1) 23... Qh3+ 24. Kf2 24... Rc8 $1 {This is much strong. The White Queen is
now forced to leave the vital dark-squared diagonal  } (24... Nxg3 25. Qxf4 $1
25... Nxh1+ 26. Rxh1) 25. Qa5 25... Nxg3 $1 26. Rhg1 (26. hxg3 Qxg3+ 27. Ke2
Qg2+ 28. Kd3 Rxh1 29. Rxh1 Qxf3+ 30. Kd2 30... Qxh1 $19) 26... Qxh2+ 27. Rg2
Qh4 28. Rc1 28... Re8 {
Cutting off the King's flight to e1 and threatening ... Re2+
} 29. Qb5 (29. --
29... Re2+ 30. Kg1 Qh1#) 29... Ne4+ 30. Kf1 Qh1+ 0-1

[Event "Berne"]
[Site "Bern (07)"]
[Date "1932.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "Flohr"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D05"]
[Annotator "45: Eagerness to win material"]
[PlyCount "55"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 d5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. e3 e6 4. Bd3 c5 5. c3 Nc6 6. Nbd2 Be7 7. O-O Qc7 8. Qe2
O-O 9. e4 dxe4 10. Nxe4 cxd4 11. Nxd4 Nxd4 12. cxd4 Nxe4 13. Bxe4 f5 14. Bf3
Bf6 15. Rd1 Rd8 16. Be3 {The d-pawn is obviously weak, but in order to win it
Black will  have to weaken his position seriously. The sequel demonstrates
that White will be able to take powerful advantage of this weakening, mainly
because of his advanced development  } 16... f4 $2 (16... g5 17. h3 Qg7 18.
Rac1 f4 19. Bd2 Bxd4 20. Ba5) 17. Rac1 Qd6 18. Bd2 Bxd4 (18... Rb8 {
an attempt to develop the Queenside
} 19. a3 19... Bd7 20. Bb4 $16) 19. Ba5 $1
19... Rd7 (19... Re8 20. Qc4 {White wins a piece
}) 20. Rxd4 $1 {
The winning shot! Deflecting the guard of e6
} 20... Qxd4 21. Qxe6+ Rf7 (21...
Kf8 22. Re1 $1 22... g6 23. Qe8+ Kg7 24. Bc3 {winning the Queen
}) 22. Rxc8+
Rxc8 23. Qxc8+ Rf8 24. Qxb7 Re8 25. h3 (25. Bc3 $4 25... Qxc3) 25... Qc5 26.
Bc3 Qe7 27. Bd5+ Kh8 28. Qxe7 1-0

[Event "Zurich"]
[Site "Zurich (05)"]
[Date "1934.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Euwe"]
[Black "Alekhine"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "45: Eagerness to win material"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "2nq2k1/2r2ppp/p1p1r3/PpQ1N3/1P1PR3/8/5PPP/2R3K1 b - - 0 30"]
[PlyCount "46"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

30... f6 {Hoping to win a piece
} (30... Ne7) 31. Nf7 $1 31... Qe8 (31... Kxf7
32. Qh5+ Ke7 33. Rxe6+ Kxe6 34. Re1+ Kd6 35. Qc5+ Kd7 36. Qf5+ Kd6 37. Qe6#)
32. Rxe6 Qxe6 33. Nd8 Qe4 34. Nxc6 {Instead of winning a piece Black has lost
a pawn. The rest of the game - not important to our theme - went as follows  }
34... h6 35. d5 Qd3 36. h3 Qd2 37. g3 Kh8 38. Kg2 Qd3 39. Re1 Kh7 40. Re3 Qd2
41. Re8 Qd3 42. Qd4 Qc4 43. Qe4+ Qxe4+ 44. Rxe4 Kg8 45. Nb8 Kf7 46. Nxa6 Rd7
47. Rd4 Ne7 48. d6 Nf5 49. Rd5 Nxd6 50. Nc5 Rd8 51. Ne4 Nb7 52. a6 Ke6 53. Rxd8
1-0

[Event "Vienna"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1958.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kinzel"]
[Black "Duckstein"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C56"]
[Annotator "45: Eagerness to win material"]
[PlyCount "37"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 exd4 4. Bc4 Nf6 5. O-O Nxe4 6. Re1 d5 7. Bxd5 Qxd5 8.
Nc3 Qa5 9. Nxe4 Be6 10. Bd2 Bb4 11. Nxd4 Nxd4 12. c3 Qd5 13. cxb4 O-O 14. Rc1
Rad8 15. Rc5 $1 15... Qxa2 $2 (15... Qd7) 16. Bc3 16... Nb5 {This doesn't
trouble White; but it is questionable if there is a good defence now  } 17.
Nf6+ $2 17... gxf6 18. Bxf6 $1 18... Rd5 (18... -- 19. Rg5#) 19. Qd2 $1 1-0

[Event "Antwerp"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1931.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Koltanowsky"]
[Black "Simul"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B15"]
[Annotator "45: Eagerness to win material"]
[PlyCount "29"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Nf6 5. Bd3 Qxd4 6. Nf3 Qd8 7. Qe2 Bf5 8.
Nxf6+ gxf6 9. Bxf5 Qa5+ 10. Bd2 Qxf5 11. O-O-O Qe6 12. Qd3 12... Qxa2 {
It must be mentioned that this game was played in an exhibtion in which White
was without sight of the boards or men. The opponent jumps to the conclusion
that the blindfold player has overlooked something; hence the pawn grab. The
refutation is immediate and shattering  } 13. Qd8+ $1 13... Kxd8 14. Ba5+ Ke8
15. Rd8# 1-0

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "Moscow"]
[Date "1959.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Spassky"]
[Black "Tal"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "45: Eagerness to win material"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "6k1/8/p3r2p/1p1pPpp1/1n1pP3/1Pq4P/PR4PB/3QN1K1 b - - 0 34"]
[PlyCount "14"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{This position is quite different from the last one. It is a snapshot from a
hard serious game in which the contestants had been doing there best to outdo
one another. By now both were likely in time trouble, and this would explain
Black's next move. Or is the capture of the Rook under such circumstances
rather to be to be considered a reflex action  } 34... Qxb2 $1 (34... dxe4 {
With all White pieces badly placed in contrast to the Black ones the Black
pawn mass would surely decide the issue in the long run  } 35. Rf2 e3 36. Rxf5
d3 37. Nxd3 Nxd3 38. Qf1 38... Qc5 $19) 35. exf5 Rc6 36. Bg3 $1 (36. Qh5 36...
Qc3 $1) 36... d3 (36... Nc2 37. Qh5 Nxe1 38. Qe8+ Kh7 39. Qe7+ Kg8 40. Bxe1 Qc1
(40... Rc1 41. Qe8+ $1 41... Kh7 42. f6 Rxe1+ 43. Kh2 $18) 41. f6 41... Qxe1+
$1 42. Kh2 Rxf6 43. Qxf6 Qe3 44. Qg6+ $16) 37. Qh5 d2 (37... Rc7) 38. Qe8+ Kg7
39. Qe7+ Kh8 40. f6 dxe1=Q+ 41. Bxe1 1-0

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1925.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Illyin-Zhenevsky"]
[Black "Lasker"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "B50"]
[Annotator "45: Eagerness to win material"]
[PlyCount "76"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 c5 2. Nc3 e6 3. Nf3 d6 4. g3 Nf6 5. Bg2 Be7 6. O-O O-O 7. b3 Nc6 8. Bb2
Bd7 9. d4 cxd4 10. Nxd4 Qa5 11. Qd2 Rac8 12. Rad1 Kh8 13. Nce2 13... Qxa2 $6 {
After what we have been saying in the last few examples about greed for
material, comment on this move seem superflous, especially as it leads to the
loss of the Black Queen in a few move. Appearance can be deceptive. Lasker is
not just grabbing a pawn. Anyone who really knows his play will realize that
Lasker is choosing this line of of play purposely. Better than any other
player Lasker understood human nature.  After this move Black's position is
very sound. White's material advantage certainly gives him the better chances,
but against this must be weighed the fact that the Queen sacrifice will upset
White's equilibrium. He is sure to think that Lasker has made a bad blunder,
and so will feel bound to play for a win  } (13... Qc7 14. c4 $16) (13... Qxd2
{White has the better ending
}) 14. Ra1 Qxb2 15. Rfb1 Qxb1+ 16. Rxb1 Rfd8 17.
c4 Ne8 18. f4 {In the tournament book Bogolyubov condemns this move as a
weakening of the Kingside, and recommends 18. Nxc6  } (18. Nxc6 {Bogolyubov
})
18... a6 19. Kh1 Nc7 20. Qe3 Rb8 21. Rd1 21... Nb4 {Black's last few moves
appeared to be preparing for the advance ... Pb5, but Lasker suddently changes
his plan and decides to exploit the strategic point at b4  } 22. Qc3 a5 23. Ra1
{The Rook has no business here, as Bogolyubov correctly comments
} 23... b6
24. Qe3 $2 {A blunder which loses the exchange
} 24... e5 $1 25. Nf5 Bxf5 26.
exf5 Nc2 27. Qc3 Nxa1 28. Qxa1 Bf6 29. Qg1 29... d5 $1 {
Thus Black assumes the initiative in the centre
} 30. cxd5 Nxd5 31. fxe5 Bxe5
32. g4 f6 33. h4 33... b5 {
Now Black's extra pawn on the Queenside bring a quick decision
} 34. Nd4 34...
Ne3 $1 {
Forcing a winning liquidation: the White Knight can't move because of ... Rd1

} 35. Qxe3 Rxd4 36. Bf3 a4 37. h5 a3 38. Qe2 Rbd8 0-1

[Event "Stockholm"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1937.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Petursson"]
[Black "de Groot"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "E81"]
[Annotator "45: Eagerness to win material"]
[PlyCount "80"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4 d6 5. f3 O-O 6. Bd3 e5 7. d5 Nbd7 8. Nge2
Nh5 9. Be3 f5 10. exf5 gxf5 11. Qc2 Nc5 12. Bxc5 dxc5 13. O-O-O {White's last
move was a preparation for Pg4, which wold lead to a strong attack. Black
refutes this scheme in a suprising manner  } 13... Qg5+ $1 14. Kb1 14... Qxg2
$1 {In the present circumstances this is not the kind of greed which we have
seen in several of the previous positions in this cahpter. Rather it is a
level headed means of removing the sting out of the dangerous enemy pawns.  }
15. Rhg1 Qxf3 16. Ng3 Nxg3 17. Rxg3 Qh5 18. Rdg1 Rf7 19. Qg2 19... Qh6 {
Holding everything. Without the help of the sacrificed pawn White has now way
of further strengthening his position  } 20. Rh3 Qf6 21. Qe2 21... e4 {
Now that Black's united passed pawns begin to roll the day is won. White tries
one more desperate offer, which Black accepts with sang-froid as he did the
two pawns earlier in the game  } 22. Qh5 exd3 23. Qxh7+ Kf8 24. Rhg3 24... Qh6
$1 25. Qxh6 Bxh6 26. Rg8+ Ke7 27. Re1+ Kf6 28. d6 (28. Ree8 28... Re7 $1) 28...
Rf8 29. Nd5+ Kf7 30. Rgg1 30... Be6 31. Nxc7 Rae8 32. b3 32... Bf4 $1 33. Nxe8
Rxe8 34. h4 Bxd6 35. h5 Rh8 36. Rh1 f4 37. h6 Bf5 38. Reg1 d2+ 39. Kb2 Be5+ 40.
Ka3 Bc2 0-1

[Event "Bad Liebenzell"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1939.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Diemer"]
[Black "?"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D00"]
[Annotator "45: Eagerness to win material"]
[PlyCount "29"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 d5 2. e4 {
The Blackmar-Diemer Gambit, enthusiastically embraced by Diemer
} 2... dxe4 3.
Nc3 Nf6 4. f3 exf3 5. Qxf3 5... Qxd4 {Black grabs everything offered
} 6. Be3
Qe5 7. O-O-O $1 7... Bg4 $2 {This is refuted in sparkling style
} 8. Qxb7
Qxe3+ 9. Rd2 Qe1+ 10. Nd1 Qxf1 11. Nf3 $3 {
Most suprising. White presents his grasping opponent with yet another piece
}
11... Qxh1 $2 (11... Qa6 {Prolonging the game
} 12. Qxa8 Qb6) 12. Ne5 $1 12...
Bf5 (12... -- 13. Nxg4 13... Nxg4 14. Qc8#) 13. Nc6 $1 13... Bd7 14. Qc8+ $1 {
removing the guard/blockade
} 14... Bxc8 15. Rd8# 1-0

[Event "St Petersburg"]
[Site "St Petersburg"]
[Date "1914.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "Marshall"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C42"]
[Annotator "47: Eagerness to Exchange Pieces"]
[PlyCount "110"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nxe5 d6 4. Nf3 Nxe4 5. d4 d5 6. Bd3 Bd6 7. c4 Bb4+ 8.
Nbd2 8... Nxd2 {Natural, but inaccurate. Alekhine, in his excellent book, "My
Best Games of Chess 1908-1923, stated that 8. ... 0-0 was correct  } (8... O-O
9. O-O 9... Bxd2 $1 10. Bxd2 10... Bg4 {Black would have good play - Alekhine

}) 9. Bxd2 Qe7+ 10. Qe2 10... Qxe2+ {Black proceeds with his policy of
exchanges. According to Alekhine, the exchange of Queens is a decisive mistake.
} (10... Bxd2+ 11. Kxd2 Qxe2+ 12. Bxe2 dxc4 13. Bxc4 13... O-O {
keeping White's advantage within bounds
}) 11. Kxe2 Bxd2 12. Kxd2 $1 {
The difference between this line and the one just now emereges.
} 12... Be6 (
12... dxc4 13. Rhe1+ $1 {White interpolates
}) 13. cxd5 Bxd5 14. Rhe1+ Kd8 15.
Be4 $1 15... Bxe4 (15... c6 16. Bxd5 cxd5 17. Re5 $18) 16. Rxe4 Re8 17. Rae1
Rxe4 18. Rxe4 18... Nc6 {Black is out ot exchange nearly all the pieces as
fast as possible, and if he only had time for ... Kd7 and ... Re8 this plan
would have succeeded completely.  All these exchanges have left White with a
lead in development. True, there is not much material left, but it is enough
to keep White in control  } 19. Rg4 $1 (19. -- Kd7 20. -- Re8) (19. Ng5 19...
Kd7 $1 20. Nxh7 Rh8) 19... g6 20. Rh4 Ke7 (20... h5 21. g4 $1 21... Kd7 22.
gxh5) 21. Rxh7 Rd8 22. Rh4 Rd5 23. Re4+ Kf8 (23... Kf6 24. Kc3 24... -- 25. Re8
) 24. Kc3 Rf5 25. Re2 a6 26. a3 26... Ne7 {In order to occupy d5 with the
Knight - a stratagem already known to us in the play against an isolated pawn 
 } 27. Re5 $1 27... Rf6 (27... Rxe5 28. dxe5 {
Black has no compensation for his pawn
}) 28. Kd3 28... b6 29. Re2 $1 29...
Nd5 30. Ke4 Nf4 (30... Re6+ 31. Ne5 Nf6+ 32. Kf3 {leads to nothing
}) 31. Rc2
31... Nxg2 {threatening to win a piece
} 32. Ne5 $1 (32. -- 32... Rf4+ {
White can't take the c-pawn
}) 32... Ke8 {Now Black in his turn cannot
protect the c-pawn because of the threatened Nd7+  } 33. Rxc7 Rxf2 34. Nc4 $1
34... b5 35. Nd6+ Kf8 36. d5 f6 37. Nb7 $1 {
Preparing the decisive advance of the d-pawn
} 37... Nf4 38. b4 g5 39. d6 Ne6
40. Kd5 $1 40... Nf4+ (40... Nxc7+ 41. dxc7 Rc2 42. Nc5 $18) (40... Re2 41. Kc6
Nd4+ 42. Kb6) 41. Kc6 Rxh2 42. Nc5 $1 {This prevents the enemy Knight from
opposing the advance of the d-pawn. The rest presents no difficulty  } 42...
Rd2 43. Rc8+ Kf7 44. d7 Ne6 45. Nxe6 Kxe6 46. d8=Q Rxd8 47. Rxd8 g4 48. Re8+
Kf7 49. Re2 f5 50. Kd5 Kf6 51. Kd4 f4 52. Ke4 Kg5 53. Rc2 f3 54. Rd2 Kh4 55.
Kf4 Kh3 1-0

[Event "match game"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1936.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Van Scheltinga"]
[Black "de Groot"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E94"]
[Annotator "47: Eagerness to Exchange Pieces"]
[PlyCount "37"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4 d6 5. Nf3 O-O 6. Be2 e5 7. O-O Nfd7 8. Be3
Nc6 9. Qd2 exd4 10. Nxd4 Nxd4 11. Bxd4 Bxd4 12. Qxd4 12... Qf6 {Black's intenti
on was apparently to obtain a quick draw, or else by simplifying the position,
to minimize the inconvenience which his space disadvantage might cause.White's
next move, however, makes it clear that the foregoing moves have led only to a
weakening of the Black position.    } 13. Qd2 $1 (13. Qxf6 Nxf6) 13... Qe5 $5 (
13... c6 14. Rad1) (13... Nb6) 14. f4 $1 (14. Nd5 14... c6 $1) 14... Qc5+ 15.
Kh1 15... Nf6 {Now it looks as though Black has solved all his problems
} 16.
b4 $3 (16. Nd5 Nxe4) 16... Qxb4 $2 {Losing outright
} (16... Qc6 17. Qd4 {
Black's in dire straits
}) 17. Qd4 $1 17... Kg7 (17... Nd7 18. Nd5 $18) 18.
Nd5 Qc5 19. Qxf6+ {mates
} 1-0

[Event "Leipzig"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1894.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tarrasch"]
[Black "Marco"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C77"]
[Annotator "47: Eagerness to Exchange Pieces"]
[PlyCount "73"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. Nc3 Bb4 6. Nd5 Be7 7. d3 d6 8. c3
O-O 9. Nxf6+ $1 {Not every exchange is made just for the sake of trading down
some pieces. Tarrasch awards himself an exclamation mark - most probably
because Black would otherwise have made the exchange himself, and then, after .
.. Nb8, have advanced with ... Pf5  } 9... Bxf6 10. O-O Ne7 11. Be3 Ng6 12. d4
{Tarrach attached great importance to occupying the centre with pawns
} 12...
Bg4 13. h3 13... Bxf3 $2 {Black is too anxious to exchange pieces. The Bishop
should have been retired to e6 or d7, according to Tarrasch  } (13... Be6) (
13... Bd7) 14. Qxf3 Bg5 15. g3 {Preventing 15. ... Nf4
} 15... Bxe3 16. fxe3
$1 {Quite correct: the open f-file guarantees White an enduring initiative
}
16... Kh8 17. Rf2 c6 18. Bb3 f6 19. Be6 19... Re8 {
White can't play Pd5 since this would simply be met by ... Nf8
} (19... Qe7
20. d5) 20. Bf7 (20. d5 Nf8) 20... Re7 21. Bxg6 21... hxg6 {The results of the
respective strategies of both players is now clear: White's exchange at move 9
prepared to obtain a central space advantage, and that on the 21st move
weakened the Black King's position. Black also has exchanged twice, but his
13th move was only loss of time while his 15th gave White control of the
half-open f-file. We shall now see how Tarrasch develops his advantage  } 22.
h4 $1 {An important move, for otherwise Black would get a satisfactory pawn
structure by ... Pg5  } 22... Qe8 23. Re1 (23. -- 23... exd4) 23... Kg8 24. Rd2
$1 {The purpose of this move is to prepare to play Pd5, so as to close the
centre before resuming with his Kingside attacking ideas  } 24... Qf7 25. d5 c5
26. Rf1 Qe8 27. Rh2 {
White's plan consists of Ph5 and then if ... Pg5, the breakthrough with Ph6
}
27... Rd8 28. Qg4 (28. h5 {premature
} 28... gxh5 29. Rxh5 29... Qg6 $1) 28...
b5 29. Kg2 (29. h5 g5 30. Qf5 Qd7 31. Qg6 31... Qg4 $132) 29... b4 30. c4 Qa4
31. h5 $1 (31. Qxg6 Qxa2) 31... g5 32. h6 Qc2+ 33. Rf2 Qxc4 34. hxg7 Kxg7 35.
Qf5 35... Kg8 36. Qxf6 36... Qxe4+ 37. Kg1 1-0

[Event "Amsterdam"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1935.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Beem"]
[Black "Van Scheltinga"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C50"]
[Annotator "47: Eagerness to Exchange Pieces"]
[PlyCount "66"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5 4. Nc3 Nf6 5. d3 d6 6. Be3 O-O 7. Bxc5 $2 {
This move and White's next form an ill-motivated attempt to rapidly simplify
the game by exchanges  } 7... dxc5 8. Nd5 Qd6 9. Nxf6+ 9... Qxf6 {
White's exchanges have only given Black the initiative
} 10. h3 {
White must prevent the pinning ... Bg4
} 10... Bd7 11. O-O 11... Ne7 $1 {
The Knight moves toward the Kingside to help in the attack
} (11... Nd4 12.
Nxd4 {only helps White's chances
}) 12. Nh2 Ng6 13. Ng4 Qg5 14. Qf3 14... Nf4
{Threatening to win a pawn with ... Ph5
} 15. Kh2 Kh8 16. Ne3 16... c6 {
Otherwise White would force more exchanges by 17. Nd5
} 17. Rg1 Rad8 18. Rae1
18... Bc8 $1 19. g4 19... Rd6 {Very much to the point. Now the Rook is poised
to invade the Kingside with effect  } 20. Nf5 (20. Ng2 20... Nxh3 $1 {
White has the Trojan horse within his walls
}) 20... Bxf5 21. gxf5 Qh5 22.
Qxh5 {White glady avails himself of the chance to exchange Queens as well.
This leads hims straight into a lost endings, as the Bishop is no match for
the Knight here.  } (22. Qg3 g6) 22... Nxh5 23. Rg5 g6 24. fxg6 $2 (24. Reg1)
24... fxg6 25. Reg1 (25. Rxe5 Rxf2+ 26. Kg1 Rdf6) (25. Rg2 Rdf6 26. Kg1 Rf3)
25... b5 26. Bb3 Rxf2+ 27. R1g2 Rxg2+ 28. Kxg2 a5 29. a4 Nf4+ 30. Kg3 $2 (30.
Kh2 30... c4 $1) 30... Nxd3 31. cxd3 Rxd3+ 32. Kf2 Rxb3 33. axb5 cxb5 0-1

[Event "San Sebastian"]
[Site "San Sebastian"]
[Date "1912.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Rubinstein"]
[Black "Schlechter"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D41"]
[Annotator "47: Eagerness to Exchange Pieces"]
[PlyCount "81"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 d5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. c4 e6 4. Nc3 c5 5. cxd5 Nxd5 6. e4 Nxc3 7. bxc3 cxd4 8.
cxd4 Bb4+ 9. Bd2 {As the opening comes to an end and the middlegame phase
begins one often has to decide whether or not to initiate exchanges. The
familiar rule that the side with less freedom of movement does well to seek to
seek exchanges is not infallible. In the present case White has a great
superiority in terrain and by the above mentioned rule Black should have
welcomed the exchange of Queens; but as we shall see, this is the very
exchange which favours White  } 9... Qa5 $2 {
Experience has shown best is Bxd2+
} (9... Bxd2+ 10. Qxd2 O-O 11. Bc4 11...
Nc6 {even chances
}) 10. Rb1 $1 10... Bxd2+ (10... Nc6 11. Rxb4 Nxb4 12. Qb1
Qxa2 13. Qxa2 Nxa2 14. Bc4 $18) 11. Qxd2 Qxd2+ 12. Kxd2 $1 {Black's object has
been obtained, but it is White who is left with the advantage in development
sufficient to give him a powerful initiative  } 12... O-O (12... Ke7 {
Giving Black better chances of survival by keeping his King in the centre
})
13. Bb5 $3 {An uncommonly fine move, the object of which is to force the
weakening which follows  } 13... a6 {
This is unavoidable if Black is to get his Queenside pieces out
} 14. Bd3 Rd8
15. Rhc1 15... b5 {Permitting the invasion
} (15... Nc6 16. Ke3 Kf8 17. Rb6)
16. Rc7 Nd7 17. Ke3 Nf6 18. Ne5 Bd7 19. g4 $1 {White begins the attack
} 19...
h6 (19... -- 20. g5) (19... g5 20. h4 h6 21. hxg5 hxg5 22. f4 gxf4+ 23. Kxf4 {
Kmoch
}) (19... Be8 20. g5 Nh5 (20... Nd7 $2 21. Nc6) 21. Be2 f6 22. gxf6
22... gxf6 $2 (22... Nxf6 23. Rg1 g6 24. h4 $16 {
White has both a positional advantage and Kingside attack as well
}) 23. Bxh5
fxe5 24. Bxe8 exd4+ 25. Kd3 Rxe8 26. Rg1+ Kh8 27. Kxd4 $1) 20. f4 Be8 21. g5
hxg5 22. fxg5 Nh7 (22... Nd7 23. Nc6) (22... Nh5 23. Be2) 23. h4 Rdc8 24. Rbc1
Rxc7 25. Rxc7 Rd8 26. Ra7 f6 (26... Rd6 27. Ra8 Kf8 28. Nxf7 $1 28... Kxf7 29.
g6+ $1 $18) 27. gxf6 gxf6 28. Ng4 Bh5 29. Nh6+ Kh8 30. Be2 $1 {
Taking advantage of the fact that Black's bishop is tied to the defence of f7

} 30... Be8 31. Rxa6 {This settles is. The rest is not difficult
} 31... Kg7
32. Ng4 f5 33. Ra7+ Kh8 (33... Kg6 34. h5+ Kg5 35. Rg7+ Kh4 36. exf5 exf5 37.
Nh6 Nf8 38. Nxf5+ Kh3 39. Bf1+ Kh2 40. Rg2+ Kh1 41. Ng3#) 34. Ne5 fxe4 35. Bxb5
Nf6 36. Bxe8 Rxe8 37. Kf4 Kg8 38. Kg5 Rf8 39. Kg6 39... -- 40. Rg7+ Kh8 41.
Nf7+ 1-0

[Event "Leeuwarden (blindfold)"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1933.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kmoch"]
[Black "?"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B13"]
[Annotator "47: Eagerness to Exchange Pieces"]
[PlyCount "63"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. exd5 cxd5 4. Bd3 Nc6 5. Nf3 Bg4 6. c3 Nf6 7. Bf4 Qb6 8.
Qb3 8... Qxb3 {This exchange plays into White's hands. The a-file is opened
for White's Rooks and Black's a-pawn becomes fatally weak  } 9. axb3 9... e6 (
9... Bxf3 {
The bishop pair and the weakening of White's pawns will not affet the result
}
) 10. Nbd2 Be7 11. b4 $1 11... O-O 12. b5 Nb8 13. Ra2 Nbd7 14. O-O 14... Bd8 {
To protect the a-pawn from b6
} 15. Bd6 Re8 16. Ne5 Nxe5 17. dxe5 Nd7 18. Nb3
Bb6 (18... f6) 19. Na5 Bxa5 20. Rxa5 Nb6 21. Rfa1 Nc8 22. b6 $1 22... Rd8 (
22... Nxb6 23. Rxa7 Rxa7 24. Rxa7 Ra8 25. Rxb7 $1) (22... a6 23. Bxa6 $1 23...
Rxa6 24. Rxa6 bxa6 25. b7 Nxd6 26. exd6 -- 27. Rxa6) 23. Bc7 Rd7 24. Bb5 24...
Rxc7 {there is nothing better
} 25. bxc7 Kf8 26. Bd7 a6 27. Rb5 $1 27... b6
28. Bxc8 Rxc8 29. Rxb6 Rxc7 30. Rbxa6 Be2 31. Ra8+ Ke7 32. R8a7 1-0

[Event "Beverwijk"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1961.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Wade"]
[Black "Kottnauer"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D59"]
[Annotator "47: Eagerness to Exchange Pieces"]
[PlyCount "84"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Bg5 Be7 5. Nf3 O-O 6. e3 h6 7. Bh4 b6 8. cxd5
Nxd5 9. Bxe7 Qxe7 10. Rc1 Bb7 11. Be2 Rc8 12. O-O 12... c5 {Black has obtained
a fully satisfactory game, but as of yet there is little significant play in
the position  } 13. dxc5 {White decides to get rid of a few pieces, apparently
in the expectation of a quick draw  } (13. Nxd5 exd5 14. dxc5 14... bxc5) 13...
Rxc5 14. Qd2 Nxc3 15. Rxc3 Nd7 16. Rfc1 Rac8 17. Rxc5 Rxc5 18. Rxc5 18... Nxc5
{The first part of White's plan (the simplification) is successfuly completed.
The second part (the draw) is not going to be so easy  Black has several
microscopic advantages: a flight square for his King, control of e4 and a more
active placing of minor pieces  } 19. h3 Bd5 20. Nd4 {Now Black can't capture
the a-pawn because of Pb4. White prefers this indirect protection of the
a-pawn to a3  } (20. a3 {weakens b3
}) (20. b3 {
Fixing a pawn to the same colour of the bishop and inviting ... Pa5-4
}) 20...
Ne4 21. Qc2 $2 (21. Qc1 Bxa2 22. Qc8+ Kh7 (22... Qf8 23. Qa6) 23. Qc2 f5 24. b3
) 21... Qb4 $1 22. Bf3 (22. Kf1 Bxa2) (22. a3 Qe1+ 23. Bf1 Nd2 24. Qd3 Bc4) (
22. Qb1 Nc3 23. a3 23... Qxd4 $1) (22. Nb3 Bxb3 23. axb3 Qe1+ 24. Bf1 Nd2 25.
Qd3 25... Qc1) (22. Bd3 Qe1+ 23. Kh2 Nc5) (22. Bf1 $1 22... Qe1 23. Nf3 Qa1 24.
a3 g6 25. Nh2 -- 26. f3 Nd6 27. Kf2) 22... Qe1+ 23. Kh2 23... Nd2 $1 {
An unexpected move
} (23... Nxf2 24. Bxd5 exd5 25. Qc8+ Kh7 26. Qf5+ $11) 24.
Qc8+ (24. -- 24... Nf1+ 25. Kg1 25... Nxe3+) (24. Kg3 Nf1+ 25. Kf4 g5+ 26. Kg4
26... Nxe3+ $1) 24... Kh7 25. Bxd5 Nf1+ 26. Kg1 Nxe3+ 27. Kh2 27... Nf1+ $1 (
27... Nxd5 28. Qc2+ {Black is faced with a difficult technical task
}) 28. Kg1
Nd2+ 29. Kh2 Qe5+ 30. Kg1 30... Qxd4 $1 {Illustrating a fact that Capablanca
had pointed out - that in Queen endings a Knight cooperates better than a
bishop, especially when there is a chance of mating attack. Kottnauer's
conduct of this game prettily supplements our treatement of the subject of
liquidation  } 31. Qc2+ g6 32. Qc7 Kg8 (32... exd5 33. Qxf7+ Qg7 34. Qxd5 Qxb2
35. Qd7+ $11) 33. Qc8+ Kg7 34. Bxe6 fxe6 35. Qxe6 Qd8 36. Qe5+ Kh7 37. Qf4 Qd7
38. h4 h5 39. b3 Nb1 40. Qb4 Qc7 41. g4 Nc3 42. g5 Qc5 0-1

[Event "Russia"]
[Site "Match, Moscow  (6)"]
[Date "1957.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Smyslov"]
[Black "Botvinnik"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D98"]
[Annotator "47: Eagerness to Exchange Pieces"]
[PlyCount "55"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Nf3 Bg7 5. Qb3 dxc4 6. Qxc4 O-O 7. e4 Bg4 8.
Be3 Nfd7 9. O-O-O Nc6 10. h3 Bxf3 11. gxf3 Nb6 12. Qc5 f5 13. Ne2 Qd6 14. e5
14... Qxc5+ {This gives White a big advantage in the ending
} (14... Qd5 15.
Nc3 (15. Qxd5+ Nxd5 16. Nc3 Nxe3 17. fxe3 f4 18. e4 Rad8) (15. b3 15... Rfd8 $1
(15... Qxf3 16. Nf4) 16. Nf4 Qxc5+ 17. dxc5 Rxd1+ 18. Kxd1 Nd7 19. Ne6 19... f4
$1 20. Bxf4 Ndxe5) (15. Kb1 Rad8 (15... Qxf3 16. Nc3 $1 16... Qxh1 $2 17. Bc4+)
16. Bg2 Qxc5 17. dxc5 Nd5 18. f4 e6 19. Bxd5 Rxd5 20. Nc3 Rxd1+ 21. Rxd1 a6 22.
a3 Rd8 23. Rxd8+ Nxd8) 15... Qxc5 16. dxc5 16... f4 $1 17. cxb6 fxe3 18. bxc7
18... Bxe5 {good play for Black
}) 15. dxc5 Nc4 16. f4 Rfd8 17. Bg2 Nxe3 18.
fxe3 {Now White has clear positional advantages: his Bishop is active while
Black's is shut in, and White controls all the good squares in the centre. For
our purposes the rest of the game is relatively less important  } 18... Nb4 19.
Bxb7 Rab8 20. c6 $1 20... Kf7 21. Nd4 e6 22. Nb5 Nd5 23. Rxd5 $1 23... exd5 24.
Nxc7 Rdc8 25. Bxc8 Rxc8 26. Nxd5 Rxc6+ 27. Kd2 Ke6 28. Nc3 1-0

[Event "Zuerich"]
[Site "Zuerich"]
[Date "1953.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Euwe"]
[Black "Averbakh"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "47: Eagerness to Exchange Pieces"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r5nk/4nrpp/1q2b3/3p1pQN/p1pPP3/PpP2P2/1B2R1PP/RB4K1 w - - 0 24"]
[PlyCount "32"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black has a Queenside majority, while White has a central majority. Black's
protected passed pawn at b3 can be a strong asste, but for the time being it
is securely blockaded. White's central pawn position is, on the other hand, in
a dynamic state and hence White currently holds the initiative  } 24. exf5 {
This move nad White's next are not merely unmotivated exchanges, for White
must find a way to free his Queenside pieces  } 24... Bxf5 25. Bxf5 Nxf5 26.
Rae1 {Controls the open e-file
} (26. Re5 {avoiding the exchange of Queens
and playing for attack instead, might have been the best idea.}) 26... Qd8 {
Forcing the exchange
} 27. Qxd8 (27. Qd2 Qh4 28. Nf4 28... Nxd4) 27... Rxd8
28. Re8 $2 {This leads to the exchange of all Rooks, after whch Black suddenly
finds himself better off  } (28. Re6 {
White is able to attack the enemy pawns from behind
}) 28... Rxe8 29. Rxe8
29... Re7 $1 {This move had been overlooked by White in his previous
calculations. He must now permit the exchange of his other Rook, for otherwise
Black will play ... Re2  } 30. Rxe7 Ngxe7 31. Kf2 Kg8 32. g4 Nd6 33. Ke3 33...
Nb5 {One Black Knight has taken up an ideal post, and it is becoming clear
that in this minor piece ending Black's protected passed pawn is a formidable
factor  } 34. f4 $2 {Understandably striving to advance his Kingside majority
as rapidly as possible, but creating an incurable weakness at e4, which in
turn enables his opponent to strengthen his game decisively  } (34. Nf4 34...
-- 35. Ne2) 34... Nc8 35. f5 Ncd6 36. Nf4 36... Nxa3 $1 {
Thus Black creates a pair of united passed pawns on the extreme Queen's flank

} 37. Bxa3 Nb5 38. Bc1 Nxc3 39. Ne2 (39. Kd2 Nb1+ 40. Kd1 40... a3 $19) 39...
Nb1 0-1

[Event "Kissingen"]
[Site "Bad"]
[Date "1928.??.??"]
[Round "5"]
[White "Capablanca"]
[Black "Mieses"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D63"]
[Annotator "47: Eagerness to Exchange Pieces"]
[PlyCount "65"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Bg5 Be7 5. e3 Nbd7 6. Nf3 O-O 7. Rc1 a6 8. cxd5
exd5 9. Qb3 c6 10. Bd3 10... Nh5 $6 {The usual procedure in this sort of
position, as seen in Chapter 14, is for both sides to initiate minority
attacks - White by Pb4-b5, and Black by ... Pf5-f4. From this point of view
the text moves seems to be strategically correct as teh f-pawn is no longer
blocked. It soon becomes clear, however, that Black does not have a minority
attack in mind; he is instead playing for exchanges  } 11. Bxe7 Qxe7 12. O-O
12... Nhf6 {Thus Black has lost two moves in order to exchange his good Bishop
for White's bad one.  } (12... f5 {strategically correct move
} 13. -- g6) 13.
Na4 Ne4 14. Bxe4 Qxe4 (14... dxe4 15. Nd2 Nf6 (15... Kh8 $1) 16. Nc5 Rd8 17.
Nc4 $16) 15. Qb4 $1 {After his move Black will sorely miss his dark squared
Bishop which he spent precious time in exchanging off! The dark squares in his
position are now painfully weak  } 15... Qg6 (15... f6 16. Nd2 Qe6 17. Nb3 Re8
18. Nbc5 Nxc5 19. Nxc5 Qe7) 16. Qe7 f6 17. Rc3 17... Qe8 {
Seeking further simplification
} 18. Qd6 Rf7 19. Rfc1 Qf8 20. Qxf8+ 20... Kxf8
{Black is distincly uncomfortable
} (20... Nxf8 21. Nb6 Rb8 22. Nxd5) 21. Ne1
$1 {The Knight head for Black's besieged Queenside, where the decision is
bound to come  } 21... Ke8 22. Nd3 Rb8 (22... b5 23. Rxc6 Bb7 24. Rc7) 23. f3
Re7 24. Kf2 Nf8 25. Rb3 25... Nd7 {Black's joy was brief
} (25... -- 26. Rxc6)
(25... Bd7 26. Nac5 26... -- 27. Nxa6) 26. g4 26... b5 {
Black weakens his position still more; but what was he to do?
} 27. Nac5 27...
Nb6 {
Now, too late, Black discovers that exchanging does not relieve his troubles
}
(27... Nxc5 28. Rxc5 Bb7 29. Ra3 Ra8 30. Ra5 Rc7 31. Nb4 Kd7 32. Rc3 -- 33.
Rca3 $18) 28. Nb4 {What follows now is not pretty
} 28... Bb7 29. Nxb7 Rbxb7
30. Rxc6 a5 31. Rxb6 axb4 32. Rxb7 Rxb7 33. Rxb4 1-0

[Event "Karlsruhe"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1939.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Bogolyubov"]
[Black "Hussong"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A47"]
[Annotator "47: Eagerness to Exchange Pieces"]
[PlyCount "31"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. Nf3 b6 3. e3 Bb7 4. Bd3 d6 5. Nbd2 Nbd7 6. e4 e5 7. c3 Be7 8. Qe2
O-O 9. Nf1 d5 10. Nxe5 Nxe5 11. dxe5 Nxe4 12. Ng3 Nc5 13. O-O Qd7 14. Nf5 14...
Nxd3 $2 15. Qg4 {Suddenly there is no defense to Qxg7+ and Nh6+
} 15... -- 16.
Qxg7# (16. Nh6+ 16... Kh8 17. Qxd7) 1-0

[Event "Regensburg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1887.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Bachmann"]
[Black "Fiechtl"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C67"]
[Annotator "47: Eagerness to Exchange Pieces"]
[PlyCount "29"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 Nf6 4. O-O Nxe4 5. Re1 Nd6 6. Nxe5 6... Nxe5 $2 {
Black is determind to exchange everything
} (6... Be7) 7. Rxe5+ Be7 8. Nc3
8... Nxb5 $2 {Continuing the same tactics. He should have castled
} 9. Nd5 $1
9... d6 (9... O-O 10. Nxe7+ Kh8 11. Qh5 11... -- 12. Qxh7+ Kxh7 13. Rh5#) 10.
Rxe7+ Kf8 11. Qf3 11... f6 12. d3 c6 (12... f5 13. Qh5 Qxe7 14. Nxe7 Kxe7 15.
Bg5+) 13. Qxf6+ $1 13... gxf6 14. Bh6+ Kg8 15. Nxf6# 1-0

[Event "Zurich"]
[Site "Zurich"]
[Date "1953.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Szabo"]
[Black "Reshevsky"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "D42"]
[Annotator "47: Eagerness to Exchange Pieces"]
[PlyCount "54"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 d5 4. Nc3 c5 5. cxd5 Nxd5 6. e3 Nc6 7. Bd3 Nxc3 8.
bxc3 Be7 9. Qc2 g6 10. h4 h5 11. Rb1 Rb8 12. Be4 Qc7 13. O-O Bd7 14. d5 exd5
15. Bxd5 Bf6 16. Ng5 Nd8 17. c4 Bc6 18. Ne4 Bg7 19. Bb2 19... O-O {We end this
chapter with an astonishing example showing that even world class masters may
be troubled by over eagerness to exchange. In this example it amouns to chess
blindness. This seems to have been a bad day for both these Grandmasters; it
occasionally happens to all of us. At times like this we know we are likely to
make wrong decisions at critical moments, and for want of inspiration it is
only natural to make exchanges automatically .Such must have been the
circumstances which produced the following remarkable sequence of moves  } 20.
Nf6+ 20... Bxf6 $2 21. Bxf6 (21. Qxg6+ Bg7 22. Qxg7#) 21... Bxd5 $2 {
He has spotted the mate threat
} 22. cxd5 Qd6 23. Qc3 Qxd5 24. Rfd1 Qf5 25. e4
Qe6 26. Bg7 b6 27. Bxf8 (27. Bh6 $1 27... f6 28. Qg3 {
White would win a whole Rook
}) 27... Kxf8 1/2-1/2

[Event "New York"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1924.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tartakower"]
[Black "Lasker"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "A20"]
[Annotator "46: Eagerness to Checkmate"]
[PlyCount "98"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. c4 e5 2. a3 Nf6 3. e3 Be7 4. Qc2 O-O 5. Nc3 d6 6. Nf3 Re8 7. Be2 Bf8 8. O-O
Nc6 9. d4 Bg4 10. d5 Ne7 11. h3 Bd7 12. Nh2 Qc8 13. e4 13... Ng6 {The pawn form
ation suggests a Queenside attack by White based on Pb4 and eventually Pc5.
Black's plan, on the other hand, should be the advance of ... Pf5, with
Kingside attacking chances.  } 14. f4 $5 {This advance is normally
anti-positional since after ... exf4 Black obtains a strong outpost square on
e5 and the half-open e-file with which to press on the now backward e-pawn.
However, this position is exceptional in that White can "get away" with the
usually anti-positional advance Pf4. This is because he will obtain strong
pressure on the newly opened f-file, whic, in conjunction with the
concentration of his minor pieces on or near the Black Kingside, will provide
enough pressure to compensate for the aforementioned positional liabilities.
In this game Tartakower utilizes these factors well, until a critical moment
when he misses a chance for a double exchange sacrifice which would have
forced Black to work hard to achieve a draw. Having missed his chance he winds
up in a seriously compromised position, which Lasker quickly exploits to his
advantage  } 14... exf4 15. Bxf4 Nxf4 16. Rxf4 16... Be7 $1 {Showing a very
fine positional sense. The weakening of e5, consequent to the advance 14. Pf4,
has givven Black the chance to occupy the outpost at e5. The purpose of the
text move is to prepare to occupy e5 by a coordinated sequence of moves.
Incidentally, the text also prevents the possibility of White pushing Pe4-e5  }
17. Raf1 (17. Nf3 17... Nh5 {White loses the exchange
}) 17... Rf8 18. Qd3
18... Be8 19. Qg3 $2 {After this Black is able to occupy e5 and repulse
White's attack. As Tartakower later commented, he and a group of strong Berlin
players analyzing this positoin found that a brilliant double exchange
sacrifice would have maintained the pressure and force Black to defend
resourcefully to hold the game  } (19. Rxf6 $3 19... Bxf6 20. Rxf6 $1 20...
gxf6 {Black's shattered Kingisde must be defended with great care. Their
analysis is very long so we omit it here, merely contenting ourselves with
pointing out the proper culmination of White's pressure on the f-file  }) 19...
Qd8 20. Nd1 Nd7 21. Ne3 {now Black wins material
} (21. Nf3 21... Bf6 {
Black retains a definite positional grip
}) 21... Bg5 22. Rg4 22... f6 23. Qf2
(23. -- 23... h5) 23... h5 24. Rg3 24... h4 $1 (24... Bh4 25. Rxg7+ $1 25...
Kxg7 26. Qxh4) 25. Rg4 25... Bh5 {White's attack has been thorougly refuted
}
26. Nf5 Bxg4 27. Nxg4 Qe8 28. Bf3 Ne5 29. Nxe5 Qxe5 30. Nxh4 Bxh4 31. Qxh4 f5
32. exf5 Rxf5 33. Re1 Qxb2 34. Bg4 Qd4+ 35. Kh2 Raf8 36. Qe7 Qf4+ 37. Kh1 Re5
38. Rxe5 dxe5 39. Qxc7 e4 40. Qe7 Qf6 41. Qxb7 Qa1+ 42. Kh2 Qe5+ 43. Kg1 Rb8
44. Qd7 Rb1+ 45. Kf2 e3+ 46. Ke2 Rb2+ 47. Ke1 Qc3+ 48. Kf1 Qc1+ 49. Bd1 Qxd1#
0-1

[Event "Portoroz"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1958.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Cardoso"]
[Black "Benko"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "B57"]
[Annotator "46: Eagerness to Checkmate"]
[PlyCount "79"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 d6 6. Bc4 Qb6 7. Nb3 e6 8.
O-O Be7 9. Be3 Qc7 10. f4 O-O 11. g4 $2 {This sharp advance repeatedly occurs
in similar positions in the Sicilian. In this case, however, it is premature.
The attack has point when it leads to the opening of a file by Pg5 (eg. Black
has played ... Ph6 and White has castled on the other side) or when it
succeeds in driving back the enemy pieces. Even in such cases it needs very
careful preparation, for the advance Pg4-g5 is bound to create weaknesses in
one's own camp. A sudden counterattack may prove devastating, and in practise
this is quite frequently what happens  } 11... d5 $1 {
Hitting the nail on the head
} 12. Bd3 (12. exd5 12... Nb4 13. Be2 13... Nbxd5
{the Black counterattack is in full swing
}) 12... dxe4 13. Nxe4 Nd5 14. Bd2
14... a5 {Black has completely take over the initiative; and it is now clear
that White was only beating air with Pg4  } 15. c3 Rd8 16. g5 a4 17. Nc1 Qb6+
18. Kh1 Ne3 (18... Qxb2 {Black prefers to concentrate logically on the
weaknesses which White 's unjustified attack has created  }) 19. Bxe3 Qxe3 20.
Qf3 Qxf3+ 21. Rxf3 21... b6 $1 22. Bc2 Bb7 23. Ne2 Na5 24. N2g3 (24. b3 axb3
25. axb3 25... Nxb3 $1 26. Rxa8 Bxa8 27. Bxb3 27... Bxe4 $19) 24... Nc4 25. Rd1
(25. b3 axb3 26. axb3 Nd2) 25... Rxd1+ 26. Bxd1 Nxb2 27. Be2 Bd5 28. f5 exf5
29. Rxf5 Bxa2 30. Rb5 a3 31. Nf5 31... Bc4 $1 {
So strong is the passed a-pawn now that Black can cooly permit Nxe7+
} 32.
Bxc4 Nxc4 33. Rb1 a2 34. Ra1 Bc5 35. Nd4 Ne3 36. Nb3 Nc2 37. Ned2 Nxa1 38. Nxa1
Rd8 39. Ndb3 h5 40. g6 0-1

[Event "Zurich"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1961.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Bhend"]
[Black "Petrosian"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "B85"]
[Annotator "46: Eagerness to Checkmate"]
[PlyCount "58"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 e6 6. Be2 a6 7. O-O Qc7 8. a4
Nc6 9. Kh1 Be7 10. f4 O-O 11. Nb3 b6 12. Bf3 Bb7 13. Qd2 Rab8 14. g4 {
This position is similar to the previous, but the advance of Pg4 is much
better prepared. Only the White Queen is rather misplaced, blocking Bc1; but
this is a temporary matter and White can now bring the Queen to f2 or g2  }
14... d5 $5 {Black could hardly have reckoned out all the detailed
consequences of this move. The fact that White's Queen is at present hampering
his development, and the fact that the weakening of his Kingside by Pg4 may
prove to be serious were probably the considerations which most influenced him
in choosing this dynamic pawn sacrifice  } 15. exd5 Nb4 16. dxe6 Bxf3+ 17. Rxf3
17... Qb7 {
Just as in the previous game the long diagonal plays an important part
} 18.
Kg2 (18. Qg2 18... Nxc2 $1 19. Rb1 19... Ne1 $19) 18... Nxg4 19. Qe2 f5 20. Nd1
{White's first task is to drive back the enemy cavalry by c3 and Nf2
} 20...
Rf6 $1 (20... -- 21. c3 21... Nc6 22. Nf2) 21. c3 21... Rg6 $1 {Extraordinarily
well conceived. If the White King now gives up his protection of the Rook by
22. Kh1 the Black Knight will penetrate into the White's game with decisive
power via c2  } 22. cxb4 (22. --) (22. Kh1 22... Nc2 $1) 22... Ne5+ 23. Kf2
Bh4+ 24. Rg3 Ng4+ 25. Kg1 (25. Kf1 Bxg3 26. hxg3 Qh1#) 25... Bxg3 26. hxg3
26... Qd5 $1 27. Ra3 (27. e7 Re8) 27... Rh6 {Black makes it clear why he
interpolated with ... Qd5!, for White can't play Qg2 for ... Qxe1+  } 28. Nf2 (
28. Qg2 Qxd1+) 28... Nxf2 29. Qxf2 (29. Kxf2 Rh2+) 29... Qh1# 0-1

[Event "Hastings"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Van-Steenis"]
[Black "Wechsler"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C10"]
[Annotator "46: Eagerness to Checkmate"]
[PlyCount "13"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. exd5 Qxd5 5. Qg4 Ne7 6. Qxg7 Qe4+ 7. Kd1 $1 {
Now suddenly Black finds not only his Rook en-prise but also his Queen as well
} (7. Nge2 Rg8) 1-0

[Event "Bled"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1961.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Filip"]
[Black "Darga"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "46: Eagerness to Checkmate"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "2b3k1/1q5p/3Qpp2/p7/8/4P1P1/P4P1P/3R2K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "14"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. Qd8+ {This obvious check is not an error, it is the quickest way to win
}
1... Kg7 2. h4 {This still wins, but White is afraid of a few checks which a
level headed examination would show to be quite harmless  } (2. Rc1 Bd7 3. Rc7
Qb1+ 4. Kg2 Qe4+ 5. f3 {Black has run out of checks
}) 2... Qf3 $1 3. Rc1 3...
Bb7 {
Threatening mate and still "hanging in there". Black is still lost though
} 4.
Rc7+ Kg6 5. Qg8+ Kf5 6. Qxh7+ $4 {This checks is not necessary, it is suicide

} (6. g4+ Ke5 7. Rc5+ Kd6 8. Qf8+ Kd7 9. Qf7+ Kd8 10. Qc7+ Ke8 11. Qb8+ Kd7 12.
Rc7+) 6... Kg4 $1 7. Rxb7 (7. Qg6+ 7... Kh3) 7... Kh3 {Mate cannot be stopped

} 0-1

[Event "Vienna"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1873.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Anderssen"]
[Black "Bird"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "46: Eagerness to Checkmate"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r7/pp1k1ppp/2pb4/8/B2P4/2Pb1PPq/P6P/R1B1Q1K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "25"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d5 $2 {A serious mistake
} 1... Bc5+ $2 {
This check is useless and allows White to regain the attack
} (1... Re8 2.
dxc6+ Kc7 3. Be3 3... Bc5 $1 $19) 2. Kh1 b5 (2... Re8 3. dxc6+ Kc7 4. Bf4+ {
The difference being that the White Bishop doesn't get pinned
}) 3. Bf4 $1 {
Taking full advantage of Black's error on the first move
} 3... Qh5 (3... bxa4
4. Qe5 Rc8 5. d6 Re8 6. Qxc5 Re2 7. Qxa7+ Ke6 8. Qg1 $18) (3... Re8 4. dxc6+
$18) 4. dxc6+ Kxc6 5. Bd1 Rd8 6. a4 $1 {Now the position is broken open and
the Black King finds himself in the line of fire  } 6... Qd5 7. axb5+ Bxb5 8.
Kg2 g5 9. Bc2 9... Kb6 10. c4 {The complement to White's 6th move
} 10... Qd7
11. Qa5+ Kb7 12. Be4+ Bc6 13. Qa6+ 1-0

[Event "New Orleans-Wch"]
[Site "New Orleans-Wch"]
[Date "1927.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Spielmann"]
[Black "Nimzowitsch"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "46: Eagerness to Checkmate"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "2bqk2r/r3bpn1/2n1p3/pp1pP1Np/2pP3P/2P2PN1/PPB3Q1/R1B1K1R1 w Qk - 0 19"]
[PlyCount "46"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

19. Nxf7 $5 {A correct sacrifice according to Alekhine. However, there is a
more convincing first move for White; the accurate course begins with Ke2
after which the Knight sacrifice will occur with increased effect  } (19. Ke2
$1 19... -- 20. Nh7 20... -- 21. Nf6+) 19... Kxf7 {The first Knight sacrifice
was good enough, but this second one is certainly not. The capture of the
h-pawn is all the more curious in view of the several good alternatives White
had available.  } 20. Nxh5 (20. Bg6+) (20. Ne4) (20. Nf5) (20. Ne2 {Alekhine
}
20... Bxh4+ 21. Kd1 Kg8 22. Nf4 Rf7 23. Ng6 Be7 24. Nxh8 Kxh8 25. Qg6 $1 $18)
20... Bxh4+ 21. Ke2 Nxh5 22. Bg6+ Ke7 23. Bxh5 23... Kd7 $1 {Black's method
brings his King into safety, and leaves hims with a winning superiority in
material  } (23... Rxh5 24. Qg7+ Ke8 25. Qg6+ {
Spielmann had only reckoned with this continuation
}) 24. Qg7+ Be7 25. Bf7
Rh2+ 26. Kd1 Kc7 27. Bf4 Rxb2 28. Qh7 Kb6 29. Rg8 Qc7 30. Qh8 Nd8 31. Bg6 Rg2 (
31... b4) 32. Qh1 Rxg6 33. Rxg6 b4 34. Rg7 Qc6 35. Qh8 Qa4+ 36. Ke1 36... Nc6
$1 {Black returns the extra piece in the interests of a rapidly decisive
counterattack  } 37. Qxc8 Bh4+ 38. Bg3 Rxg7 39. Bxh4 Qc2 40. Bd8+ Nxd8 41. Qb8+
(41. Qxd8+ 41... Kb7 $19) 41... Nb7 0-1

[Event "The Hague"]
[Site "Wch18-NLD\URS The Hague  ;MAI"]
[Date "1948.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Euwe"]
[Black "Smyslov"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "46: Eagerness to Checkmate"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "3b2n1/1q3p1k/6pp/np2N3/2bBPN2/1pP4P/4QPP1/1B4K1 w - - 0 33"]
[PlyCount "20"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{In this positon White has the following straightforward win} 33. Nexg6 {
This sacrifice is also correct, and incidentally more attractive than the
above method  } (33. Qg4 33... Nf6 34. Qg3 Nxe4 35. Qe3 {Whether Black
retreats the knight or protects it with ... Pf5, the replay 4. Nexg6 is
crushing - Smyslov    }) 33... fxg6 (33... Bxe2 34. Nf8#) 34. Nxg6 $2 {
Just as in the previous example it is the second Knight sacrifice which is
wrong  } (34. Qg4 $1 34... Qf7 (34... Ne7 35. e5 Bf7 36. h4 $1 36... Qc6 37. e6
Be8 38. h5 $18) (34... Bf7 35. e5 Bg5 36. e6 Bxf4 (36... Be8 37. Nxg6 Bxg6 38.
Qf5 $1 38... Qg7 39. Qf7 $3 39... Qxf7 40. exf7 Bxb1 41. f8=N# $1) 37. Qxf4
Bxe6 38. Qe5 $18) (34... Bg5 35. Nxg6 Kxg6 36. Qf5+ Kh5 37. g4+ Kh4 38. Qe5)
35. e5 Ne7 36. e6 Qe8 37. Nh5 37... Ng8 38. Ng7 {
Black's Queenn must give up protection of g6
}) 34... Kxg6 (34... Qf7 35. Nf8+
(35. Qd1 $1 35... Qxg6 36. e5) 35... Qxf8 36. e5+ Kh8 37. Qe4 Qg7 38. e6 38...
Nf6 $1) 35. e5+ Kf7 36. Qh5+ Kf8 37. f4 (37. Bc5+ Be7 38. Qf5+ Ke8 39. Qg6+ Bf7
) 37... Bb6 38. Qf5+ Ke7 39. Qh7+ {Very fine
} 39... Kd8 40. Bxb6+ (40. Qxb7
40... Bxd4+ {interpolating before recapturing
}) 40... Qxb6+ 41. Kh2 Qe3 42.
Qf5 Nc6 0-1

[Event "Beverwijk"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1946.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Kramer"]
[Black "O'Kelly"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "46: Eagerness to Checkmate"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "7r/pp2qp1p/1r5k/2pBPp1P/2Pn1P2/P5R1/7Q/6RK w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "16"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The main theme of this position involves a Rook sacrifice on g6.
} 1. Rg6+ $2
(1. Bxf7 $3 {Kmoch
} 1... Qxf7 (1... Nf3 2. Rxf3 Qxf7 3. Qh4 $1) (1... -- 2.
Rg6+ Rxg6 (2... hxg6 3. hxg6+ Kg7 4. Qxh8+ $1 4... Kxh8 5. g7+ Kh7 6. g8=Q+ $18
) 3. hxg6+ Kg7 4. gxh7+ $18 4... Kxf7 5. Qh6) 2. Qh4 2... Ne6 3. Rg6+ $18) 1...
fxg6 $1 2. hxg6+ Kg7 3. gxh7+ 3... Rg6 $1 {White had not forseen this
} (3...
Kf8 4. Rg8+ {The continuation White considered
}) 4. Rxg6+ Kxg6 5. Bg8 Kg7 6.
Qg2+ Kf8 7. Qh3 Qg7 8. Qh4 8... Qg1+ $1 0-1

[Event "England"]
[Site "It, Hastings"]
[Date "1962.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Littlewood"]
[Black "Botvinnik"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "B75"]
[Annotator "46: Eagerness to Checkmate"]
[PlyCount "56"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 g6 6. Be3 Bg7 7. f3 a6 8. Bc4
b5 9. Bb3 Bb7 10. Qd2 Nbd7 11. O-O-O Nc5 12. Kb1 Nxb3 13. cxb3 O-O 14. Bh6 Bxh6
15. Qxh6 b4 16. e5 (16. Nd5 Nxd5 17. exd5 Bxd5 18. Nf5 gxf5 19. Rxd5 e6 20.
Rxd6 $1 20... Qxd6 21. Qg5+ Kh8 22. Qf6+ $11 {Flohr
}) 16... Nd7 17. h4 (17.
exd6 bxc3 (17... e5 $1) 18. Nf5 gxf5 19. Qg5+ 19... Kh8 20. dxe7) 17... bxc3
18. h5 dxe5 19. hxg6 (19. Ne6 fxe6 20. hxg6 c2+ 21. Kxc2 Qc7+ 22. Kb1 22... Nf6
) 19... Nf6 20. bxc3 {
It is not always easy to demonstrate than an attack is premature
} (20. Nf5
20... c2+ {Black's defence is based on this finesse
}) 20... exd4 21. gxh7+
Kh8 22. Rxd4 Qa5 23. Qe3 Nd5 24. Qd2 Nxc3+ 25. Ka1 Rad8 26. Rc1 Qxa2+ 27. Qxa2
Nxa2 28. Rxd8 Rxd8 0-1

[Event "Bled"]
[Site "Bled"]
[Date "1959.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tal"]
[Black "Keres"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "B19"]
[Annotator "46: Eagerness to Checkmate"]
[PlyCount "68"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Bf5 5. Ng3 Bg6 6. h4 h6 7. Nf3 Nd7 8. Bd3
Bxd3 9. Qxd3 Ngf6 10. Bf4 Qa5+ 11. c3 e6 12. O-O Be7 13. Rfe1 O-O 14. Nf5 14...
Rfe8 {
In this position White has a simple was to secure a slight space advantage
}
15. Nxg7 $5 {This sacrifice must be considered unsound, but the refutation is
not easy to find  } (15. Nxe7+ Rxe7 16. Bd6 Ree8 17. Ne5 {
in view of Black's solid position it would not lead to much
}) 15... Kxg7 16.
Ne5 Rh8 (16... -- 17. Qg3+ 17... Kh7 18. Nxf7 {
with at least three pawns for the sacrificed piece
}) 17. Qh3 {Now threatening
to decisively strengthen the attack by sacrificing the second Knight at f7  }
17... Rh7 $1 (17... Raf8 18. Qg3+ Kh7 19. Qd3+ $11 {perpetual check
} (19.
Bxh6 Kxh6 20. Qg5+ Kh7 21. Nxd7 Qxg5 22. Nxf8+)) 18. c4 (18. Nxf7 Kxf7 19.
Qxe6+ Kf8 20. Bxh6+ Rxh6 21. Qxe7+ 21... Kg8 {The attack is spent
}) 18... Nf8
19. Rad1 Rd8 20. Bd2 Qb6 21. Bc3 Kg8 22. Re3 22... Ne8 23. Rg3+ (23. -- 23...
f6) 23... Ng7 24. Rdd3 f6 25. Ng6 Nxg6 26. Rxg6 Kf7 27. h5 27... Qa6 {
The counterattack begins
} 28. b3 Qxa2 29. d5 {The last fling
} 29... cxd5
30. cxd5 Rxd5 31. Rxd5 exd5 32. Qd3 (32. -- 32... Nxh5 33. Qxh5 Qb1+ 34. Kh2
Qxg6) 32... Qa6 33. Qxd5+ Qe6 34. Qf3 Rh8 0-1

[Event "Match Game"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1951.??.??"]
[Round "10"]
[White "Botvinnik"]
[Black "Bronstein"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "E17"]
[Annotator "46: Eagerness to Checkmate"]
[PlyCount "78"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 e6 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. c4 b6 4. g3 Bb7 5. Bg2 Be7 6. O-O O-O 7. b3 d5 8. cxd5
exd5 9. Bb2 Nbd7 10. Nc3 Re8 11. Ne5 Bf8 12. Rc1 {This pawn sacrifice is not
without basis: White reckons on seriously weakening Black's castled position  }
12... Nxe5 13. dxe5 Rxe5 14. Nb5 Re7 15. Bxf6 gxf6 16. e4 $2 {Ill judged
} (
16. Qd4 $1 16... c6 17. Qg4+ Bg7 18. Nd4 {Good chances for White
}) 16... dxe4
17. Qg4+ Bg7 18. Rfd1 18... Qf8 {Bronstein gives back one of his two extra
pawns. This is a first principle of good defense  } 19. Nd4 Bc8 20. Qh4 f5 21.
Nc6 (21. Bh3 21... Bxd4 22. Rxd4 Be6 23. Rxc7 $1 23... Rxc7 24. Qg5+ Qg7 25.
Rd8+) 21... Re8 22. Bh3 Bh6 23. Rc2 e3 24. fxe3 Bxe3+ 25. Kh1 Be6 26. Bg2 a5
27. Bf3 Kh8 28. Nd4 Rad8 29. Rxc7 (29. Qf6+ Qg7 30. Qxg7+ Kxg7 31. Nxe6+ fxe6
32. Rxc7+ 32... Kf6 $1 {Despite the presence of opposite coloured Bishops,
Black has good winning chances  }) (29. Nxe6 Rxd1+ 30. Bxd1 30... Rxe6 {
Black must win in the long run
}) 29... Bd5 $1 30. Re1 (30. Qf6+ Kg8) (30. Rf1
Qd6 31. Nxf5 Bxf3+ 32. Rxf3 Qd1+ 33. Kg2 Rd2+ 34. Kh3 34... Rxh2+ $1 35. Kxh2
Qg1+ 36. Kh3 Qh1+ 37. Kg4 Rg8+ 38. Kh5 Rg5+ 39. Kh6 Rxg3+ 40. Rxe3 Rg6+ 41. Kh5
Qd1+) 30... Qd6 31. Rc2 (31. Rc3 31... f4 $1 (31... Re4 32. Rcxe3 Rxh4 33. Re8+
33... Kg7 34. Nxf5+)) 31... Re4 $1 32. Bxe4 Bxe4+ 33. Qxe4 fxe4 34. Nf5 Qb4 35.
Rxe3 Rd1+ 36. Kg2 Rd2+ 37. Rxd2 Qxd2+ 38. Kh3 Qf2 39. Kg4 39... f6 {Depriving t
he White King of g5, and so threatening ... Ph5+ removing the guard of Nf5  }
0-1

[Event "Leeuwarden"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1941.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Van den Bosch"]
[Black "Kramer"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D00"]
[Annotator "46: Eagerness to Checkmate"]
[PlyCount "48"]
[EventDate "1941.??.??"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. d4 Nf6 2. Nf3 g6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Bf4 c6 5. Qd2 Bg7 6. Bh6 O-O 7. h4 7... Bf5 {
Black's opening play has been risky, and his task now would not be easy if
White proceeded with 8. Ne5! followed by Pf3 and Pg4  } 8. O-O-O $6 {
This is much too venturesome
} (8. Ne5 8... -- 9. f3 -- 10. g4) 8... Bxh6 9.
Qxh6 Ng4 10. Qd2 Nxf2 11. e4 Nxh1 (11... Nxe4 12. Nxe4 dxe4 (12... Bxe4 13. Qh6
) 13. Ne5 {strong White attack
}) 12. Qh6 (12. exf5 12... Ng3 {
Black would have no difficulty
}) 12... f6 13. exf5 Qe8 14. h5 {
The idea of this pawn sacrifice is to keep the Black Queen away from g6
}
14... gxh5 (14... gxf5 15. Qf4 e6 16. Nh4 -- 17. Be2 {
winning the Black Knight
}) 15. Ne4 $5 {A new sacrifice  At the same time
White deprives the outlying Black knight of its escape squares, and also
threatens 16. Nc5. Decidedly a many-sided move  } 15... Nd7 (15... dxe4 16.
Bc4+ Kh8 17. Nh4 17... Rg8 18. Bxg8 Kxg8 19. Rxh1) 16. Bc4 $5 {
It is rare indeed for a player to "fork himself" in this way
} 16... dxc4 17.
Rxh1 Qf7 18. Rh3 {with the aim of preventing ... Qg7
} 18... Kh8 19. Nh4 Rg8
20. Ng6+ Rxg6 21. fxg6 Qxg6 22. Qe3 22... Qxg2 {The attack is broken and
Black's advantage in material must win th e game. "Sacrificing is easy enough",
a chess master once remarked, "the problem is how to win your material back!" 
 } 23. Rxh5 Rg8 24. Nf2 Qf1+ 0-1

[Event "St Petersburg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1909.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Schlechter"]
[Black "Salwe"]
[Result "*"]
[Annotator "46: Eagerness to Checkmate"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r4rk1/2q1npp1/R2pbn1p/1pp1p3/3PP3/2P1NN2/1PBQ1PPP/4R1K1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "17"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The unsoundness of a sacrifice is not by any means always easy to prove.
} 1.
dxe5 Rxa6 (1... dxe5 2. Qd6 Qxd6 3. Rxd6 3... Ra2 {Tarrasch
}) (1... Nxe4 $1
2. Bxe4 Rxa6 3. exd6 3... Rxd6 $17 {Lasker
}) 2. exf6 gxf6 3. Nd5 Bxd5 4. exd5
Kg7 5. Nh4 Re8 6. h3 Qd8 7. Re3 Ng6 8. Nf5+ Kf8 9. Re6 {White scored an
impressive win, which receive the first brilliancy prize of the tournament 
 Tarrasch appended the move ... Rxa6 a question mark: "this is greediness. It
is self evident that Black should not accept this exchange sacrifice, for it
leaves his Kingside broken open and gives White a powerful attack"  Lasker
sees it differently: "The introduction to a combination which received the
brilliancy prize. This, however, was a dubious award. It is clear enough that
after ... Rxa6 White will lay the Black Kingside in ruins by 2. exf6. This
makes Black Nf6 a deparado"  } *

[Event "New York"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1927.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Marshall"]
[Black "Vidmar"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "C49"]
[Annotator "48: Obsession with the Draw"]
[PlyCount "32"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bb5 Bb4 5. O-O O-O 6. d3 Bxc3 7. bxc3 d6 8.
Bg5 Qe7 9. Bxc6 bxc6 10. Rb1 h6 11. Bxf6 Qxf6 12. Qe2 Qe6 13. Nh4 {This offer
f the a-pawn is unsound, and as such could have been placed in the the
previous chapter.  Marshall's decision to offer the sacrifice was
understandable, as Black was threatening at a2, but also to seize the
initiative with ... Pf5  } 13... Qf6 {This move is prompted by groundless fear.
Black could take the a-pawn without any qualms  Why did the normally cool and
calculating Vidmar refuse teh pawn? Probably he had not yet played himself
into form. This was his first roiund game, and he did not relish the idea of
plunging straight into the fray by grabbing a pawn from so redoubtable an
attacking player as Marshall. Be it as it may, the game was drawn forthwith by
repetition of moves  } (13... Qxa2 14. c4 {Otherwise the Queen returns to e6
}
14... Qa5 15. f4 exf4 16. Rxf4 Qg5 17. Rbf1 17... a5 {
White has no compensation for the pawn
}) 14. Nf3 Qe6 15. Nh4 Qf6 16. Nf3 Qe6
1/2-1/2

[Event "New York"]
[Site "New York"]
[Date "1924.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Lasker"]
[Black "Janowsky"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "48: Obsession with the Draw"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "3r4/1p3k2/p1p2b2/P2rpbpp/1PR2p2/2PP1P1P/1N1R1KPN/8 b - - 0 38"]
[PlyCount "6"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

38... Rb5 $2 (38... Bxd3 39. Nxd3 Rxd3 40. Rxd3 Rxd3 41. Ke2 e4 42. Rxe4 42...
Rxc3 {Black has a sound extra pawn
}) 39. Ke2 Rbd5 40. Kd1 40... Ke6 $2 (40...
Bxd3 41. Nxd3 Rxd3 42. Rxd3 Rxd3+ 43. Kc2 e4 44. fxe4 44... Rg3 $18) 41. Kc2 {
White has now protected the d-pawn, Black having refushed to capture it on two
occasions. The tournament book shows that he could have taken it on the first
move  } 1-0

[Event "Russia"]
[Site "Match, Moscow  (3)"]
[Date "1960.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tal"]
[Black "Botvinnik"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[Annotator "48: Obsession with the Draw"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r2qk2r/pp1nbp1p/2p1p1p1/3pP2n/N2P3P/P3BP2/1PPQ1P2/R3KB1R b KQkq - 0 15"]
[PlyCount "10"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{The question is whether or not Black should capture the h-pawn. The answer is
more difficult to determine than the answer to the questions posed by the two
previous examples. Botvinnik thought better of his intention to take the
h-pawn and played:  } 15... Ng7 (15... Bxh4 $1 16. Rxh4 (16. Bh6 Be7 17. f4
17... Bf8 {Black retains the extra pawn
}) 16... Qxh4 17. Bg5 Qh2 18. Qb4 f6
19. Qxb7 Rb8 20. Qxc6 fxg5 21. Qxe6+ Kd8 22. Nc5 22... Nhf6 $1 {Petrosian
})
16. Bg5 h6 17. Bxh6 Nf5 18. Bf4 Rxh4 19. Rxh4 Nxh4 20. O-O-O {
Now White gets counterplay on the open h-file.
} 1/2-1/2

[Event "Portoroz"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1958.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Szabo"]
[Black "Filip"]
[Result "1-0"]
[Annotator "48: Obsession with the Draw"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "r4rk1/pbqn1ppp/1p2pn2/4N3/2BP4/P1P5/4QPPP/R1B2RK1 w - - 0 1"]
[PlyCount "33"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Passive play aiming at the draw
} 1. Bd3 1... Rac8 $2 (1... Qxc3 2. Bb2 Qa5
3. f4 Qd5 4. f5 4... Rfe8 {Black can defend himself adequately
}) (1... Nxe5
2. dxe5 Nd7 (2... Qxc3 $2 3. exf6 Qxa1 4. Bb2 $18)) 2. f4 2... Qxc3 {The exchan
ge of Knight is now poor because White could recapture with the f-pawn. On the
other hand Black cannot mark time any long, for if White is allowed to play c4
his position will be overwhelming  } 3. Bb2 Qc7 4. f5 Qd6 5. Rf4 Nd5 6. Rh4
N7f6 7. Rf1 7... Ne7 {
The text move aims to force White to declare his intentions
} (7... Rc7) 8.
fxe6 fxe6 9. Rxf6 $1 9... Rxf6 10. Bxh7+ Kf8 11. Bd3 11... Ng8 $2 {
This is too passive
} (11... Nf5) 12. h3 {Black's situation is now so utterly
passive that White can well afford the time to make a flight square for his
King  } (12. Rh8) 12... Bd5 {Preventing Pd5
} (12... Nh6 13. d5 {
giving White a direct attack agains the King
}) 13. Rh8 Rf5 14. Qg4 Rc7 15.
Qh4 Bb7 16. Qh7 Rc1+ 17. Kh2 1-0

[Event "Paris"]
[Site "Paris"]
[Date "1905.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Janowsky"]
[Black "Marshall"]
[Result "0-1"]
[Annotator "48: Obsession with the Draw"]
[SetUp "1"]
[FEN "1r4k1/pb2n1pp/3br3/2ppNp2/7P/P1B1P1P1/1P3PB1/2RR2K1 w - - 0 25"]
[PlyCount "38"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{Black's hanging pawns at d5 and c5 are likely to be a weakness in the endgame.
A priority for Black is to control e5. He has just played ... Rh6-e6, with the
idea of driving the White Knight from its advanced post. Instead of reacting
logically with Pf4 White suddently begins to play timidly  } 25. Nd3 (25. f4 {
Logically securing e5
}) 25... Ba6 26. Rb1 $2 (26. Nf4 Bxf4 27. gxf4 Bc4 28.
b4 {The White Bishop pair will become formidable
}) 26... Bc4 27. Nc1 $2 {
Clearly played to keep the Black pieces out of b3; but after the game Janowsky
himself did not know why he had not played Pb4 or Nf4 instead  } 27... Be5 28.
Bxe5 28... Rxe5 {
Despite White's sequence of time moves his position is still good for a draw
}
29. b3 $2 (29. Nd3) (29. Bf1) 29... a5 $1 30. a4 Kf8 31. Nd3 {At last
} 31...
Bxd3 32. Rxd3 c4 33. Rc3 $2 (33. Rdd1 {
not played in fear of ... cb or ... Pc3
} 33... cxb3 (33... c3 34. Rdc1 Rc8
35. Kf1 {The c-pawn is more of a liability than an asset
}) 34. Rd3 Rb4 35.
Rdxb3 Rxa4 36. Rb8+ Kf7 37. Ra8 {White soons wins the a-pawn
}) 33... Re6 $1
34. Rbc1 (34. -- 34... Reb6) 34... Rxb3 35. Rxb3 cxb3 36. Rb1 Rb6 37. Bf1 Rb4 (
37... -- 38. Bb5) 38. Bb5 Nc8 39. Kf1 Nd6 40. Bd3 Nc4 41. Ke2 g6 42. f3 Nb6 43.
Bb5 Nc4 0-1

[Event "Kemeri"]
[Site "Kemeri"]
[Date "1937.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "Reshevsky"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B05"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "73"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{1. ALEKHINE (1892-1946)  Alekhine strove first and foremost to avoid passive
positions. Above all he was an attacker, and for the sake of attack he would
gladly take risks. Originality was a prominent feature of his play; although
he usually avoided the well-known gambits he had a penchant for improvising
his own. His style may be described as an amalgam of fantasy, science, and
ambition  } 1. e4 Nf6 (1... e5 {
Examples of the way Alekhine liked to treat the openings
} 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5
a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3 Na5 9. Bc2 c5 10. d4 Qc7 11.
Nbd2 O-O 12. Nf1 Bg4 13. Ne3 $1 13... Bxf3 14. Qxf3 (14. gxf3 {also playable
}
) 14... cxd4 15. Nf5 (15. cxd4 exd4 16. Nf5) 15... dxc3 16. Qxc3 {
White has attacking chances
Alekhine - Fine, Hastings, 1936-37
}) (1... e6 2.
d4 d5 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Nge2 (4. Bd2 dxe4 5. Nxe4 $2 (5. Qg4 5... Qxd4 (5... Nf6 6.
Qxg7 Rg8 7. Qh6 Nc6) 6. Nf3 (6. O-O-O $1) 6... Nh6 $1 7. Qf4 e5) 5... Qxd4 6.
Bd3 Bxd2+ 7. Qxd2 7... Qd8 $2 {This cautious retreat is poor.
} (7... Qxb2 8.
Rd1 8... Nd7 {Black can consolidate eventually. This line conforms to
Steinitz's dogma that a gambit can be refuted only by accepting it  }) 8. O-O-O
Qe7 9. Nf3 Nf6 10. Rhe1 Nxe4 11. Rxe4 Nd7 12. Rg4 f5 13. Rf4 Nf6 14. Re1 g6 15.
h3 $36) 4... dxe4 5. a3 Be7 6. Nxe4 Nc6 7. g4 {
This much criticised move is typical of Alekhine's style
} 7... b6 (7... e5 $1
8. d5 Nd4 9. N2c3) (7... Nf6 {Alekhine
}) 8. Bg2 Bb7 9. c3 Nf6 10. N2g3 10...
O-O {Too risky; Black could still get a reasonable game with ... Qd7 followed
by Queenside castling  } (10... Qd7 11. -- 11... O-O-O) 11. g5 Nxe4 12. Nxe4
Kh8 13. Qh5 {With excellent attacking chances for White  Alekhine - Euwe, 7th
match game, 1935  }) 2. e5 Nd5 3. Nf3 d6 4. d4 Bg4 5. c4 Nb6 6. Be2 dxe5 7.
Nxe5 (7. c5 {Alekhine-Euwe (29), 1935
} 7... e4 8. cxb6 exf3 9. Bxf3 Bxf3 10.
Qxf3 10... Nc6 $1 (10... axb6)) 7... Bxe2 8. Qxe2 Qxd4 9. O-O (9. Na3 9... N8d7
(9... e6 10. Nc2) 10. Nf3 {Alekhine
}) 9... N8d7 10. Nxd7 Nxd7 11. Nc3 c6 12.
Be3 Qe5 13. Rad1 e6 14. Qf3 O-O-O 15. Bxa7 Qa5 16. Bd4 Qf5 17. Qg3 {
Alekhine is clearly bent on settling the issue in the middlegame
} (17. Qxf5 {
Another promising course
}) 17... e5 18. Be3 Bb4 19. Na4 Ba5 20. f4 $1 {
Directed at 20. ... Bc7 and 21. ... Pe4
} 20... Bc7 21. b3 f6 22. fxe5 22...
Qe6 23. h3 23... Rhg8 (23... Nxe5 24. Nc5 {not allowing ... Qg4
}) 24. Bd4
Nxe5 (24... fxe5 25. Qe3 e4 26. c5 Rde8) 25. Qc3 Nd7 26. c5 $1 26... Rge8 27.
b4 $1 27... Nb8 (27... Qxa2 28. Ra1 Qe6 29. b5 29... -- 30. Nb6+) 28. Nb6+ Bxb6
29. cxb6 Qxa2 30. Qg3 $1 30... Rd7 (30... Qf7 31. Ra1 Rxd4 32. Ra8 Re5 33. Qxe5
{Alekhine
}) 31. Bc5 (31. Bxf6 gxf6 32. Rxd7 Kxd7 33. Qc7+ Ke6 34. Re1+ {
simpler (Alekhine)
}) 31... Qf7 32. Ra1 Qg6 33. Qh2 Re5 34. Ra8 Rd2 (34... Qe8
35. Qg3) 35. Rxb8+ 35... Kxb8 36. Qxe5+ fxe5 37. Rf8+ 1-0

[Event "Breslau"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1863.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Rosanes"]
[Black "Anderssen"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C39"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "46"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{2. ANDERSSEN (1818-1879)  The style of Adolf Anderssen is distinguished by
sheer fantasy and by a tireless striving after beauty, but not so much by cold
reason. His immortal game (184) is universally known  } 1. e4 e5 2. f4 exf4 3.
Nf3 g5 4. h4 g4 5. Ne5 Nf6 6. Bc4 d5 7. exd5 Bd6 8. d4 Nh5 9. Bb5+ (9. O-O {
Anderssen considered this as the best move. Interesting is the fact that 20th
century opening theory agrees with him  }) 9... c6 $1 10. dxc6 bxc6 11. Nxc6
Nxc6 12. Bxc6+ Kf8 13. Bxa8 Ng3 14. Rh2 $2 {A serious error
} (14. Kf2 14...
Nxh1+ {Anderssen
} 15. Qxh1 Bf5 (15... g3+ {Keres suggestion a century later

} 16. Ke1 Qe7+ 17. Kd1 Bg4+ 18. Bf3 Bxf3+ 19. gxf3 Rg8 20. Qg2 Qxh4 21. Ke2 Qh2
22. Kf1 h5)) 14... Bf5 (14... Ba6 {Pachman}) (14... Qe7+ 15. Kf2 15... Ne4+ {
Keres}) 15. Bd5 15... Kg7 {Making room for the Rook
} 16. Nc3 Re8+ 17. Kf2
17... Qb6 18. Na4 (18. -- 18... Bc5 $1) 18... Qa6 19. Nc3 (19. -- Qe2+ 20. Qxe2
Rxe2+ 21. Kg1 Re1+ 22. Kf2 Rf1#) (19. c4 19... Qxa4 $1 20. Qxa4 Re2+ 21. Kg1
Re1+ 22. Kf2 Rf1#) 19... Be5 20. a4 20... Qf1+ $3 21. Qxf1 Bxd4+ 22. Be3 22...
Rxe3 23. Kg1 (23. -- Re2#) 23... Re1# 0-1

[Event "Berlin"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1897.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Blackburne"]
[Black "Charousek"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D02"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "111"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{3. BLACKBURNE (1842-1921)  Blackburne had an unprententious style, but was
nevertheless a very remarkable player. One of his great assets was an
incredible skill in spotting opportunities which seem to be more or less
accidental. Add to this the fact that he possessed an iron nerve and we have
the dreaded "natural player". Blackburne played many brilliant games. As a
positional player, however, he is not to be ranked with Steinitz or Tarrasch  
} 1. d4 d5 2. Nf3 e6 3. Bf4 Bd6 4. Bxd6 {Unpretentious, but in Blackburne's
"natural" style. A Rubinstein would certainly have played 4. Pe3  } (4. e3)
4... Qxd6 5. Nbd2 Nf6 6. c3 Nbd7 7. Qc2 e5 8. e3 O-O 9. dxe5 Nxe5 10. Be2 {
He should have traded Knights first
} (10. Nxe5) 10... Bg4 11. h3 Bh5 12. Nxe5
{Practically forced, otherwise Black will play 12. ... Pg6
} 12... Bxe2 $1 13.
Nef3 (13. Nxf7 {White could win a pawn
} 13... Qa6 {
Black would have more than enough compensation
}) 13... Qa6 14. Nb3 Bd3 15.
Qd1 b6 16. Nc1 16... Bc4 $1 {The incisive way to continue the attack
} (16...
Bg6 17. Qe2 {White would be out of difficulties
}) 17. Ne5 (17. b3 17... Qa5
$1 18. Qd2 18... Ba6 {keeping up the pressure
}) 17... Rad8 18. Qc2 Qb7 19.
Ne2 Rfe8 20. Nxc4 dxc4 21. O-O Qe4 22. Qxe4 Nxe4 23. Rfd1 g5 (23... c5 $1 {Reti
} 24. Nf4 24... Nd2 $1 {White's position is in a terrible bind
}) 24. Nd4 Rd5
25. Nf3 Rd3 (25... Red8 26. Rd4 $1) 26. Ne1 Rdd8 27. Nf3 c5 28. Kf1 b5 29. a3
a5 30. Ke2 30... b4 {White's position looks critical, but this was where
Blackburne displays remarkable resourcefulness  } 31. axb4 axb4 32. Rxd8 Rxd8
33. cxb4 33... c3 $1 (33... cxb4 {White obtains the d4 square
}) 34. bxc3
Nxc3+ 35. Ke1 cxb4 36. Nd4 Rb8 37. Nb3 Kg7 38. Ra6 h5 39. g3 Rc8 40. Nd4 Rc5
41. Ra7 Kg6 42. Rb7 Ra5 43. Rxb4 Ra1+ 44. Kd2 Ne4+ 45. Ke2 Ra2+ 46. Kf3 Nxf2
47. Rb6+ f6 48. g4 $1 (48. h4 g4+ 49. Kf4 49... Nh1 $19) 48... h4 49. Rb7 Nxh3
50. Ne6 $1 (50. Nf5 Ng1+ 51. Ke4 51... Ra4+ $19) 50... Ng1+ 51. Ke4 Ra4+ 52.
Kd3 Ra8 (52... -- 53. Nf8+ 53... Kh6 54. Rh7#) (52... Rxg4 53. Nf8+ 53... Kf5
54. Rb5#) 53. Rg7+ Kh6 54. Rf7 Rg8 55. Rxf6+ Rg6 56. Rf1 $1 {
A narrow escape, but a very praiseworthy piece of work by White
} 1-0

[Event "Salzburg"]
[Site "Salzburg (01)"]
[Date "1942.??.??"]
[Round "1"]
[White "Bogolyubov"]
[Black "Alekhine"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B15"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "91"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{4. BOGOLYUBOV (1889-1953)  Bogolyubov was an attacking player, to be ranked
with Anderssen, Marshall, and Spielmann. With subtle positional play he was
less at home; though in his later years he did operate routinely on positional
grounds while producing many fine endgames. Bogolyubov was an optimist. One of
his famous aphorisms was "When I am White I have the advantage because I am
White; when I am Black I have the advantage because I am Bogolyubov"  His aims,
however, were apt to outrun his capabilities. His great talent was at times
just not great enough, and the occasional gross errors in his play were due to
this disharmony  } 1. e4 {Around 1928 Bogolyubov wrote a book on the d-pawn
opening, under the title 1. d2-d4. However, later in his career he usually
preferred 1. e4  } 1... c6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Nf6 5. Nxf6+ exf6 6.
Bc4 Bd6 7. Qe2+ Be7 8. Nf3 Bg4 9. c3 Nd7 10. h3 $1 {
Demonstrating that the development of the Bishop to g4 has its drawbacks
}
10... Bh5 11. g4 $1 11... Bg6 12. Nh4 $1 12... Nb6 13. Bb3 Nd5 14. Bd2 $1 (14.
f4 14... f5 15. gxf5 15... Bh5 $132 {Black would get good counterplay
}) 14...
Qd6 15. Nf5 $1 {Forcing the following exchange, after which the Black doubled
pawns are blockaded, while White retains the Bishop pair and g-file  } 15...
Bxf5 16. gxf5 g6 17. O-O-O O-O-O 18. Qf3 18... g5 {
Black must control f4, otherwise he could hardly hope to defend
} 19. Rhe1
Rhe8 20. Re4 Bf8 21. Rxe8 Rxe8 22. Qh5 $1 {Winning a pawn
} 22... Qd7 23. Qxh7
Re4 24. Qh8 Qd8 25. Re1 $1 25... Rxe1+ (25... Rh4 26. Qg8 Rxh3 27. Qxf7 Ne7 (
27... Be7 28. Bxd5 cxd5 29. Rxe7) 28. Qxf6) 26. Bxe1 Kc7 27. Bd2 Qe7 28. Qh5
Qd7 29. Qf3 Qe7 30. Qh5 Qd7 31. Qf3 Bh6 32. h4 $1 32... Nf4 33. Bxf4+ 33...
gxf4 {Now White no longer has the Bishop pair, and there are opposite coloured
Bishops. With Queens off the board, Black would have good drawing chances; but
White has good attacking prospects, as the presence of opposite coloured
Bishops favours the attack  } 34. Qh5 Bf8 35. Bxf7 c5 36. Be6 Qd6 37. Qf7+ Be7
38. dxc5 Qxc5 39. h5 {The passed h-pawn shows its worth
} 39... f3 40. h6 Kb6
41. Bc4 (41. h7 Qxf2 42. h8=Q Qe1+ 43. Kc2 Qe2+ 44. Kb3 44... Qb5+ $11 {
perpetual check
}) 41... Bd6 42. Bd5 Qc8 43. Qe6 Qf8 (43... Qxe6 44. fxe6 Bf4+
45. Kc2 Bxh6 46. e7 $18) 44. h7 Ka5 45. Bxf3 Qh6+ 46. Kc2 1-0

[Event "Leningrad"]
[Site "Ch URS , Leningrad (Russia)"]
[Date "1938.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Botvinnik"]
[Black "Chekhover"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "E21"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "85"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{5. BOTVINNIK (1910-1992)  In some ways Botvinnik was a disciple of Lasker. He
was, like his great forerunner - first of all a great fighter. He revels in
difficult positions; but when necessary he also plays simple positions with
accuracy which is scarecely surpassable. his master stems from the harmony
which exists between his chess technique and his human attributes.  His style
is distinguished by great originality. Ne never minds having his pawn position
shattered, providing that he thereby obtains free play for his pieces.  In
this respect he goes much farther than Tarrasch, who spoke out in favour of
having an isolated d-pawn. Botvinnik was not only unafrad of an isolated
d-pawn; he quite frequently was prepared to accept doubled or even trebled
pawns  Botvinnik not only thirst for battle; as a rule he is thoroughly
prepared for it. Several times he lost matches in defence of the World
Championshpi - first against Smyslov, then against Tal, and then against
Petrosian. In two of these cases - against Smyslov and tal - he had the
opportunity for a return match, and both times he made such thorough
preparations, and directed those preparations so accurately at the weaknesses
of his opponents, that they were no match for him. His skill in the deep and
exhaustive analysis of adjounment positions is scarecely rivaled.  He has
adopted his own particular repertoire of openings, especially with the Black
pieces. Against 1. Pe4 his first choice of defence used to be the French and
then the Sicilian, in keeping with his preference for difficult positions.
Later he often used the Caro-Kann, especially when he needed a solid defence
against the ferocious attacking style of Tal  } 1. d4 Nf6 (1... d5 2. c4 dxc4
3. Nf3 Nf6 4. e3 e6 5. Bxc4 c5 6. O-O a6 7. a4 cxd4 8. exd4 {This variation
occured repeatedly in his match with Petrosian, the man who dethroned
Botvinnik as World Champion in 1963  }) 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Nf3 (4. Qb3 {
Botvinnik's variations with the White pieces exemplify his disregard of
weakened pawn structures  } 4... c5 5. dxc5 Nc6 6. Bg5 h6 7. Bh4 Nd4 8. Qa4 $1
8... Bxc3+ 9. bxc3 Nf5 10. Bxf6 Qxf6 11. Rc1) 4... O-O 5. Bg5 d6 6. e3 {
Botvinnik wished to leave e4 open for occupation by his pieces
} (6. e4 h6 7.
Bxf6 Bxc3+ 8. bxc3 Qxf6) 6... Qe7 7. Be2 e5 8. Qc2 8... Re8 9. O-O 9... Bxc3 {
This practically forces the doubling of the c-pawns. Botvinnik was not afraid
of doubled pawns when there is positonal compensation (in this case the
possibility of occupying d5 later  } 10. bxc3 (10. Qxc3 Ne4 11. Bxe7 Nxc3)
10... h6 11. Bh4 11... c5 {
Black hopes to induce White to play Pd5, but it doesn't work out well here.
}
(11... g5 12. Bg3 12... Nh5 {Botvinnik}) 12. Rfe1 {To be able to play Nd2
}
12... Bg4 13. Bxf6 Qxf6 14. Qe4 Bxf3 (14... Bc8 15. Qd5 {annoying to Black
})
15. Bxf3 Nc6 16. dxc5 {"A double pawn is a weakness which my perhaps be
endured, but an isolated doubled pawn is a disadvantage which must lead to the
loss of the game". Not long ago this was the accepted opinoun, but Botvinnik's
games have repeatedly demonstrated that this must be taken with a grain of
salt  } 16... dxc5 17. Rad1 Rad8 18. Rd5 {Here we see the doubled pawn as a
support pawn in the exploitation of a strong square  } 18... b6 (18... Qe7 19.
Red1 19... g6 20. -- 20... f5) 19. Red1 Na5 20. h3 Rxd5 21. Rxd5 $1 {Botvinnik 
declines to dissolve his doubled pawns. He would then have a protected passed
pawn, but Black would have been able to favourably blockade it at once by ...
Nb7-d6  } (21. cxd5 21... Nb7 22. -- 22... Nd6) 21... Qe7 (21... Rd8 22. Qd3
Rxd5 23. Qxd5 {White has excellent chances
}) 22. Bg4 Qb7 23. Bf5 Qb8 (23...
-- 24. Rd7 Qxe4 25. Bxe4 -- 26. Bd5) (23... g6 24. Bxg6 fxg6 25. Qxg6+ Kf8 26.
Rd6 $18) 24. Rd7 24... Rd8 {Black must surrender the e-pawn
} (24... -- 25.
Bh7+ Kf8 26. Qd5 26... Re7 27. Rd8+) 25. Qxe5 $1 {
Black can't take the Queen because of mate on the back rank
} 25... Nxc4 26.
Qxb8 Rxb8 27. Be4 $3 {Now White threatens Bd5 winning the f-pawn
} (27. Rxa7
27... Nd6 $132 28. -- 28... c4 29. -- 29... Nb5) 27... Na3 (27... -- 28. Bd5)
28. Bd5 Rf8 29. e4 $1 {Still White resists the temptation to win material
}
29... a5 30. c4 $1 30... b5 31. cxb5 Nxb5 32. e5 a4 (32... g5 33. Rb7 Nc3 34.
Bc4 {Black is lost
}) 33. f4 {White's pawn majority in the centre and
Kingside will now yield a decisive passed pawn  } 33... Nd4 34. Kf2 g5 35. g3
gxf4 36. gxf4 Ne6 (36... Kg7 37. Ke3 Nf5+ 38. Ke4 Kg6 39. Bxf7+ Rxf7 40. Rxf7
Ng3+ 41. Kf3 Kxf7 42. Kxg3 42... c4 43. Kf2 43... c3 44. Ke2 {
White wins easily as he can stop the c-pawn
}) 37. Ke3 c4 38. f5 {
White still eschews material gain in order to proceed with his pain strategy
}
38... Nc5 39. Rc7 Nd3 40. e6 fxe6 41. fxe6 41... Re8 42. e7+ Kg7 43. Bc6 1-0

[Event "Goteborg"]
[Site "Geteborg"]
[Date "1955.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Bronstein"]
[Black "Medina"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D36"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "49"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{6. BRONSTEIN (Born 1924)  Like Botvinnik, Bronstein is at home in difficult
positions; the difference is that Bronstein will take far greater risks. From
the first move to the last his games are usually struggles in which he devotes
much of his time seeking original, creative lines of play. These are tactics
motivated not only by the idea of forcing his opponent into prolonged thought,
but also by his desire to win as brilliantly as possible.  This style has
something of Alekhine (his pawn sacrifices and his instinct fo breakthrough)
but also something of Tartakower (the best move is not necessarily the
strongest; preference may sometimes be given to a second best move in order to
confuse the opponent)  } 1. d4 ({Porreca-Bronstein, Belgrade 1954
} 1. e4 1...
c6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Bf5 5. Ng3 Bg6 6. h4 h6 7. Nh3 Bh7 8. Bc4 Nf6
9. Nf4 Nbd7 10. O-O Qc7 11. Re1 11... Bg8 $3 {
To eliminate the possibility of a sacrifice on e6
} (11... e6 {
The sacrifice on e6 would hang over Black's hand like the sword of Damocles
})
) 1... d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bg5 Nbd7 5. cxd5 exd5 6. e3 c6 7. Bd3 Be7 8.
Qc2 Nf8 (8... O-O 9. Nf3 Re8 10. O-O Nf8 11. Rab1 {
White usually aims for the minority attack
}) 9. Nge2 (9. Nf3 {
playing for the minority attack
} 9... Ne6 10. Bh4 10... g6 11. O-O 11... Ng7
12. b4 {Bronstein often avoids the routine path
}) 9... Ne6 10. Bh4 10... g6 {
Now Black's plan has clarified: he intends ... Ng7, followed by ... Bf5, with
a strategically desirable exchange of the light squaredBishops} 11. O-O-O {
Now the cards are on the table. Queenside castling usually foreshadows a pawn
storm on the other flank; here, however, it will become clear that this is an
exceptional position  } 11... Ng7 12. f3 $1 {
White prepares to activate his central pawn majority
} 12... Nf5 (12... Bf5
13. e4 $1) 13. Bf2 Qa5 14. Kb1 Be6 15. h3 {White is in no hurry to advance in
the centre. If, for instance, Black now castles Kingside, White could obtain
excellent chances by 16. Pg4  } 15... O-O-O (15... O-O 16. g4) 16. e4 $1 16...
Ng7 (16... dxe4 17. fxe4 Ng7 18. d5 {White opens a violent assault
}) 17. Bg3
{It is clear White has the initiative, and his procedure is characteristic.
First the bishop is placed where it is most active  } 17... Nge8 18. Be5 Rf8
19. Nc1 {
Suddenly the crisis arrives. White threatens to win the Black Queen with Nb3
}
19... dxe4 (19... -- 20. Nb3) 20. fxe4 Nd7 21. Bh2 Nb8 22. d5 $1 {
Starting an overwhelming attack
} 22... Bd7 (22... cxd5 23. Nb3 -- 24. Nxd5+)
23. Nb3 Qb6 (23... Qb4 24. a3 Qb6) 24. d6 $1 24... Bxd6 25. Nd5 {
The Black Queen has no move
} 1-0

[Event "Budapest"]
[Site "Budapest"]
[Date "1928.??.??"]
[Round "7"]
[White "Capablanca"]
[Black "Steiner"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D67"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "73"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{7. CAPABLANCA (1888-1942)  Capablanca was the possessor of a virtually
perfect technical style, but he was lazy, and had a degree of
self-satisfaction which made him incline towards superficiality. He had little
patience, and was seldom in the mood for hard work. Nevertheless, there was
real inspiration in his ability to forsee possible danger, and in the way he
could nip it in the bud long before it could amount to anything serious. As
might be expected of such a superb technician, he had a particularly fine
feeling for liquidation. All things considered, his was a style which tended
more to defence than aggression.  Capablanca had no faith in principles, but
only in good moves. Since he usually steered clear of trenchant lines of play
he developed primarily into a specialist in the playing of simple positions  } 
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Bg5 Nbd7 5. e3 Be7 6. Nf3 O-O 7. Rc1 c6 8. Bd3
dxc4 9. Bxc4 Nd5 10. Bxe7 Qxe7 11. O-O Nxc3 12. Rxc3 b6 13. Qc2 13... c5 {
The play from this point is typical of Capablanca's methods
} 14. dxc5 $1 (14.
Bb5 cxd4 15. Nxd4 {but the move played is typical of Capablaca's methods
})
14... Nxc5 15. b4 Na6 16. a3 Bb7 17. Bd3 g6 18. Rc1 {White's dominance of the
c-file gives him a big advantage. Black can't challenge the c-file  } 18...
Rad8 (18... Rac8 19. Rxc8 Rxc8 20. Qxc8+ Bxc8 21. Rxc8+ Kg7 22. Bxa6 $18) 19.
Ne5 Qd6 20. f4 Nb8 21. Rc7 {Black's difficulties proved insuperable
} 21...
Ba8 22. Rxa7 Nc6 23. Rxa8 Nxe5 24. Rxd8 Rxd8 25. Be2 Qd2 26. Qxd2 Rxd2 27. Rc8+
Kg7 28. Kf1 Nd7 29. Rd8 Kf6 30. Bb5 Rd5 31. a4 Rxb5 32. axb5 Ke7 33. Rc8 e5 34.
Rc6 e4 35. Ke2 f5 36. Kd2 Kf7 37. Kc3 1-0

[Event "Havana"]
[Site "Havana"]
[Date "1921.??.??"]
[Round "11"]
[White "Capablanca"]
[Black "Lasker"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D63"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "95"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{One of Capablanca's greatest performances
} 1. d4 d5 2. Nf3 e6 3. c4 Nf6 4.
Bg5 Nbd7 5. e3 Be7 6. Nc3 O-O 7. Rc1 7... Re8 {
Playable, but the standard 7. ... Pc6 is more reliable
} 8. Qc2 c6 9. Bd3 (9.
a3 {But Capablanca usually chose the simplest way
}) 9... dxc4 10. Bxc4 Nd5
11. Bxe7 Rxe7 (11... Qxe7 12. O-O Nxc3 13. Qxc3 e5) 12. O-O Nf8 13. Rfd1 Bd7
14. e4 14... Nb6 $2 {More in keeping with the demands of the position would
have been the exchange on c3: in a cramped position, as we know, it is good to
seek exchange as many pieces as possible. Lasker was on the lookout for
complications, knowing, better than anyone, that once the position has been
simplified Capablanca would be at home like a fish in water  } 15. Bf1 Rc8 16.
b4 $1 {Restraining the freeing move ... Pc5
} 16... Be8 17. Qb3 Rec7 18. a4
Ng6 19. a5 Nd7 20. e5 $1 {Conceding Black the free use of d5, it is true, but
in return obtaining for himself the superb point d6  } 20... b6 21. Ne4 Rb8 22.
Qc3 {A superficial move which allows Black to place his Knight on d5 with gain
of tempo  } (22. Qa3) 22... Nf4 23. Nd6 Nd5 24. Qa3 f6 (24... Qe7 {
Drawing a bead on White's b-pawn
}) 25. Nxe8 Qxe8 26. exf6 {This procedure
may be compared to that in the game against Steiner. Capablanca simplifies
while firmly maintaining the initiative  } 26... gxf6 27. b5 Rbc8 28. bxc6 Rxc6
29. Rxc6 Rxc6 30. axb6 axb6 31. Re1 (31. Bb5) 31... Qc8 32. Nd2 32... Nf8 {
Bolstering up the King's position
} (32... Rc3 33. Qd6 Rc6 34. Qg3+ Kh8 35.
Ne4 {White's attack is decisive
}) 33. Ne4 Qd8 34. h4 Rc7 (34... f5 35. Bb5
Rc7 36. Ng5) (34... h6) 35. Qb3 Rg7 36. g3 Ra7 37. Bc4 Ra5 38. Nc3 Nxc3 39.
Qxc3 Kf7 40. Qe3 Qd6 41. Qe4 Ra4 42. Qb7+ Kg6 (42... Qe7 43. Qc6 Ra7 44. d5 $1
$18) 43. Qc8 Qb4 44. Rc1 Qe7 (44... Qa3 45. Bd3+ Qxd3 (45... Kh6 46. Rc7) (
45... f5 46. Qe8+ Kh6 47. Re1 Ra8 48. Rxe6+ Nxe6 49. Qxe6+ Kg7 50. Qe5+ Kf7 51.
Bc4+ Kg6 52. Qe6+ Kg7 53. Qf7+ Kh6 54. Qf6+ Kh5 55. Qg5#) 46. Qe8+) 45. Bd3+
Kh6 (45... f5 46. Bxf5+ $1 46... Kxf5 (46... exf5 47. Qc6+) 47. Qc2+) 46. Rc7
Ra1+ 47. Kg2 Qd6 48. Qxf8+ $1 1-0

[Event "Nuremberg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1896.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Charousek"]
[Black "Lasker"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C33"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "71"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{8. CHAROUSEK (1873-1900)  Charosek died young, and his immense talent never
was given a chance to fully ripen. It is said that as a schoolboy he found
Bilguer's great Handbuch in a public library and copied out the whole thousand
or so pages, memorizing much of it in the process. It is a strange story, but
this Hungarian was a strange figure. His handling of the openins, his feeling
for position and his flair for combination place him in the company of Morphy,
Pillsbury and Alekhine  Although he lived at a time when the gambits offered
fewer chances than had been the case in Morphy's day, he showed a marked
liking for gambit play. Charousek's prime lasted only about two years (1896-97)
. The last three years of his life were a losing battle with tuberculosis  } 1.
e4 e5 2. f4 exf4 3. Bc4 d5 4. Bxd5 Qh4+ 5. Kf1 g5 6. Nf3 Qh5 7. h4 7... Bg7 {
Black's treatment of White's opening shows clearly why the gambits went out of
fashion at the end of the last centure: Black has promptly returned the pawn
in order to be able to develop his pieces  } 8. Nc3 c6 9. Bc4 Bg4 10. d4 Nd7 (
10... h6 {Maroczy
}) 11. Kf2 $1 11... Bxf3 12. gxf3 O-O-O 13. hxg5 Qxg5 14.
Ne2 {Winning the f-pawn. Black's only chance now is to make something out of
the insecurity of White's King position  } 14... Qe7 15. c3 Ne5 16. Qa4 Nxc4
17. Qxc4 Nf6 18. Bxf4 Nd7 19. Qa4 a6 20. Qa5 Nf8 21. Ng3 {
Charousek keeps a firm grip on the game
} 21... Ne6 22. Nf5 Qf8 23. Bg3 Rd7 (
23... Bf6 24. d5 cxd5 25. exd5 Qc5+ 26. Qxc5+ Nxc5 27. Nd6+ $18) 24. Nxg7 Qxg7
25. Qe5 Qxe5 26. Bxe5 f6 27. Bxf6 Rf8 28. Rh6 Nf4 29. Ke3 Ng2+ 30. Kd2 Rdf7 31.
e5 Nf4 32. Rah1 {White wins without difficulty. This game - against the
reigning world champion and the winner of the tournament - must have given
Charousek great satisfaction  } 32... Rg8 33. c4 Ne6 34. Ke3 Nf8 35. d5 Rd7 36.
e6 1-0

[Event "Match"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1893.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tarrasch"]
[Black "Chigorin"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C77"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "90"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{9. CHIGORIN (1850-1908)  During his lifetime Chigorin was known as an
ingenious exponent of attacking play. From his own comments it appears that he
believed that his best talent was to be found in combinative play. The truth
is that the brilliance of his combinative play was so great that it obscured
the suprising fact that Chigorin lost more games through tactical mistakes
than strategical ones. Nowadays he is recognized as the founder of the modern
Russian school of Chess  } 1. e4 (1. d4 d5 2. c4 2... Nc6 {To the dogmatic
thinking of Steinitz and Tarrasch, Chigorin opposed a freshness of idea, a
flair for seizing the tactical opportunity, and outstanding endgame technique 
 }) 1... e5 (1... e6 2. Qe2 {The strategic originality of the great Russian
pioneer is exemplified in this line  }) 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 (3... Nf6 4. O-O
d6 5. d4 Nd7) 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. Nc3 (5. O-O {Probably the best known of all
strategic principles is that of keeping a foothold in the centre. This is an
idea which he sought to realize in a variety of ways  } 5... Be7 6. Re1 b5 7.
Bb3 d6 8. c3 O-O 9. h3 Na5 10. Bc2 c5 11. d4 Qc7) 5... d6 6. d4 Nd7 7. Ne2 Be7
(7... f6 {Some of Chigorin's opening experiments have become important parts
of modern opening theory  }) 8. c3 O-O 9. Ng3 Bf6 10. h3 {
In order to not be forced into clearing the centre up
} (10. -- Nb6 11. Bb3
Bg4) 10... Ne7 11. O-O Ng6 12. Bb3 Re8 13. Qd3 13... Ndf8 {These maneuvers
behind the lines are typical of Steinitz. The Knight now threatens to come
into play via e6  } 14. Ne2 Qe7 15. Bc2 {Tarrasch aims to maintain his centre
pawns on e4 and d4. Chigorin, for his part, means to hold a pawn on e5. In the
concentration of his pieces as far as possible on his own e-pawn we recognize
the principle which was so enthusiastically championed later on by Nimzowitsch
under the name "overprotection"  } 15... Bd7 (15... d5 16. dxe5 Nxe5 17. Nxe5
Qxe5 18. Ng3 dxe4 19. Nxe4) 16. Be3 Rad8 17. d5 {Constricting Black's position
- a strategy of which Tarrasch was a past master  } 17... h6 $1 18. Kh2 Nh7 19.
c4 19... Rf8 {Black is playing for the counterstroke ... Pf5, a method which
to us, seventy years later, has become almost a matter of routine, for
instance in the King's Indian  } 20. Ng3 Ng5 (20... Nf4 21. Bxf4 exf4 22. e5 $1
22... fxg3+ 23. fxg3 g6 24. exf6) (20... Rde8 $1 21. Nf5 Bxf5 22. exf5 e4) 21.
Nxg5 Bxg5 22. Nf5 $1 22... Qf6 (22... Bxf5 23. exf5 Nf4 24. Bxf4 Bxf4+ 25. g3
Bg5 26. f6 $18) 23. g3 {
Now the threat of 24. Pf4 forces some clearing of the situation
} 23... Bxe3
24. fxe3 $1 24... Nh8 (24... Bxf5 25. exf5 Ne7 26. g4) 25. Rf3 Rde8 26. Raf1
Bxf5 27. Rxf5 (27. exf5 27... e4) 27... Qe7 28. Bd1 g6 29. Rf6 Kg7 30. R6f2 (
30. -- 30... Qxf6 {stampin White's last move as a waste of time
}) 30... f6
31. h4 (31. Bg4 {Tarrasch believed the Black Knight can be kept away from g5
by Ph4, the advance of the Black f-pawn is prevented, and in due course White
will bring about the decision by the Queenside advance Pb4-c5. However, he
gave no analysis to support this opinion} 31... h5 32. Be6 c6 33. -- Nf7 34. --
34... Nh6 $132) 31... h5 $1 32. g4 {
Still under the imporession that he has teh advantage
} 32... hxg4 33. Kg3 (
33. Bxg4 f5 34. exf5 Qxh4+) 33... Nf7 34. Bxg4 Rh8 35. Rh2 Ref8 36. h5 {
This and White's next are still based on a wrong assessment of the position.
He thinks he has the better of it, but the boot is on the other foot  } 36...
gxh5 37. Bxh5 $2 {The temporary pawn sacrifice 37. Bf5 would have provided teh
best chance of counterplay  } (37. Bf5) 37... Rfg8 38. Kf2 Kf8 39. Rfh1 Ng5 40.
Ke2 40... Qh7 {Laying bare the weakness of White's doubles pawn
} 41. Rh4 Qg7
42. Qc2 Rh6 43. Qa4 $2 {
According to Tarrasch this move was the decisive mistake
} (43. Bg4 $1 43...
Rgh8 44. Rxh6 Rxh6 45. Rxh6 Qxh6 46. Kd3 -- (46... Qh1 47. Bf5 47... Nf3 {
Black has very definite threats}) 47. Bf5 {Tarrasch believed white's game was
defensible. Tarrasch, however, was a dogmatist. Capablanca, who was above
suspicion in this respect, said later in endgames of Queen and Knight against
Queen and bishop the side with the Knight will have better chances whenever
threats are available, for these threats will not be easily be repelled  })
43... Rxh5 $1 44. Rxh5 Nxe4 45. Qd1 $2 45... Qg2+ 0-1

[Event "Beverwijk"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1963.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "O'Kelly"]
[Black "Donner"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D55"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "86"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{10. DONNER (1927-1988)  In many ways the style of Donner calls to mind that
of Capablanca, especially as regards to his handling of simple positions and
his methods of liquidating.  There are points of dissimilarity, however.
Donner was better acquainted with the openings; however, his endgame technique
lacked the refinement of Capablanca's. Also his results showed much more
fluctuation than that of the great Cuban in his day  The following game might
well have been played by Capablanca  } 1. c4 Nf6 2. Nc3 e6 3. Nf3 d5 4. d4 Be7
5. Bg5 O-O 6. e3 b6 7. cxd5 Nxd5 8. Bxe7 Qxe7 9. Nxd5 exd5 10. Bd3 c5 11. dxc5
11... bxc5 {Black has acquired hanging pawns - a centre formation we discussed
at some length in Chapter 20 (Book 1)  } 12. Qc2 g6 13. Rc1 (13. O-O {safer
})
13... Na6 $1 14. a3 (14. Bxa6 Bxa6 15. Qxc5 15... Qb7 {
White, being unable to castle, finds his King wide open to a dangerous attack

} 16. Qd4 Qb5 17. Qd2 17... Rac8 $40) 14... c4 $1 15. Be2 Bf5 16. Qc3 Nc5 17.
Nd4 (17. b4 $2 17... cxb3 $1 18. Qxc5 18... b2 $1) 17... Nd3+ 18. Bxd3 Bxd3 19.
Nc6 Qe4 20. Qe5 20... Rfe8 $1 (20... -- 21. Ne7# {so forcing off the Queens
})
21. Qxe4 dxe4 22. Rc3 22... a5 $1 23. a4 (23. b3 Rac8 24. Nxa5 cxb3 25. Rxc8
Rxc8 26. Nxb3 26... Rc3 $1) 23... Ra6 24. Nd4 Rb6 25. Nb5 Re5 26. Ra3 {
Providing an answer to the threatened sacrifice of Rook for Knight and pawn
}
26... h5 $1 (26... Rexb5 27. axb5 Rxb5 28. Ra2 Bb1 29. Ra1 Rxb2 30. O-O Bd3 31.
Rfc1 -- 32. Rc3 32... -- 33. Rca3) 27. h4 27... Rf5 28. g3 (28. -- 28... Rbf6)
28... Kg7 29. Rh2 Kf6 30. Kd2 (30. b3 cxb3 31. Rxb3 Bxb5 32. Rxb5 Rfxb5 33.
axb5 33... Rxb5 $19) 30... Ke5 31. b3 Rbf6 32. Ke1 Kd5 33. Nd4 (33. bxc4+ 33...
Kxc4 {The Black King forces decisive entry into White's position
}) 33... c3
$3 {Worthily crowning this game with a fine Exchange sacrifice
} 34. Nxf5 Rxf5
35. Ra1 Kc5 36. Rd1 Rd5 (36... Kb4 37. f4) 37. f4 exf3 38. Rf2 38... Be2 $1 39.
Rxd5+ Kxd5 40. Rxe2 fxe2 41. Kxe2 Ke4 42. b4 axb4 43. a5 {
the pawn ending is well and truly lost
} 43... Kd5 $19 0-1

[Event "San Sebastian"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1912.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Teichmann"]
[Black "Duras"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "A50"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "122"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{11. DURAS (1882-1957)  The Czech grandmaster was outstanding as a practical
player. From the combinative viewpoint he was very stron; from the positional
point of view he was less strong. This, of course, could be said of many
players, but what particularly distinguised Duras was his ingenuity in bad
positions. Only when his situation became critical did he really begin to play.
Then all his fighting instinct was aroused and the idea of having a lost game
rarely entered his head  The consequence was that many a game which others
might have resigned he miraculously saved  } 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 b6 3. Nc3 Bb7 4.
Nf3 4... d5 {Black's opening play was nothing less than revolutionary when it
was played. No one would have expected that it would one day become
respectable as the Queen's Indian. At this point, however, we know that 4. ...
Pe6 is the more appropriate choice  } (4... e6) 5. cxd5 Nxd5 6. e3 e6 7. Bb5+
c6 8. Bd3 Bd6 9. O-O Nd7 10. Ne4 Bc7 11. Bd2 O-O 12. Rc1 e5 13. Ng3 exd4 14.
exd4 14... Nf4 $2 {Duras is well on the way to overcoming his opening
difficulties, but now, instead of seeking further simplification he plays
optimistically for the attack  } (14... c5 {seeking further simplification
})
15. Be4 Rc8 16. Qa4 (16. Bxc6 Ba6 17. Re1 (17. Bxf4 17... Bxf4 {
winning the exchange
}) 17... Nd3) 16... Nb8 17. Rfe1 (17. Bf5 17... Ba6 {
All the time Black works with tactical finesses
}) 17... a5 18. Qc2 g6 19.
Rcd1 Nd5 20. Bg5 Qd6 21. Qd2 (21. Bxd5 21... Qxd5 22. Ne4 {tournament book
})
21... f6 22. Bh6 Rf7 23. Bc2 Nd7 24. a3 Nf8 25. Bb3 Rd8 26. Qc2 Bc8 27. Rc1 Bb7
28. Ne4 {Now it is clear that White has the better game.
} (28. Ba4 {
to force the weakening ... Pb5
}) 28... Qd7 29. Ba4 29... Rc8 {
Again c6 is defended indirectly
} 30. Nc3 $1 (30. Bxc6 Bxc6 31. Qxc6 31...
Bxh2+ {this would not have been possible if White had not played Ne4
}) 30...
Qg4 (30... -- 31. Nxd5 31... Qxd5 32. Bb3) 31. Nxd5 cxd5 32. Be8 $1 {
White's advantage has assumed decisive proportions
} 32... Bf4 33. Bxf7+ Kxf7
34. Qe2 Bxh6 (34... -- 35. Qe7+ (35. Ne5+)) 35. Ne5+ fxe5 36. Qxg4 Bxc1 37.
dxe5 $2 (37. Rxe5 {
White could have forced a win according to the tournament booklet
}) 37...
Bxb2 38. h4 Ke8 39. Rb1 Rc4 40. Qg5 Bd4 41. Rd1 (41. Rb3) 41... Bc5 42. Rd2
Bxa3 43. Qf6 Rc6 44. Qg7 Be7 45. Rd3 a4 46. Rf3 Ne6 47. Qxh7 a3 48. Rf7 {
A last dangerous attemot; but the Black a-pawn is too far advanced
} 48... Rc7
49. Qxg6 49... a2 $1 50. Qxe6 a1=Q+ 51. Kh2 Qa4 52. f4 Qc6 53. Qf5 Qh6 54. Rh7
Qf8 55. Qg6+ Kd8 56. Rf7 Qh8 57. h5 Rc6 58. Rh7 (58. e6 $2 58... Rxe6 $1 59.
Qxe6 59... Qxh5+ $1) 58... Qf8 59. Qg4 Bc8 60. Qf3 Qg8 61. Qd3 61... Bd7 {
The miracle has happened
} 0-1

[Event "NED Wch-m (29)"]
[Site "NED Wch-m (29)"]
[Date "1935.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Alekhine"]
[Black "Euwe"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "B05"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "100"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{12. EUWE (1910-1981)  One of the authors of this book would have preferred
not to include this section dealing with himself, but tthe other one insisted,
and there was no way out of it. However, we make no attempt at a stylistic
analysis, but content ourselves with a game - one in which Euwe is seen
fighting Alekhine with one of his own weapson, namely Alekhine's Defence. On
principle this is good policy, but naturally opportunities are not frequent.
The counter-gambit pricniple in the openings is based on the same idea eg.
Falkbeer: 1. Pe4 Pe5 2. Pf4 Pd5  } 1. e4 Nf6 2. e5 Nd5 3. d4 d6 4. c4 Nb6 5.
Nf3 Bg4 6. Be2 dxe5 7. c5 e4 8. cxb6 exf3 9. Bxf3 Bxf3 10. Qxf3 {White is ahead
in development, but also has the weaker pawn structure since the isolated
d-pawn may become a liability  Black's move choice is more difficult than one
might suppose. In view of the above considerations, Black sought freedom in a
pawn sacrifice.  } 10... axb6 (10... Nc6 {
One temptind idea to attack the d-pawn at once
} 11. O-O $1 {
Whie would simply let the d-pawn go
} 11... Nxd4 $2 (11... axb6 12. d5 {
excellent attacking chances
}) (11... e6 {simplest
}) 12. Qxb7) (10... c6 11.
bxa7 Rxa7 12. O-O {leaves Black passively placed
}) 11. Qxb7 Nd7 12. Bf4 12...
e5 $1 {The point} 13. Bxe5 Nxe5 14. dxe5 Bb4+ 15. Nc3 Bxc3+ 16. bxc3 O-O 17.
O-O 17... Qe7 {The situation is completely reversed: the pawn sacrifice has
produced an almost forced liquidation, removing all the minor pieces from the
board. Black now has a slight pull in development, and White's weak pawns are
ready made targets  } 18. Rfe1 18... Qc5 19. Re3 Ra3 20. Qf3 20... Re8 $2 {
After this Black has problems
} (20... Qc4 $1 {
Black could have recovered his pawn with immediate equality
}) 21. h3 $1 21...
Ra5 (21... Rxe5 22. Rd1 h6 23. Rd7 {White is attacking again
}) 22. Rd1 Qe7
23. Qc6 $1 23... Rc5 (23... -- 24. Rd7) (23... Rxe5 24. Qxe8+ $1 24... Qxe8 25.
Rxe5 -- 26. Red5 $18) 24. Qd7 g6 25. f4 Rc4 26. Qxe7 Rxe7 27. Rd4 Rc5 28. Kf2
c6 29. a4 Ra7 30. Rb4 b5 31. axb5 cxb5 32. Kf3 Rac7 (32... Ra3 {Black could
force an ending with three pawns against four, but under circumstance
favourable to White. Black therefore decides to keep the Rooks on the board  })
33. Rb3 Kf8 34. g4 (34. Kg4 {Making things difficult for Black
}) 34... Ke7
35. f5 $2 35... gxf5 36. gxf5 36... f6 $1 {This leads to the win of a pawn} 37.
Kf4 fxe5+ 38. Rxe5+ Rxe5 39. Kxe5 Rc5+ 40. Ke4 Kf6 41. Ra3 Rc4+ 42. Kd3 Rh4 43.
Rb3 Kxf5 44. Rxb5+ Ke6 45. c4 Rxh3+ 46. Kd4 Kd6 47. Rb6+ Kc7 48. Rf6 Rh5 49.
Kc3 Kb7 50. Kb4 Kc7 1/2-1/2

[Event "Margate"]
[Site "Margate"]
[Date "1937.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Fine"]
[Black "Alekhine"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A90"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "119"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{13. FINE (1914-1993)  The style of Grandmaster Fine is best described as
technically very good, but for the rest, relatively neutral. The truth is that
he handled all sorts of positions well, without showing definite preference
for any. His style was polished, his games streamlined. After the war Fine
virtually withdrew from competitive chess. Here is a game in which he
demonstrates the style which perhaps fitted his termperament best  } 1. d4 e6
2. c4 f5 3. g3 Nf6 4. Bg2 Bb4+ 5. Bd2 Be7 6. Nc3 6... Nc6 {With this move, the
object of which is to induce complications, Alekhine had varying success. In
this game Fine demonstrates its drawbacks  } 7. d5 $1 7... Ne5 8. Qb3 O-O 9.
Nh3 Ng6 10. dxe6 dxe6 11. Rd1 (11. Bxb7 Bxb7 12. Qxb7 Rb8 13. Qxa7 13... Rxb2
$132) 11... c6 12. O-O 12... e5 $5 (12... Kh8) 13. c5+ Kh8 14. Ng5 Qe8 15. Ne6
Bxe6 16. Qxe6 Bxc5 (16... Qc8 17. Qxc8 Raxc8 18. Bh3 {
White's two bishops give him a clear advantage in the endgame
}) 17. Qxf5 {
From a positional point of view, White has won the first round: he has the two
Bishops and the better pawn structure  } 17... Rd8 18. Qc2 Qe6 19. Na4 Be7 20.
a3 Rd4 21. h3 (21. Nc5 Bxc5 22. Qxc5 Rfd8 23. Qc2 23... Qd7 {
Black wins a piece
}) 21... b5 {Black thinks he can go over to the offensive,
but this move only weakens his pawn structure even more  } 22. Nc3 a5 23. Be3
Rxd1 24. Rxd1 b4 (24... Rd8) 25. axb4 axb4 26. Na4 Nd5 27. Bc5 Qf7 28. e3 Rc8
29. Qc4 $1 29... Qf8 (29... -- 30. e4) (29... Rf8 30. Rd2) (29... Bxc5 30. Nxc5
Rf8 31. Rd2 {A pawn is bound to fall
}) 30. Bxe7 Ngxe7 31. e4 Nf6 32. Qxb4 Rd8
33. Rxd8 Qxd8 34. Nc5 Qd6 35. Qc3 h6 36. Nd3 Nd7 37. h4 Ng6 38. Bh3 Ngf8 39. b4
h5 40. Nc5 Nf6 41. Qc4 Qe7 42. Nb3 $1 {The familiar maneuvering principle. The
e-pawn has been kept under pressure as long as possible; now White switches
his attention to Black's other weakness, the c-pawn  } 42... Qd6 43. Na5 Qd2
44. Nxc6 Qe1+ 45. Bf1 Nxe4 46. Qe2 {This settles it. The finish was:
} 46...
Qxe2 47. Bxe2 g6 48. Nxe5 Nc3 49. Bd3 Kg7 50. f4 Nd5 51. b5 Kf6 52. Kf2 Nb6 53.
Ke3 Na4 54. Kd4 Ne6+ 55. Kd5 Nc7+ 56. Kc6 Ne6 57. b6 Nd8+ 58. Kd7 Ne6 59. b7
Nac5+ 60. Kc8 1-0

[Event "New York"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1962.??.??"]
[Round "5"]
[White "Fischer"]
[Black "Reshevsky"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "B90"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "107"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{FISCHER (Born 1943)  Usually the style of a chessmaster has to grow; it may
take years before one may speak of any style at all. As a rule the young
player begins with pure combination, and then in the course of time finds that
he must add water to win. He learns the methods of positional play, and
develops endgame technique.  It is quite possible to begin as a combinative
player - a tactician - and yet in maturing to acquire an out-and-out
positional style of play.  The exceptional Grandmaster Fischer, however, is
another and almost unique story in modern chess. At the age of twenty he
already possessed a fully rounded style. He is both tactician and strategist,
an openings expert without peer, and a virtuoso of the endgame.  The following
game against Reshevsky is a good example of his super-class, technical style  
} 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6. h3 g6 7. g4 Bg7 8. g5
Nh5 9. Be2 e5 10. Nb3 Nf4 11. Nd5 Nxd5 (11... O-O 12. Nxf4 exf4 13. Bxf4 Bxb2
14. Bxd6) 12. Qxd5 Nc6 13. Bg4 Bxg4 (13... Qe7 14. -- 14... Be6) 14. hxg4 Qc8
15. Qd1 Nd4 16. c3 Nxb3 17. axb3 Qe6 18. Ra5 f6 19. Qd5 $1 19... Qxd5 (19...
Qxg4 20. Qxb7 O-O 21. gxf6 $1) 20. Rxd5 Kd7 21. gxf6 Bxf6 22. g5 $1 22... Be7 (
22... Bg7 23. Rd3 23... -- 24. Rdh3 {winning the h-pawn
}) 23. Ke2 Raf8 24.
Be3 Rc8 25. b4 {Intending in due course to dissolve his doubled pawn by Pb5,
and saddle Black with a weak pawn on the Queenside  } 25... b5 {This should be
avoided if possible. Black now has three vulnerbla points - a6, d6 and h7. How
to profit from a situation like this was the subject of "Technique of
Maneuvering". The present game prettily supplements the examples there given  }
26. Rdd1 $1 26... Ke6 27. Ra1 Rc6 28. Rh3 {threatening to win the h-pawn
}
28... Bf8 (28... -- 29. Rah1) 29. Rah1 Rc7 30. Rh4 $1 {
Putting Black in a state of zugzwang
} 30... d5 (30... Rc4 31. f3 Rc7 32. R4h3
$1) 31. Ra1 Rc6 (31... dxe4 32. Rxa6+ Kf5 (32... Kd5 33. Rxg6 {loses a pawn
})
33. Rf6#) 32. exd5+ Kxd5 33. Rd1+ Ke6 34. Rd8 Kf5 (34... -- 35. Re8+ 35... Kf5
36. Rxe5+ Kxe5 37. Bd4+ Kf5 38. Bxh8 Kxg5 39. Rxh7) 35. Ra8 Re6 36. Rh3 Bg7 (
36... -- 37. Rf3+) (36... Kg4 37. Rg3+ Kh4 38. Rf3 Bg7 39. Ra7 Rg8 40. Rd7 $1 {
Black is in a mating net
}) 37. Rxh8 Bxh8 38. Rxh7 Re8 39. Rf7+ Kg4 (39... Ke4
) (39... Ke6 40. Ra7 $18) 40. f3+ Kg3 41. Kd3 {An aethestic flaw
} (41. Kf1
41... -- (41... Kh4 42. Kg2) 42. Bf2+ Kh3 43. Rh7#) 41... e4+ 42. fxe4 Rd8+ 43.
Bd4 Kg4 44. Rf1 Be5 (44... Kxg5 45. Rg1+ Kf4 46. Rxg6) 45. Ke3 Bc7 46. Rg1+ Kh5
47. Kf3 Rd7 48. e5 Rf7+ 49. Ke4 Rf5 50. e6 Bd8 51. Bf6 Bxf6 52. gxf6 Rxf6 53.
Ke5 Rf2 54. Re1 1-0

[Event "Beverwijk"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1960.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Flohr"]
[Black "Donner"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A37"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "57"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{15. FLOHR (1908-1983)  Flohr was a player of splendid positional style. He
would hold on to the tiniest of advantages and exploit them with infinite
patience and accuracy; but he was also a formidable tactician - in particular
in his early years. About 1936 his style began to take on a defenisve cast,
and this was the main reason why this Grandmaster never became a serious
threat to Alekhine.  Here is a fine example of Flohr's positional and tactical
powers.  } 1. Nf3 c5 2. c4 Nc6 3. g3 g6 4. Bg2 Bg7 5. O-O a6 6. Nc3 6... Rb8 {
Preparing the advance ... Pb5, the object of which is to enhance the action of
the Bg7 on the long diagonal  } 7. d3 b5 8. cxb5 axb5 9. Be3 {Black's Queenside
action has been rather premature, and its disadvantages begin to appear  } 9...
Nd4 (9... d6 10. d4) 10. Rc1 d6 (10... e6 {
To deprive White of his control of d5}) 11. Bxd4 cxd4 12. Nd5 e6 13. Nb4 $1 {
Blocking the b-pawn. Black's Queenside attack has only weakened his position
there  } 13... Ne7 14. Qc2 14... Bh6 $2 {The idea is to expel White's Rook
from the c-file; but Black's best hope of keeping his disadvantage to a
minimum would have been 0-0  } (14... O-O 15. Qc7 Bb7) 15. Nxd4 $1 15... Bxc1
16. Ndc6 Nxc6 17. Nxc6 Qc7 18. Qc3 $1 {This it the point of White's 15th move

} 18... O-O (18... Bxb2 19. Qxb2 O-O 20. Nxb8 Qxb8 21. Bc6 b4 22. Ba4 -- 23.
Rb1 {winning the b-pawn
}) 19. Nxb8 Qxc3 20. bxc3 Bd2 21. Rb1 21... Bb7 $1 {
The best counterchance
} 22. Nd7 $1 (22. Bxb7 Rxb8 23. Rxb5 23... Bxc3 {
opposite coloured Bishops give Black drawing chances
}) 22... Bxg2 23. Kxg2 (
23. Nxf8 23... Bc6 {The Knight has no escape
}) 23... Ra8 24. Rxb5 Ra7 (24...
Rxa2 25. Nf6+ Kg7 (25... Kf8 26. c4 {
White's technical problem is not difficult
}) 26. Ne8+ Kf8 27. Nxd6 Bxc3 28.
Rb7 Rxe2 29. Rxf7+ Kg8) 25. Nf6+ Kg7 26. Ne8+ Kf8 27. Nxd6 Bxc3 (27... Rxa2 28.
Rb7) 28. Rb8+ Kg7 29. Nb5 1-0

[Event "Los Angeles"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1923.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Gligoric"]
[Black "Petrosian"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C95"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "85"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{GLIGORIC (Born 1923)  Grandmaster Gligoric's style is reminiscent of
Capablanca, Fine and Flohr. In addition to his highly developed feeling for
slight advantages and his excellent endgame skills, he has a very durable,
tenacious temperament. His skill in holding on firmly to a positional
advantage through all sorts of complications has made him a formidable
opponent for even elite players of the world. It is very appropriate,
therefore, that he was the first player to defeat Petrosian after he won the
World Championship  } 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6.
Re1 b5 7. Bb3 O-O 8. c3 d6 9. h3 9... Nb8 {This variation has been tried
repeatedly since the Second World War. The principle however is far from new:
Steinitz frequently withdrew developed pieces to the back rank in order to
redeploy them more effectively later  } 10. d4 Nbd7 11. c4 c6 12. c5 $1 12...
Qc7 13. cxd6 Bxd6 14. Bg5 14... exd4 $5 {This raises a question which is
perpetually debated: which is more important - active play for the pieces, or
disruption of the pawn position? Here Black voluntarily permits the doubling
of his f-pawn} 15. Bxf6 gxf6 16. Nxd4 Nc5 17. Nf5 Bxf5 18. exf5 Rad8 19. Qh5
19... Be5 {The critical moment. Black's pieces are active, and by 20. ... Pb4
he could have put considerable difficulties in the way of White's development 
 } 20. Nc3 (20. -- b4 21. Qe2 Bf4) 20... Rd4 21. Re3 Bf4 22. Re2 Bd2 23. Nd1
Bg5 24. g3 Qd6 25. Ne3 25... Bxe3 {
Black cannot allow this Knight to come nosing into his weakened King position

} 26. Rxe3 Kg7 27. Bc2 Qd5 28. a3 Rd2 29. Qg4+ Kh8 30. Rd1 $1 {Forcing Black
into an endgame in which the activity of his pieces will count for less, while
the weakness of his pawns will be accentuated  } 30... Rxd1+ 31. Qxd1 Qxd1+ 32.
Bxd1 Rd8 33. Bf3 33... Rd3 {Black must play an active game
} (33... Rd6 34.
Rc3 Na4 35. Rc2 c5 36. b3 {Black would have completely no counterplay
}) 34.
Re8+ Kg7 35. Bxc6 Rb3 36. Re7 Rxb2 37. Bd5 Kh6 38. Bxf7 Kg5 39. Be6 $1 {
And now, although nearly all the pieces have disappeared, White is threatening
mate:  } 39... Nxe6 (39... -- 40. f4+ Kh6 41. Bg8) 40. fxe6 Kf5 41. Rxh7 Kxe6
42. Ra7 Ra2 43. Rxa6+ 1-0

[Event "New York"]
[Site "New York"]
[Date "1918.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Janowsky"]
[Black "Chajes"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D53"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "49"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{17. JANOWSKY (1860-1927)  Janowsky was universally feared when he was on the
attack; he produced many sparkling gems of combinative play. He had some
conspicuous shortcomings, the most serious of which was his lack of
self-control and self-criticism.  He always played to win, even when there was
no justification for so doing, and this was often the very reason he lost. he
was a typical "natural" player, with a fine instinct for the position but no
knowledge of theoretical niceties.  He never shrank from any kind of
complications, and never knew the meaning of fear  } 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3
d5 4. Bg5 Nbd7 5. e3 Be7 6. Nf3 dxc4 7. Bxc4 a6 8. O-O b5 9. Bd3 c5 10. Qe2 Bb7
11. Rfd1 {Janowsky played the opening entirely without finesse, bring his
pieces into play in the customary manner  } 11... Qb6 12. Rac1 O-O 13. Ne5 {
Threatens Nxd7
} 13... Rfe8 (13... Nxe5 14. dxe5 Nd5 15. Nxd5 exd5 16. Bxe7)
14. dxc5 Nxc5 15. Bxf6 Bxf6 16. Bxh7+ $1 {The classic sacrifice on h7 again
}
16... Kxh7 17. Qh5+ Kg8 18. Qxf7+ Kh7 19. Nd7 Nxd7 20. Rxd7 Bc6 21. Ne4 $1 {
The brilliant point of White's combination} 21... Bxb2 (21... Bxe4 22. Qxf6 Rg8
23. Qh4+ Kg6 24. Qxe4+ $18) (21... Bxd7 22. Nxf6+ $18) 22. Ng5+ Kh6 (22... Kh8
23. Qh5+ Kg8 24. Qh7+ Kf8 25. Rf7#) 23. g4 $1 23... g6 (23... Kxg5 24. Qh5+ Kf6
25. Rf7#) 24. h4 Rh8 25. Qh7+ $1 1-0

[Event "Corr"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1934.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Keres"]
[Black "Laurentius"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C02"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "53"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{18. KERES (1916-1975)  The Estonian Grandmaster keres was a richly
imaginative player in his youth - but not only in his youth: in his maturity
the same description held good.  The difference is that in his early days his
temperament ran head of his technique, so that sometimes his methods were too
risky and his combinations not sound. in his later years kereds matured into a
complete positional player, while acquiring a perfect knowledgeo f the
openings. Add to this fact that he had reached great heights in the endgame
and we see Keres as the possesor of the ideal style.  Keres himself considered
that combinative play best suited his personality. His great skill in dealing
with complications was developed largely through correspondence play. In his
postal games his one aim was to build up the tension, and he used to steer for
complications right from the start. However, experience taught him that in the
end the accumulation of small advantages pays better than always going for the
attack at all costs.  Our illustration is one of his earliest games  } 1. e4 e6
2. d4 d5 3. e5 {
This used to be a favourite weapon of Keres agains the French Defence
} 3...
c5 4. Nf3 Qb6 5. Bd3 $5 5... cxd4 6. O-O 6... Nc6 {
This obvious move is not best
} (6... Nd7 {Reserving c6 for the other Knight

}) 7. Nbd2 Nge7 (7... f6 $1) 8. Nb3 Ng6 9. Qe2 Qc7 10. Nbxd4 $1 10... Ngxe5 11.
Nb5 $1 11... Nxf3+ 12. Qxf3 12... Qd7 {This strange looking move aims to keep
the possibility of playing ... Qf7 later and reserving ... Kd8  } (12... Qd8
13. Bf4 e5 14. Rfe1 f6 15. Qh5+ Ke7) 13. Bf4 e5 14. Rfe1 f6 15. Rad1 $1 {
A very fine move, powerfully completing White's development} 15... Be7 (15...
a6 16. Qh5+ Kd8 17. Be4 axb5 18. Rxd5 exf4 19. Red1 $1 {
After which Black can at least defend himself better than in the game
}) 16.
Bc4 $1 16... d4 17. Be6 $1 17... Qd8 18. Bxe5 $1 {Keres in his element
} 18...
Bxe6 (18... fxe5 19. Qf7#) (18... Nxe5 19. Rxe5 Bxe6 20. Rxe6 {
Black's defence is cracked}) 19. Nc7+ Kf7 20. Nxe6 {Since the Knight can't be
taken because of 21. Bc7+ White has recoverd all of his material, and in view
of Blac's insecure King, the game is as good as over. But Keres still has some
pretty points to show us  } 20... Qa5 21. Bxd4 Qxa2 22. Bxf6 $3 22... Bxf6 (
22... gxf6 23. Qh5+ Kg8 24. Qg4+ Kf7 25. Qg7+ Ke8 26. Nc7#) 23. Rd7+ Ne7 (23...
Kg8 24. Qxf6 $1 24... gxf6 25. Rg7#) (23... Ke8 24. Rxb7 $1) (23... Kg6 24.
Rxg7+ Bxg7 25. Qg4+ Kf7 26. Qxg7+ Ke8 27. Nc5+ Kd8 28. Qd7#) 24. Rxe7+ Kxe7 25.
Qxb7+ Kd6 (25... Ke8 26. Ng5+ Kd8 27. Rd1+ Ke8 28. Qxa8+ Ke7 29. Qb7+ Ke8 30.
Qc8+ Ke7 31. Rd7#) 26. Qc7+ Kd5 27. Qc5# 1-0

[Event "St.Petersburg"]
[Site "St.Petersburg"]
[Date "1914.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Janowsky"]
[Black "Lasker"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D30"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "108"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{19. Em. LASKER (1868-1941)  The style of Emanual Lasker was unique. He had
not quite the creative powers of Alekhine, nor quite such an intense will to
win; but instead he possessed incomparable skill in provoking erros and
remarkable ingenuity in exploiting them. His attentiveness, his powers of
concentration and his tactical prowess were nothing short of miraculous. He
also had very good nerves, evidenced by the fact that he made fewer nervous
slips than almost any other world class player (One of the very few instances
on record was his famous loss to Torre, Moscow 1925)  The layout of his games
was generally quiet and unpretentious. One might describe him as lying in wait;
but he was certainly not passive. His defence was superb.  In the openings he
like to create and maintain tension, and he never shrank from complications.
In the wildest positions he seemd to know better than anyone the best plan of
action, or - an even more difficult matter - which would be relatively best 
 Above all Lasker was a fighter. He probed the weak points in his opponents
amory. Against the positional player he would introduce every tactical
possibility; the combinative experts he would combat by positional means. In
pursuit of these ends eh would take great risks, there are instances on record
which he deliberately chose inferior lines for the sole purpose of getting his
opponent into the sort of position which he would feel ill at ease. Not did
Lasker content himself with seeking loopholes in his opponent's chess
technique: he went so far as to play upon weaknesses in their actual mental
make-up. He knew, for instance, that Janowsky set great store in the two
Bishops, and that he possessed boundless optimism. The combination of these
two factors meant that once Janowsky had the two Bishop he was apt to consider
the game as good as won - a mental attitude from which Lasker profited more
than once  } 1. d4 (1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5 4. b4 Bxb4 5. c3 Ba5 6. O-O
d6 7. d4 7... Bb6 $1 {Lasker's Defence to the Evan's Gambit}) 1... d5 2. Nf3 (
2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bg5 Be7 5. e3 O-O 6. Nf3 6... Ne4 {
Lasker's Defence in the orthodox Queen's Gambit Declined}) 2... c5 3. c4 e6 4.
e3 Nc6 5. Bd3 Nf6 6. O-O Bd6 7. b3 O-O 8. Bb2 b6 9. Nbd2 Bb7 10. Ne5 Qe7 11. a3
{The prevent ... Ba3} (11. -- 11... cxd4 12. exd4 Ba3) 11... Rad8 12. Qc2 dxc4
13. Ndxc4 (13. bxc4 {
Black could then, if he wished, have given White the familiar hanging pawns}
13... cxd4 14. exd4) 13... cxd4 14. exd4 Rc8 15. Qe2 Bb8 16. f4 16... Nd5 {
Black takes advantage of the outpost on d5 afforded by White's isolated d-pawn}
17. Rae1 17... f5 $1 {This weakens his own e-pawn, this is true, but also
limits much of White's attacking prospects on the Kingside} 18. Qd2 {Janowksy w
as an attacking player, and he had no love for patient, long, drawn-out
maneuvering - which is precisely what the present position requires} 18... Nxe5
19. Nxe5 (19. dxe5 {Tarrasch said White would have done better to recapture
with the d-pawn. He was probably right, but Janowsky was evidently out to make
something of his attack on the weak e-pawn}) 19... a6 20. Bb1 Bd6 21. Nc4 b5
22. Na5 Ba8 23. b4 {Thus White establishes his cavalry route via b3 to c5; but
Black has an exactly corresponding route available} 23... Nb6 24. Nb3 Bd5 25.
Nc5 Nc4 26. Qc3 26... Rf6 $1 {
parries the threat of Nxe6 and indirectly protects the a-pawn} (26... -- 27.
Nxe6 27... Bxe6 28. d5) 27. Bc1 (27. Nxa6 Bxg2 28. Kxg2 28... Qb7+) 27... a5
28. Rf2 axb4 29. axb4 Ra8 30. Ba2 Qf7 31. Bxc4 {This must have been a painful
decision for Janowsky in view of his predilection for the two Bishops  } 31...
Bxc4 32. Bb2 {To keep Black busy watching the possibility of Pd5} 32... Rg6 33.
Ra1 {After the exchange of Rooks which follows now, the White Bishop is unable
to protect the f-pawn from c1 - a fact which Lasker proceeds to put to good
use. This is a piece of typical maneuvering technique} 33... Rxa1+ 34. Bxa1
34... Qc7 $1 35. Qe3 35... Rg4 $1 36. g3 {An unavoidable weakening} (36. Nxe6
36... Qe7 $19) 36... g5 $1 {In the manner of Steintiz, lasker has accumulated
a variety of small advantages. Now comes the moment to strike. As Lasker put
in his famous naual, it is no longer merely that Black can attack, but that he
must. The player who does not attack in such positions, said Lasker, forfeits
all his fighting spirit and will go under  } 37. d5 {
A very dangerous attack, but Lasker has reckoned it all out} 37... Bxd5 38. Qd4
gxf4 39. Qh8+ Kf7 40. Qxh7+ Ke8 41. Qh8+ Bf8 42. Be5 Qf7 43. Rxf4 Rxf4 44. Bxf4
{So far everything has gone well for White, but now Lasker plays his ace} 44...
Qg7 $1 45. Qh5+ (45. Qxg7 {Leaves Black with a favourable endgame}) (45. Be5
Qg4 46. Bd6 Qd1+ 47. Kf2 Qd2+ 48. Kf1 Bc4+ 49. Kg1 Qe1+ 50. Kg2 50... Qf1#)
45... Kd8 46. Bg5+ Kc7 47. Bf4+ Bd6 48. Bxd6+ Kxd6 49. Qh4 (49. Qd1 49... Qb2)
49... Qa1+ 50. Kf2 Qb2+ 51. Ke1 (51. Ke3 Qc1+ 52. Kd4 Qc4+ 53. Ke3 53... Qxh4 {
Black's united passed pawns would leave White in a hopeless state}) 51... Qc1+
52. Ke2 Bc4+ 53. Kf2 Qd2+ 54. Kf3 (54. Kg1 54... Qe1+) 54... Bd5+ 0-1

[Event "Paris"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1900.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Maroczy"]
[Black "Marco"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C80"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "93"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{20. MAROCZY (1870-1951)  There was very little fantasy in the make-up of the
Hungarian Grandmaster Maroczy, but he had a truly exceptional positional
instinct, and inexhaustible patience. He was a precision player, who combined
healty ambition with perfect technique. He collected small advantages and knew
well how to turn them to account at the right moment. One could call his style
"cumulative".  He chose quiet openings, was an ingenious defender and a fine
exponent of the endgame. His Queen endings in particular were models of
endgame technique. In the matter of style Maroczy may be considered a disciple
of Steinitz and a forerunner of Rubinstein  } 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4.
Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Nxe4 6. d4 b5 7. Bb3 d5 8. a4 Rb8 (8... Nxd4 {
This move was not known when the game was played}) 9. axb5 axb5 10. dxe5 Be6
11. c3 Bc5 12. Nbd2 O-O 13. Bc2 Nxd2 14. Qxd2 Qd7 15. b4 15... Be7 {
The Bishop can't be spared from the defence of the Kingside} (15... Bb6 16. Qd3
16... g6 17. Bg5 Bf5 18. Qd2 Bxc2 19. Bf6 $1 {
White's attack would be rapidly decisive}) 16. Re1 f6 17. Qd3 g6 18. Bh6 Rfe8
19. Bb3 fxe5 20. Nxe5 Nxe5 21. Rxe5 c6 22. Ree1 {White has obtained a slight
but persistenet advantage in his potentially mobile Kingside majority, while
Black's Queenside majority is more or less static} 22... Bf6 23. Be3 Bf5 24.
Qd2 Ra8 25. h3 Rxa1 26. Rxa1 Qe6 27. Bd4 Bxd4 28. Qxd4 Qe5 29. Qc5 {The exchang
e of Queens promises nothing so long as Black can control the e-file with his
Rook} 29... Qe6 30. Rd1 $5 (30. Ra6 30... Qe1+ 31. Kh2 Qe5+ 32. g3 Bd7 33. Rxc6
$1 33... Bxc6 34. Qxc6 {promising}) 30... Kg7 31. Ra1 Re7 32. Qd4+ Qf6 33. Ra7
Rxa7 34. Qxa7+ 34... Qf7 {Natural but bad. Black should have kept Queens on
the board, as now he gets a losing ending} 35. Qxf7+ 35... Kxf7 {White's advant
age is twofold: he has the good Bishop and an active pawn majority on the
Kingside  Black's corresponding majority on the Queenside is of far less value,
as the pawns are practically blocked} 36. g4 Be4 37. f4 Ke6 38. Kf2 Kd6 39. Ke3
39... c5 {Otherwise White plays Kd4, fixing the Black majority once for all} (
39... -- 40. Kd4) 40. Bd1 Bb1 41. Be2 d4+ (41... Kc6 42. Bd3 Ba2 43. bxc5 $18)
42. cxd4 cxb4 43. Bxb5 b3 44. Bd3 Ba2 (44... Bxd3 45. Kxd3 b2 46. Kc2 Kd5 47.
f5 $1 $18) 45. Bc4 h5 46. f5 gxf5 47. g5 $1 1-0

[Event "Bad Kissingen"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1928.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Nimzowitsch"]
[Black "Marshall"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "A50"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "54"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{21. MARSHALL (1877-1945)  The name of Marshall is inseparbly linked with the
idea of attack - just like those of Anderssen and Spielmann. Marshall was a
great tactician, and not usually over concerned about strategic niceties; a
common circumstance with "natural" players. Sometimes his insistence on
forcing an attacking position was his downfall. The public found his style
attactive, if a little naive. He knew little about theory, and was weak from
the point of view of technique.  Yet, in spite of all this, his enterprising
methods and the shrewdness of his ideas made him a dangerous opponent for
anyone.  } 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 b6 3. Nc3 Bb7 4. Bg5 e6 5. Qc2 h6 6. Bh4 Be7 7. e4
O-O 8. e5 (8. Bd3 Nc6) (8. f3) (8. Nf3) 8... Nd5 $1 9. Bg3 (9. Bxe7) 9... Nb4
10. Qb3 d5 11. exd6 Bxd6 12. O-O-O {Here the White King soond finds himself in
the crossfire of Black's pieces; but the weakness on his d4 leaves him little
choice  } 12... N8c6 13. Bxd6 Qxd6 14. a3 14... Nxd4 $1 {
Marshall reveled in this sort of position} 15. Rxd4 (15. Qxb4 c5 16. Qa4 Bc6
17. Qa6 (17. Nb5 Qf4+ 18. Kb1 Nxb5) 17... Qf4+ 18. Kb1 18... Qxf2 $19 {
a quick win for Black}) 15... Qxd4 16. axb4 Qxf2 17. Qd1 Rfd8 18. Qe2 Qf4+ 19.
Kc2 19... a5 $1 {Mobilizing the Ra8} 20. bxa5 (20. b5 a4) 20... Rxa5 21. Nf3
Ra1 22. Kb3 22... b5 {The White King's wall of pawns is being annihilated} 23.
Qe5 (23. cxb5 Bd5+ 24. Nxd5 Qa4+ 25. Kc3 Rxd5) (23. Nxb5 23... Be4 24. -- 24...
c6) 23... bxc4+ 24. Kb4 Qc1 25. Nb5 25... c5+ {Closing the mating net} 26. Qxc5
Qxb2+ 27. Kxc4 Ra4+ 0-1

[Event "Paris"]
[Site "Paris"]
[Date "1863.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Morphy"]
[Black "De Riviere"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C53"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "69"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{22. MORPHY (1837-1884)  Many people consider Morphy to be the greatest
combinative player of all time. But Morphy owed his remarkable achievements
not only to his admittedly tremendous combinative talents, but also to the
fact that he was the first perfect positional player - in so far as one can
speak of perfection in a human being. Moreover, he had excellent technique. 
 In the maturity of his positional insight, Morphy was half a century ahead of
his time. While other racked their brains for the right procedure, Morphy
simply knew what to do. Unlike his contemporaries who played for complications
on the off chance of finding something, he struck only when the position was
ripe. When he did strike, the blow was hard and often settled the game
outright  } 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5 4. c3 4... Qe7 {At the time when
this game was played Morphy had already withdrawn from public chess. Anrous de
Rivier was his personal friend and they played occasionally to investigate
particular variations  } 5. d4 Bb6 6. O-O d6 7. h3 {Even today this move,
which prevents Black from pinning the Knight, is still considered necessary to
maintain the central tension as long as possible.  } (7. a4 7... a6 8. h3 {
now considered the most precise}) 7... Nf6 8. Re1 8... h6 {
To prevent White from playing Bg5, a move which isn't a threat} (8... O-O 9. b4
9... Nd8 {Spielmann}) 9. a4 9... a5 {weakens b5} (9... a6 10. b4 O-O 11. Ba3
Nd7 12. b5 Nd8 13. Nbd2 13... Qf6 {Spielmann-Eliskases, match, 1936}) 10. Na3 {
Morphy always brought every piece into play as quickly as possible. To play
the same piece twice in the opening was a breach of principle. Only under the
influence of such players as Reti and Breyer, about 1920, was it realized that
in some cases it can be good. The present position is such a case: White could
obtain a definitie advantage with 10. Bb5!  } (10. Bb5 $1 10... Bd7 11. Na3
11... -- 12. Nc4) 10... Nd8 11. Nc2 Be6 12. Ne3 Bxc4 13. Nxc4 Nd7 14. Ne3 {
The Knight comes powerfully into play now} 14... g6 (14... c6 15. Nf5 Qf6 16.
dxe5 dxe5 17. Nd6+) 15. Nd5 Qe6 (15... Qf8 {
White gets a big positional advantage} 16. Nxb6 16... cxb6 $16 (16... Nxb6 17.
dxe5 dxe5 18. Nxe5)) 16. Bxh6 $1 16... f6 {
Black must prevent Ng5 whic would trap the Queen} (16... Rxh6 17. Ng5 {
trapped piece}) 17. Bg7 (17. Be3 {Maroczy}) 17... Rh5 $1 (17... Rg8 18. Bxf6
Nxf6 19. Ng5) 18. g4 {
White must press on like this, since Black threatens ... Qf7} 18... Rxh3 19.
Nxf6+ Nxf6 20. Ng5 Qd7 (20... Qxg4+ 21. Qxg4 Nxg4 22. Nxh3 Kf7 23. f3 Kxg7 24.
fxg4 exd4 25. Kg2 25... Ne6 {Maroczy - drawing chances}) 21. Bxf6 Rh4 22. f3
exd4 23. cxd4 Rh6 24. Kg2 Nf7 25. Rh1 Nxg5 (25... Rxh1 26. Qxh1 {
White also wins easily}) 26. Rxh6 Nh7 27. Qh1 $1 27... Nxf6 28. Rh8+ Ke7 29.
Rxa8 Bxd4 30. Qh6 Qc6 31. Rc1 Qb6 32. Rxc7+ $1 {
It was unthinkable for a Morphy game to finish without fireworks} 32... Ke6 33.
Re8+ Nxe8 34. Qxg6+ Ke5 35. Qf5# 1-0

[Event "Warsaw"]
[Site "Warsaw"]
[Date "1935.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Glucksberg"]
[Black "Najdorf"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "A85"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "44"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{23. NAJDORF (1910-1997)  The strength of the Argentine grandmaster Najdorf
lies mainly in the middle game and the endgame. He admits he plays the
openings less well than his Grandmaster colleagues. His style is highly
combinative calling to mind the games of Alekhine. He makes snap decisions in
keeping with his mercurial temperament. Positionally he has not reached the
same heights as he has done in the field of tactics. In his early years in
particulary he lacked the compusure and patience which are necessary for
converting small positional advantages into a win.  Najdorf is a fine
simultaneous player and one of the greatest blindfold experts the world has
ever seen - perfhaps the very greatest. The world record he holds - 45
simultaneous blindfold games - will be very difficult to surpass.  Here is
Najdorf's immortal game  } 1. d4 f5 2. c4 Nf6 3. Nc3 e6 4. Nf3 d5 5. e3 {
Too passive} (5. g3) 5... c6 6. Bd3 Bd6 7. O-O O-O 8. Ne2 Nbd7 9. Ng5 $2 {
An elementary mistake, typical of mediocre opponents of the era of Anderssen
and Morphy} 9... Bxh2+ 10. Kh1 (10. Kxh2 Ng4+ 11. Kg1 Qxg5) 10... Ng4 $1 {
But this is the real refutation} 11. f4 (11. Nxe6 Qh4) 11... Qe8 12. g3 Qh5 13.
Kg2 13... Bg1 $1 {In view of the threat to the e-pawn White has little choice}
14. Nxg1 (14. Rxg1 Qh2+ 15. Kf3 Qf2#) 14... Qh2+ 15. Kf3 15... e5 $3 {
The climax of the combination} 16. dxe5 Ndxe5+ 17. fxe5 Nxe5+ 18. Kf4 Ng6+ 19.
Kf3 19... f4 $3 20. exf4 20... Bg4+ $1 21. Kxg4 21... Ne5+ $1 22. fxe5 h5# 0-1

[Event "San Remo"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1930.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Bogolyubov"]
[Black "Nimzowitsch"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "E23"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "76"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{24. NIMZOWITSCH (1887-1935)  As a chess thinker Nimzowitsch is comparable to
Steinitz. If Steinitz was the father of modern chess, Nimzowitsch was the
formulator of the so called hypermodern conceptions.  He was a man of
excellent attributes - very witty, intelligent, a refined type of player with
a slendid flair for all sorts of startling tactical and strategic details. On
the other hand he was a curious individual, inclide to exaggerate and lost
sight of the essentials. he developed his ideas in his books "My System" and
"Chess Praxis". We have already had occasion to elucidate his pioneer work in
the domain of maneuvering and have several times drawn attention to his
doctrine of "over protection"  Likewise in the openings Nimzowitsch made his
mark. There is the Nimzowitsch Defence (1. Pe4 Nc6) and of course the very
popular Nimzo Indian} 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Qb3 c5 5. dxc5 Nc6 6.
Nf3 Ne4 7. Bd2 Nxc5 8. Qc2 8... f5 {
Control of e4 is vital for Black in the Nimzo Indian} 9. e3 (9. a3 Bxc3 10.
Bxc3 O-O 11. b4 Ne4 12. e3 b6 13. Bd3 $11 {Nimzowitsch}) 9... O-O 10. Be2 b6
11. O-O-O {Kingside castling would have been less commital, though Black, with
e4 in hs possession, would have no problems  } (11. O-O {less commital}) 11...
a5 $1 12. a3 12... a4 $1 {Very pretty} 13. Nb5 (13. axb4 $2 13... Nxb4 14. Qb1
Nb3#) 13... Bxd2+ 14. Nxd2 Na5 15. Bf3 d5 16. cxd5 16... Ba6 {
Threatening to crush the White position completely
} 17. Nc4 (17. Nc3 Bd3)
17... Bxb5 18. dxe6 Qc7 (18... Bxc4 19. Rxd8 Raxd8 20. e7 (20. Rd1 Bxe6) 20...
Nab3+ 21. Kb1 Bd3) 19. Bxa8 Bxc4 20. Bd5 Bxd5 21. Rxd5 Qc6 22. e7 Qxd5 23.
exf8=Q+ Kxf8 24. Rd1 Qe5 25. h3 h5 26. g4 hxg4 27. hxg4 Nab3+ 28. Kb1 fxg4 29.
Rg1 Qd5 30. Rd1 {The Black pieces are all well grouped in the middle of the
board, in accordance with the principle of "centralization" set out by
Nimzowitsch in his books  } (30. Rxg4 Qh1+ 31. Ka2 Qa1#) 30... Qe4 31. Rg1 Nd2+
32. Kc1 32... Qd5 $1 33. Qh7 (33. b4 Ncb3+ 34. Kb2 Nc4+ 35. Ka2 Nd4 36. Qxa4 b5
37. Qa7 Na5+ 38. Ka1 Ndb3+ 39. Kb1 Qd3+ 40. Kb2 Nc4+ 41. Ka2 41... Qc2# {
Nimzowitsch}) 33... Nde4 34. Qh8+ Kf7 35. Kb1 (35. Rd1 Nb3+ 36. Kc2 Qc4+ 37.
Kb1 Ned2+ 38. Rxd2 Qc1+ 39. Ka2 Qa1#) 35... Qd3+ 36. Ka2 Nc3+ 37. bxc3 Qc2+ 38.
Ka1 Nb3# 0-1

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "Moscow"]
[Date "1963.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Petrosian"]
[Black "Tal"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D41"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "107"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{25: PETROSIAN (1929-1984)  In Petrosian, who dethroned Botvinnik in the 1963
World Championship, several styles converge. In the choice of opening he
preferred hypermodern, stemming from Reti; he like to play openings with
fianchettoed Bishops (Reti's Opening, etc). His positional play reminds one of
Nimzowitsch and Capablanca; and finally his defence is of the mould of
Steinitz  Petrosian build up his games along positional lines. He operated in
a straightforward manner, neither courting complications nor going out of his
way to avoid them. He also brought to his play a phenomenal endgame technique,
great tactical alertness, and patience which is nearly inexhaustiable. For
years although he certainly never avoided a contest, he hardly ever lost a
game  } 1. c4 Nf6 2. g3 e6 3. Bg2 c5 4. Nf3 d5 5. O-O Nc6 6. cxd5 Nxd5 7. d4
Be7 8. Nc3 O-O 9. Nxd5 {Creating a weakness in Black's pawn position
} 9...
exd5 (9... Qxd5 10. Ne5 Qxd4 11. Nxc6) 10. dxc5 10... Bxc5 11. a3 a5 12. Bg5 f6
13. Rc1 $1 {Petrosian has now provoked small weaknesses on both sides of the
board. Here he operates with gain of tempo} 13... Ba7 (13... Bxf2+ 14. Rxf2
fxg5 15. Nxg5 $1 15... Qxg5 16. Qxd5+ Qxd5 17. Bxd5+ Be6 18. Bxe6+ {
Black has not won a pawn but lost one}) 14. Bf4 Be6 15. Ne1 Re8 16. Nd3 Qe7 17.
b4 axb4 18. Nxb4 $1 18... Nxb4 19. Rc7 {
An interpolations as unexpected as White's 13th move} 19... Qd8 20. axb4 20...
g5 {True to his style, Tal reacts sharply as possible} 21. Qd3 {
The third interpolation} 21... Re7 (21... Bf7 22. Rxf7 Kxf7 23. Qxh7+ {
With a powerful attack} 23... Kf8 24. Bc7 24... Qe7 25. Qh6+ Kg8 26. Bxd5+) 22.
Rxe7 Qxe7 23. Be3 {All Petrosian's positional planning does not prevent him
from keeping a weather eye on every little tactical pleasantry} 23... d4 (23...
Qxb4 24. Bxa7 Rxa7 25. Qe3 $1) (23... Bxe3 24. Qxe3 24... Qxb4 $4) 24. Bxd4 Rd8
25. e3 Bxd4 26. exd4 Qxb4 27. d5 Qd6 28. Be4 28... Bf7 $2 {Althrough White's
positional advantage is clear it is open to question whether he could have won
the game after 28. ... Bxd5} (28... Bxd5 29. Rd1 (29. Bxh7+ 29... Kh8 30. Rd1)
29... Bxe4 30. Qxd6 Rxd6 31. Rxd6 31... Kg7 {unclear if White can win}) 29.
Bxh7+ Kg7 30. Be4 Qc5 31. Rb1 Rd7 (31... Bxd5 $2 32. Rd1) 32. Qf3 Bg6 33. Bxg6
Kxg6 34. Qd3+ Kg7 35. Rb5 Qe7 36. Qf5 {It is well known that in major piece
endings it is no easy matter to convert an extra pawn into a win. In the
present case, however, Black will soon be compelled to offer an exchange of
Queens to preven White from getting a direct mating attack. White's task will
then be considerably lightened  } 36... Rd6 37. Kg2 Qd7 38. Qxd7+ Rxd7 39. Kf3
Re7 40. Rb6 f5 41. d6 Rd7 42. h4 Kf6 43. hxg5+ Kxg5 44. Ke3 44... Kf6 {
Otherwise the White King goes to d5 or e5} 45. Kf4 Ke6 46. f3 {All very simple}
46... Kf6 (46... Rxd6 47. Rxd6+ Kxd6 48. Kxf5 {White can either stop the
b-pawn or, if Black prevents this, promote his own g-pawn with check} 48... b5
(48... Kd5 49. g4 49... b5 50. g5 Kd6 51. Ke4 Ke6 52. Kd4 Kf5 53. f4 $18) 49.
Ke4) 47. Rb5 Ke6 48. Rxf5 Kxd6 49. g4 Ke6 50. Rf8 b5 51. Rb8 Rd5 52. Rb6+ Kf7
53. Ke4 Rc5 54. f4 1-0

[Event "Nuremberg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1896.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Pillsbury"]
[Black "Lasker"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C11"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "97"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{26. PILLSBURY (1872-1906)  Pillsbury's healty, robust style of play, and his
preference for attack and combination are highly reminiscent of the methods of
Alekhine and Marshall. However, Pillsbury was far superior to Marshall in
accuracy and judgement of position: unfortunately, his life was too short to
allow him the experience to reach Alekhine's level. He showed little
inclination to maneuver, but this was natural in view of youth. If his play
seemed to lack refinement, this is due to the vigour of his approach} 1. e4 e6
2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. e5 Nfd7 5. f4 c5 6. dxc5 Nc6 7. a3 Nxc5 8. b4 Nd7 (8...
d4 {Lasker}) 9. Bd3 a5 (9... Nb6 10. -- 10... Bd7 11. -- 11... Rc8 {Lasker})
10. b5 Ncb8 11. Nf3 Nc5 12. Be3 Nbd7 13. O-O g6 14. Ne2 Be7 (14... Bg7 {Lasker}
) 15. Qe1 Nb6 16. Nfd4 Bd7 17. Qf2 17... Nba4 {
By preventing Pa4 Black has artificially isolated the White b-pawn} 18. Rab1 h5
19. b6 Nxd3 20. cxd3 Bxa3 21. f5 $3 21... gxf5 22. Nf4 {Threatening Qg3-g7}
22... h4 (22... -- 23. Qg3 23... -- 24. Qg7) 23. Ra1 Be7 24. Rxa4 $1 24... Bxa4
25. Ndxe6 $1 {
Only this third sacrifice shows the deep tactical conception behind 21. Pf5!!}
25... fxe6 26. Nxe6 Bd7 (26... Qc8 27. Qxf5 Qc6 28. Bg5 $1 28... Qxb6+ 29. d4
Qb4 30. Qf7+ Kd7 31. Bxe7 Qxe7 32. Nc5+ Kd8 33. Qxd5+ Kc7 34. Qxb7+ Kd8 35.
Qxa8+ $18) 27. Nxd8 Rxd8 28. Bc5 Rc8 29. Bxe7 Kxe7 30. Qe3 Rc6 31. Qg5+ Kf7 32.
Rc1 Rxc1+ 33. Qxc1 {The endgame is hopeless for Black since his Rook and
Bishop can't match the Queen's superior mobility applied to Black's exposed
King and scattered pawns  } 33... Rc8 34. Qe1 h3 35. gxh3 (35. Qxa5 Rc1+ 36.
Kf2 36... Rc2+ $132) 35... Rg8+ 36. Kf2 a4 37. Qb4 Rg6 38. Kf3 a3 39. Qxa3 Rxb6
40. Qc5 Re6 41. Qc7 Ke7 42. Kf4 b6 43. h4 Rc6 44. Qb8 44... Be8 45. Kxf5 Rh6
46. Qc7+ Kf8 47. Qd8 b5 48. e6 b4 49. Qd6+ 1-0

[Event "Boston"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1944.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Reshevsky"]
[Black "Vasconcellos"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C02"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "51"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{27. RESHEVSKY (1911-1992)  Although Reshevsky has introduced some good ideas
in the openings, he was not really to be considered an expert in that field.
Nor did his greatest strength lie in positional play. He was certainly a great
master of the endgame, but what really made him such a dangerous opponent for
anyone is his patience and his great tactical skill. What seemed to have been
a weak point in his armory - his habitual time pressure - became the very
hunting ground in which he displayed his tactical virtuosity  } 1. e4 e6 2. d4
d5 3. e5 c5 4. dxc5 Nd7 5. Nf3 Bxc5 (5... Ne7 6. -- 6... Nc6 {
to pressure White's e-pawn as soon as possible. The c-pawn will not run away})
6. Bd3 Ne7 7. O-O Nc6 8. Bf4 {Now White enjoys an excellent centralized
development. His e-pawn is well protected (Nimzowitschian "overprotection")
and thus the pieces protecting it are well placed  } 8... Qc7 9. Nc3 $1 {
In direct protection of e5
} 9... a6 (9... Ndxe5 10. Nxe5 Nxe5 11. Qh5 Bd6 12.
Nb5 $18) 10. Re1 Qb6 11. Bg3 Qxb2 12. Nxd5 $1 12... exd5 13. Rb1 Qa3 14. e6 Nf6
(14... fxe6 15. Rxe6+ Ne7) 15. exf7+ Kxf7 16. Bh4 $1 {
A nice idea. Reshevsky intends to remove Black's best defender, Nf6} 16... Nb4
$2 {A further error} (16... Be7) 17. Ne5+ Kf8 18. Bxf6 Nxd3 (18... gxf6 19. Qh5
$3 19... fxe5 20. Rxe5 Bd7 21. Qf3+ Kg7 22. Rg5+ Kh6 23. Qh5#) 19. Bxg7+ $1
19... Kxg7 20. Rxb7+ $3 {A spectacular blow} 20... Be7 (20... Bxb7 21. Qg4+ Kf6
22. Qf3+ Kg7 23. Qf7+ Kh6 24. Qf6+ Kh5 25. g4#) 21. Qh5 {With almost all of
his attacking pieces under attack, Reshevsky weaves a pretty finale} 21... Rf8
(21... Bxb7 22. Qf7+ Kh6 23. Ng4+ Kg5 24. Qg7+ Kh4 25. Qh6+ Kxg4 26. h3+ Kf5
27. g4#) 22. Qg5+ Kh8 23. Ng6+ $1 {The final point} 23... hxg6 24. Qh6+ Kg8 25.
Qxg6+ Kh8 26. Rbxe7 1-0

[Event "Karlsbad"]
[Site "Karlsbad"]
[Date "1923.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Reti"]
[Black "Rubinstein"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "A07"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "99"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{28. RETI (1889-1929)  During and after World War I there emerged a group of
young players who attempted to break completely with accepted opinion.
Foremost among them was Reti. Instead of occupying the centre with pawns these
hypermoderns, with Reti as their leader, preferred to control the central
territory by the action of their pieces. They developed their Bishops on the
flanks and held back the centre pawns as long as possible. In his innovations
Reti eventually went too far. He overpressed his theories, as inexperienced
players sometimes do, and was often the victim of practical difficulties  } 1.
Nf3 {Zukertort also frequently opened with this Knight move, but the system
White used here was worked out by Reti, and is quite rightly known as Reti's
opening  } 1... d5 2. g3 Nf6 3. Bg2 g6 4. c4 4... d4 {
This ambitious space gaining move is virtually an attempt at refutation
} (
4... c6 {more prudent}) 5. d3 Bg7 6. b4 {A sophisticated strategem; White
anticipates the reinforcing move ... Pc5, undermining it in advance} 6... O-O
7. Nbd2 c5 8. Nb3 cxb4 9. Bb2 Nc6 10. Nbxd4 Nxd4 11. Bxd4 {White's strategy
has been completely successful. The centre is under control by White's pieces
- not pawns. Note that White has made no automatic developing moves; he has
not yet castled. The hypermodern player does this only after some
sophisticated preliminary strategical skirmishing} 11... b6 12. a3 Bb7 13. Bb2
bxa3 14. Rxa3 Qc7 15. Qa1 {The doubling on the diagonal is an invention of
Reti; it may be regarded as analogous to doubling heavy pieces on a file} 15...
Ne8 16. Bxg7 Nxg7 17. O-O (17. Rxa7 $2 17... Rxa7 18. Qxa7 18... Ra8 {
trapping White's Queen}) 17... Ne6 18. Rb1 18... Bc6 (18... -- 19. Rxa7 Rxa7
20. Qxa7 Ra8 21. Qxb6) 19. d4 {Only now do the centre pawns come into action}
19... Be4 20. Rd1 a5 21. d5 Nc5 22. Nd4 Bxg2 23. Kxg2 Rfd8 24. Nc6 Rd6 25. Re3
Re8 26. Qe5 f6 (26... -- 27. Nxe7+) (26... Rd7 27. Nxe7+ Rexe7 28. Qxc7 Rxc7
29. d6 Rxe3 30. dxc7 Re8 31. Rd8 $18) 27. Qb2 e5 28. Qb5 Kf7 29. Rb1 Nd7 30. f3
Rc8 31. Rd3 31... e4 {A last try} (31... Nb8 32. c5 $1) 32. fxe4 Ne5 33. Qxb6
$1 33... Nxc6 34. c5 $1 {The point of White's previous move} 34... Rd7 35. dxc6
Rxd3 36. Qxc7+ Rxc7 37. exd3 Rxc6 38. Rb7+ Ke8 39. d4 {White has acquired
complete central domination. The following endgame is expertly handled by Reti,
who was a noted composer of many fine endgame studies} 39... Ra6 40. Rb6 $1
40... Ra8 (40... Rxb6 41. cxb6 Kd7 42. e5 fxe5 43. dxe5 a4 44. e6+ $1 44...
Kxe6 45. b7 $18) 41. Rxf6 a4 42. Rf2 a3 43. Ra2 Kd7 44. d5 g5 45. Kf3 Ra4 46.
Ke3 h5 47. h4 {Preparing decisive pentration of the White King} 47... gxh4 48.
gxh4 Ke7 49. Kf4 Kd7 50. Kf5 1-0

[Event "Mahrisch Ostrau"]
[Site "Mahrisch Ostrau"]
[Date "1923.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tarrasch"]
[Black "Rubinstein"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C49"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "82"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{29. RUBINSTEIN (1882-1958)  The style of the Polish Grandmaster Rubinstein
forms a bridge between Steinitz and the present day. He had a splendid grasp
of the requirements of a position and was an exceptionally fine attacker when
occasion demanded. However, in the field of the endgame many consider that his
achievements will never be equalled.  In Rook endings in particular his play
was simply phenomenal. Yet his play also had its deficiencies. Tactially he
was more fallible, as his games agains the great tactician Spielmann showed.
For that matter there was nothing fanciful about any of his play, especially
in the opening stages, where it tended rather towards monotony  } 1. e4 e5 2.
Nf3 Nc6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bb5 Bb4 5. O-O O-O 6. d3 d6 7. Bg5 Bxc3 8. bxc3 Qe7 9.
Re1 Nd8 10. d4 Bg4 11. h3 $1 11... Bh5 12. g4 Bg6 13. d5 (13. Nh4 h6 14. Bc4 {
Wolf-Rubinstein, Teplitz-Schonau, 1922}) 13... c6 14. Bc4 $2 (14. Bf1) 14...
Rc8 15. dxc6 bxc6 16. Bd3 Ne6 17. Bc1 Nc5 18. Nd2 (18. Ba3 Nxd3 (18... Ncxe4
19. Bxe4 Nxe4 20. Rxe4 Bxe4 21. Bxd6 Qd8 22. Bxf8 Qxd1+ 23. Rxd1 Bxf3 24. Rd3
24... e4 $19 {Kmoch})) 18... h5 $1 19. Ba3 Ne6 20. Nc4 20... c5 {
Practically forced} (20... Rfd8 21. Nxe5) 21. Bc1 {
Trying to find "greener pastures} 21... hxg4 22. hxg4 22... Nh7 $1 23. Kg2 Nhg5
24. f3 Rcd8 25. Nb2 25... d5 $2 {
This timely central strike seizes the initiative} (25... -- 26. Bc4) 26. exd5
Rxd5 27. c4 27... Rd4 $1 28. Be3 (28. Rxe5 Qf6 29. Re1 Nf4+ 30. Bxf4 30... Rxf4
$40) 28... Rd6 29. Qe2 29... e4 $1 30. fxe4 Nxe4 31. Qf3 N4g5 32. Qg3 Qb7+ 33.
Kf1 Rb6 34. Na4 Bxd3+ 35. cxd3 35... f5 $1 {
Prying open the f-file for a decisive attack on the King} 36. Bxg5 fxg4+ 37.
Kg1 (37. Ke2 Nd4+ 38. Kd2 38... Rb2+ $1 39. Kc1 39... Ne2+ $19) 37... Nxg5 38.
Nxb6 Nf3+ 39. Kf2 Nxe1+ 40. Kxe1 (40. Ke2 Re8+ 41. Kd2 Nf3+) 40... Qh1+ 41. Kd2
Qxa1 0-1

[Event "Karlsbad"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1911.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Sclechter"]
[Black "Suchting"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D15"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "87"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{30. SCHLECHTER (1874-1918)  The Austrian grandmaster Schlechter, though
neither very deep nor particularly brilliant, was nevertheless an extremely
strong player; his assets were his complete imperturbality, his skill in
maintaining the equilibrium, and his mastery of the art of creating chances in
critical situations  Schlecter was extremely difficult to beat, as Lasker
found out in 1910. Their ten game match ended with an even point total, but in
the ninth game the score was 5-4 in favour of the Austrian. In the tenth game
Schlecter, who was usually pacifism personified, spurned an easy draw - and
with it the World Championship - in a determined bid to win} 1. d4 d5 2. c4 c6
3. Nf3 Nf6 4. Nc3 Qb6 5. Qc2 (5. c5 Qc7 6. g3 {more incisive}) 5... Bg4 6. c5
Qc7 7. Ne5 Nbd7 8. Nxg4 {
Now White can achieve ... Pe5 under favourable conditions} (8. Bf4) 8... Nxg4
9. Qf5 9... h5 $1 10. e4 g6 11. Qf4 e5 12. dxe5 12... Bxc5 {Now it is clear
that Black has the better of it; but in this type of play Schlecther usually
rose to the challenge with resourceful counterplay} 13. e6 $1 13... Nde5 14.
exf7+ 14... Kd7 $2 {A poor idea} (14... Kf8) 15. exd5 Nxf2 16. dxc6+ bxc6 17.
Qa4 17... Nxf7 $2 (17... Nxh1 18. -- 18... Nf2 {Which stops Rd1 later - Lasker}
) 18. Be2 Nxh1 19. Bf4 Bd6 20. Rd1 Ke7 21. Rxd6 Nxd6 22. Ne4 Rad8 23. Qd4 23...
Qa5+ {Black only chance is to counterattack and hope} 24. b4 Qf5 25. Bxd6+ (25.
Nxd6 Qb1+) 25... Rxd6 26. Qxd6+ Kf7 27. Bc4+ Kg7 28. Qd4+ Kh7 29. Qxa7+ $1 (29.
Nf6+ Kh6 30. Ng4+ 30... hxg4 $1 31. Qxh8+ 31... Kg5 {
lets Black back into the game}) 29... Kh6 30. Qe3+ g5 31. h4 Re8 32. Bd3 Kg7
33. Kd2 Qf4 34. hxg5 {White liquidates into a winning endgame} 34... Qxe3+ 35.
Kxe3 Ng3 36. Kd4 Nxe4 37. Bxe4 Ra8 38. Bxc6 $2 (38. Bb1 -- 39. Kc5) 38... Rxa2
39. b5 Kg6 40. b6 40... Kxg5 $2 {Missing his chance} (40... h4 41. b7 Rb2 42.
Kc5 42... Rxb7 $1 43. Bxb7 43... h3 $1 44. gxh3 44... Kxg5 {Black's King can
run to h8 with a well-known theoretical draw, because White's Bishop is the
"wrong colour" to help the h-pawn promote}) 41. b7 Rb2 42. Kc5 Rc2+ 43. Kb6
Rb2+ 44. Bb5 1-0

[Event "Moscow"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1951.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Smyslov"]
[Black "Botvinnik"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C92"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "77"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{31. SMYSLOV (Born 1921)  A study of Smylov's games forces one to admit that
it is not easy to say just where his special strenght lies. This Russian
Grandmsater attaches little importance to complex opening variations. He
builds up his games by simple means, and in the middlegame his play is just as
simple and sound. This is not to say that he is averse to combinative play -
there are many excellent examples of beautiful combinative games by Smyslov on
record. But his greatest strength seems to be in the art of making "something
out of nothing". He will maneuver patiently for hours at a time without ever
relaxing for one moment; he seems to be steathily stalking his opponent. There
is indeed something of the assassin about him, for all at once, when least
expected, he will strike. Since moreover his endgame technique is just about
perfect, the smallest advantage in his hands is likely to win  } 1. e4 e5 2.
Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3 O-O 9. h3
9... Be6 {
Black essays an idea which originated from the great Russian Master Chigorin
}
10. d4 Bxb3 11. Qxb3 Qd7 12. Bg5 h6 13. Bxf6 Bxf6 14. d5 {White sets up a
light square central pawn-chain in order to emphasize the limite scope of
Black's Bishop} 14... Na5 15. Qc2 15... c6 {
Otherwise White will play Nbd2 followed by Pc4} 16. dxc6 Qxc6 17. Nbd2 Rac8 18.
Rac1 {Smyslove commented that this prevent ... Pb4 (which would be met by Pc4),
overprotects c3, and prepares, if the opportunity presents itself, to play Pc4.
These strategems are in the style of Nimzowitsch} 18... Rfd8 19. Nf1 Nc4 20. b3
Nb6 21. Ne3 21... d5 {Superficially it would seem this central advance
activates Black's game. But as we shall soon see, Smyslov has taken critical
factors into account} 22. Ng4 d4 (22... dxe4 23. Nfxe5 Bxe5 24. Nxe5 Qb7 25.
Rxe4 $1 $16 25... Rxc3 (25... Nd5 26. Rd4 Rxc3 27. Qxc3 Nxc3 28. Rxd8+ $18) 26.
Qxc3 Qxe4 27. Qc7) 23. Nxf6+ Qxf6 24. Qb2 dxc3 25. Rxc3 Nd7 26. Rec1 Rxc3 27.
Qxc3 27... Qd6 $1 28. Qc6 28... Nf6 {
Black has defended well, but White still has the initiative} 29. Qxd6 Rxd6 30.
Nxe5 Nxe4 31. f3 Ng5 32. f4 Ne6 33. f5 Nd8 34. Rc8 Kf8 35. Kf2 Ke7 36. Ke3 (36.
Rxd8 Rxd8 37. Nc6+ {gives Black a chance to draw}) 36... Rd1 $2 (36... Rd5 $1
37. Ke4 Rd2) 37. Ra8 $1 37... Kf6 (37... Rd6 38. Rxd8 Kxd8 39. Nxf7+ {
A won king and pawn ending}) (37... Re1+ 38. Kd4 Re2 39. Rxa6 39... Rxg2 {
some drawing chances}) 38. Nd3 $1 {Nwo Black's position collapses} 38... Nc6
39. Rxa6 1-0

[Event "Pistyan"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1912.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Rubinstein"]
[Black "Spielmann"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "A43"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "70"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{32. SPIELMANN (1883-1942)  Spielmann knew his own strength, but also his own
weakness. "I can handle an attacking position just as well as Alekhine", he
said, "but in actual play I cannot often achieve such a position". Spielmann
was indeed a magnificent attacking player. The bravura with which he could
carry an attack through to a brilliant conclusion appealed as much to the
expert as it did to the public.  His main weakness was a lack of opening
knowledge, and this deficiency revealed itself in an inability to build the
kind of position in which he could display his powers. On the other hand it
may also explain the success of this Austrian master against, for instance,
Rubinstein, whose way of building up his game also left something to be
desired.  Spielmann's style calls to mind that of Chigorin. In sheer technique
of combination he outdid the great Russian master, though he was not his equal
in originality  } 1. d4 c5 2. d5 d6 3. c4 3... g6 {This line, the Benoni
Defence, is  dynamic choice; both sides have chances in a positions which are
sharp both positionally and tactically} 4. e4 Bg7 5. Bd3 e6 6. Nc3 Ne7 7. Nge2
exd5 8. exd5 (8. cxd5 {Tarrasch}) 8... Nd7 9. f4 Nf6 10. Ng3 $2 {
The Knight will be a target here, as Black's next move demonstrates} 10... h5
$1 11. O-O h4 12. Nge4 Nxe4 13. Bxe4 Bd4+ 14. Kh1 14... Nf5 15. Bxf5 (15. --
15... Ng3+ $1) 15... Bxf5 16. Re1+ {Here, or at latest on the next move, White
had to block the h-pawn's advance by playing Ph3} (16. h3) 16... Kf8 17. Qf3
17... h3 $1 18. g3 (18. g4 18... Qh4 $19) 18... Qd7 19. Bd2 Bg4 20. Qf1 {
The far advance h-pawn is clearly a thorn in White's side} (20. Qd3 20... Qf5
$1 21. Qxf5 Bf3#) 20... Qf5 21. Rac1 Kg7 22. Be3 Bf6 23. b3 Rhe8 24. Bf2 {
Otherwise Black builds up pressure by doubling Rooks on the e-file} 24... Bf3+
25. Kg1 Bg2 26. Rxe8 26... Bxf1 $1 {
The Queen will be stronger than the two Rooks in this position} 27. Rxa8 27...
Qd3 $1 28. Re8 (28. Rxf1 28... Qf3 $19) 28... Qf3 $1 (28... Bxc3 29. Re3) 29.
Kxf1 Qh1+ 30. Bg1 Qg2+ 31. Ke1 Qxg1+ 32. Kd2 Qxh2+ 33. Ne2 Qg2 34. Rg1 34...
Qxg1 $1 35. Nxg1 h2 0-1

[Event "Cologne"]
[Site "Cologne"]
[Date "1898.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Janowsky"]
[Black "Steinitz"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C33"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "70"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{33. STEINITZ (1836-1900)  Steinitz was the first player who really understood
Philidor, and especially Morphy. His games, and even more, his writings
establish him as the father of modern positional play. Things which today are
accepted without question - the occupation of the centre, the strength of the
two Bishops, the theory of weak squares - were revolutionary ideas in the days
of Steinitz.  With all his gifts Steinitz has some definite weaknesses.
Limited powers of combination hampered him in deciding between what was
correct in theory and what was expedient in practise  Steinitz was definitiely
of the materialistic attitude in chess. With intense will power and
scientifice argument he fought against the idea that a material deficit could
be offset by positional advantages which were not in themselves decisive.  He
was a great defender, but he carried his ideas too far, sometimes imposing the
rolde of defender upon himself quite deliberately.   Much of his life's work
was devoted to the demolition of gambits. "The only was to refute a gambit",
said Steinitz, "is to accept it". The dangers he was willing to face in
support of this dogma are shown in the following game  } 1. e4 e5 2. f4 exf4 3.
Bc4 Ne7 4. Qh5 Ng6 5. Nc3 5... Qe7 $6 {This may conflict with what Steinitz
himself taught about the development of pieces; no matter! Steinitz is
determined to refute this gambit and if he cannont do it with normal moves, he
means to do it with abnormal ones  } 6. d4 Nc6 7. Nf3 Qb4 8. Qd5 8... Nd8 {
Forced, but quite typical of Steinitz, who often withdrew pieces to the back
rank  } 9. a3 Qe7 10. O-O 10... d6 {In order to force simplification, thus
reducing White's pressure by playing ... Be6  } 11. Qh5 c6 12. Bd2 Ne6 13. Rae1
(13. d5 Nc5 14. Rae1 14... Nd7 {
Black can use the excellent central outpost on e5
}) 13... Qc7 14. d5 $1 14...
Nd8 15. e5 $1 {Black's opening experiment has been refuted; his situation is
truly critical, such that many would think of resigning. But in such positions
Steinitz's defensive powers bordered on the miraculous  } 15... dxe5 16. Nxe5
Bc5+ 17. Kh1 O-O 18. dxc6 18... Be3 $1 (18... bxc6 19. Nxg6 hxg6 20. Qxc5) (
18... Nxc6 19. Nxg6 hxg6 20. Qxc5) (18... Nxe5 19. Rxe5 Bd6 20. Nd5 Qxc6 21.
Nf6+ $1 21... gxf6 22. Rg5+ $1 {Thus Black is on the verge of destruction}) 19.
Nf3 $2 (19. Bxe3 Qxe5 20. Qxe5 Nxe5 21. cxb7 Bxb7 22. Rxf4 Nxc4 23. Rxc4 {
despite opposite coloured Bishops, White has a winning endgame. However, the
ever over-optimistic Janowsky intends to force a "brilliant" middlegame
victory  }) 19... Bxd2 20. Ng5 h6 21. Qxg6 hxg5 22. Nd5 Qxc6 (22... fxg6 $11
23. Nxc7+ Kh7 24. Nxa8 Bxe1 25. Rxe1 Nxc6) 23. Ne7+ Kh8 24. Qxg5 (24. Bxf7 $1
24... Nxf7 25. Nxc6 Bxe1 26. Ne7 Bd2 27. Qh5+ Nh6 28. Ng6+ Kg8 29. Nxf8 Kxf8
30. h4 {Equal chances} 30... gxh4 $2 31. Qc5+ Ke8 32. Qe5+ Kf8 33. Qd6+) 24...
Qh6 25. Qc5 25... Ne6 26. Bxe6 Bxe6 27. Re5 27... Be3 $1 28. Qb5 28... g6 {
Now it's becoming clear that Black is taking over the attack} 29. Qxb7 29...
Kg7 $1 30. Qf3 (30. -- 30... Qxh2+ 31. Kxh2 Rh8+) 30... Rad8 31. h3 Qh4 32. Nc6
32... Bg4 {If the Queen moves away then 33. ... Bxh3! wins} 33. Qxg4 Qxg4 34.
hxg4 Rh8+ 35. Rh5 gxh5 0-1

[Event "Riga"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1958.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tal"]
[Black "Geller"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "C96"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "67"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{34. TAL (1936-1993)  The hazardous style of the Russian grandmaster Tal made
a great impression on all chess lovers, both expert and amateur alike. He
pounced on his opponents like a tiger; no risk would deter him. His great
tactical gifts and his skill even in severe time pressure enabled him to scale
the heights of Olympus in record time.  Tal, like every other chess master,
had his vulnerbale points. The return match with Botvinnik showed that in
positional play and endgame technique he was no match for the man who both
preceded and followed him as World Champion.  On the other hand it was true
that in neither match was Botvinnik proof against Tal's lighting flash
combinative genius  } 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6.
Re1 b5 7. Bb3 O-O 8. c3 d6 9. h3 Na5 10. Bc2 c5 11. d4 11... Bb7 {This main lin
e of the Ruy Lopez has been many times been the beginning of complex, intense
battles, often spanning the board from Queenside to centre to Kingside. Geller,
who has a reputation for deep and original opening preparations, eschews the
most traditional move 11. Qc7 (Chigorin's move) in favour of less explored
vistas  } 12. b4 {Tal, one of the most aggressive players in the history of
chess, returns with a sharp reply} 12... cxb4 13. cxb4 Nc4 14. Nbd2 14... d5 {
Blowing open the centre and leading to great complications} 15. exd5 exd4 16.
Nxc4 bxc4 17. Qxd4 Bxb4 18. Rb1 $3 18... Bxe1 {Black accepts the challenge} (
18... Nxd5 19. Bxh7+ Kxh7 20. Ng5+ Kg8 21. Qh4 Nf6 22. Rxb4 Qd5 23. Nf3 $16)
19. Rxb7 Re8 (19... Qxd5 20. Qxd5 Nxd5 21. Nxe1 21... Rab8 {
drawing chances in the ending}) 20. d6 Qc8 21. Bg5 $3 {
A startling sacrifice, typical of Tal's ferocious style} (21. Rc7 Qe6 22. Bg5
22... Nd5 {Black gaining the better of it}) 21... Re2 $1 {A fine counter} (
21... Qxb7 22. Bxf6 gxf6 23. Qh4 23... f5 24. Qg5+ Kf8 25. Qh6+ Kg8 26. Bxf5 $1
{White would have a winning attack}) 22. Rc7 Qe6 23. Nxe1 (23. Re7 Bxf2+ 24.
Qxf2 Rxf2 25. Rxe6 Rxc2) 23... Rxe1+ 24. Kh2 Rd8 25. Bxf6 25... gxf6 $2 {
The losing move} (25... Qxf6 26. Qxf6 gxf6 27. d7 Kg7 28. Bf5 Re5 29. Rc8 Rxf5
30. Rxd8 Rd5) 26. Re7 $1 {This wins} 26... Qxd6+ (26... Qxe7 27. Qg4+) 27. Qxd6
Rxd6 28. Rxe1 {Now it's all over. It is remarkable how a player can thread his
way through a maze of complex tactics for many moves then fail to notice a
relatively simple tactical point. The reason is that time pressure caused by
the preceding moves lead to a quick, but ill fate move} 28... Rd2 29. Rc1 Rxf2
30. Be4 Rxa2 31. Rxc4 a5 32. Rc8+ Kg7 33. Rc7 -- 34. Bd5 (34. Rxf7+ Kxf7 35.
Bd5+ Kg6 36. Bxa2) 1-0

[Event "Goteborg"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1920.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Breyer"]
[Black "Tarrasch"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "D05"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "100"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{35. TARRASCH (1862-1934)  Tarrasch continued the work of Steinitz and made it
readily available to everyone. His attitude toward actual play was a more
practical one, if less courageous and perhaps less profound. His style might
be described as "best-quality read made". In his later years he had to meet
all the novel ideas put forawrd by such players as Reti and Breyer, and
suffered many disappointments against younger players.  Through his writings
Tarrasch did more than any man has done to reveal the secrets of good chess to
players in general. The many rules he laid down have put many a moderate
player on the right lines: Don not play Knights to the edge of the board;
occupy the centre with your pawns; constricted positions contain the seeds of
defeat; two Bishops are strong than two knights or Knight and Bishop; in the
endgame the Rook should be placed behind the passed pawn etc. But Tarrasch
proclaimed only the rules, and ignored the many exceptions.  The influence of
Tarrasch is still felt today, and will apparently continue to be. His dislike
for constricted positions was so strong that he would accept a weakening of
his pawn strucutre in preference. In this respect he differed from Steinitz
who had a liking for defending constricted positions  } 1. d4 d5 2. e3 Nf6 3.
Nf3 e6 4. Nbd2 Bd6 5. c4 5... b6 {
A preventitive measure, designed to stop Pc5, which would seriously cramp Black
} 6. Qc2 Bb7 7. c5 $6 {Now this is a strategical error, since White loses pawn
control of the centre. This opinoun comes from Tarrasch in his book "The Game
of Chess". From this point on we use some of his notes.  } 7... bxc5 8. dxc5
8... Be7 {Black has exchanged his b-pawn for White's d-pawn ie. a wing pawn
for a central pawn} 9. b4 O-O 10. Bb2 a5 11. b5 {
Now White's c-pawn comes under fire} (11. a3) 11... c6 12. a4 Nbd7 13. Bd4
13... Re8 $1 {Black's intentions are clear: he is going to play ... Pe5} 14.
Rc1 Bf8 15. Qb2 15... Ng4 16. h3 Nh6 17. Nb3 17... f6 18. Qa3 e5 19. Bc3 19...
Qc7 {The right moment} 20. Bb2 (20. b6 20... Qxb6) 20... Rec8 21. Qa2 $1 {
a tactical intermezzo} 21... Qd8 $1 (21... cxb5 $2 22. c6 $1 22... Bxc6 23.
axb5 {loses a piece}) 22. b6 {The advance of White's Queenside majority has
produced a protected passed b-pawn, but the c-pawn remains shakey} 22... Be7
23. Qb1 23... Qf8 24. Qc2 Nf7 25. h4 25... Nd8 {
Now everything hinges on the c-pawn} 26. g3 Ne6 27. Bh3 {
Seemingly protecting the c-pawn indirectly} 27... Nexc5 $1 {
Sacrificing the exchange to secure an overwhelming central pawn roller} 28.
Nxc5 Nxc5 29. Ba3 Nd3+ 30. Qxd3 Bxa3 31. Bxc8 Rxc8 32. Ra1 Bb4+ 33. Nd2 {
To give some idea of Tarrasch's style of analysis and clarity with which he
could set out the essentials of the position, we give here his note on this
position:  "Black has far and away the better game. As regards material it is
quite likely in the endgame a Rook and two Bishops will turn out to be
stronger than Rooks and a Knight; furthermore the b-pawn is bound to fall.
Black's centre is very strong, and teh advance of the d-pawn and c-pawn will
produce a pair of united passed pawns. White is still uncastled, and Black can
play to preven Kingside castling by ... Ra8 and ... Ba6. The White Rooks have
not a single open file at their disposal, and the Knight is pinned. In reality
White has only his Queen in play.  It is now up to Black to utilize his
chances tactically. The simplest way thought perhaps not the best, would be ...
Qc5 followed by ... Qxb6 and then advance the c-pawn. Black plays however to
prevent castling, to deprive the opponent of all good moves, to force all his
pieces - especially Knight - to unfavourable positions and finally reduce him
to desparation  } 33... e4 34. Qb3 (34. Qc2 34... Ra8 35. -- Ba6) 34... c5 35.
Kd1 c4 36. Qa2 Qd6 37. Ke2 Ba6 38. b7 Rb8 39. Kd1 39... Rxb7 {Tarrasch once
said that there was nothing more difficult to do than win a won game, but in
the present case he himself as given a precise demonstations of how to do it}
40. f3 Kh8 41. fxe4 dxe4 42. Kc1 Qxg3 43. Nf1 Qe1+ 44. Kc2 Qc3+ 45. Kd1 Qd3+
46. Kc1 Rd7 47. Qc2 Ba3+ 48. Rxa3 Qxa3+ 49. Qb2 Rd1+ 50. Kc2 50... Qd3# 0-1

[Event "match"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1931.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Tartakower"]
[Black "Sultan Khan"]
[Result "1-0"]
[ECO "D02"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "75"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{36. TARTAKOWER (1888-1956)  Despite the fact that Tartakower played so much
chess and became so thoroughly experienced, his play was perpetually original.
As a lawyer, he knew the art of defending a weak case; as a chessmaster
nothing pleased him more than winning a game by means of a little known or
inferior variation. his play showed a clear preference for the methods of Reti,
Breyer and Capablanca without rejecting those of Steinitz or Rubinstein. This
is clear also in several books he wrote  } 1. d4 Nf6 2. g3 {A very rare choice
at this juncture, but Tartakower loved to play unsual, even bizzare-looking
moves (though he was also an outstanding theorist)  } 2... d5 3. Nf3 c6 4. Bg2
Bf5 5. Nh4 Bg6 6. O-O e6 7. Nd2 Be7 8. Nxg6 hxg6 9. c4 Nbd7 10. Qb3 Qb6 11.
Qxb6 11... axb6 {The two Bishops are not an advantage in closed positions of
this sort. In any case, Sultan Khan often preferred Knights to Bishops, and as
we shall see, soon trades off his remaining Bishops for the other Knight  } 12.
Rd1 Bb4 (12... dxc4 13. Nxc4 b5 14. Ne5 Nxe5 15. dxe5 Ng4) 13. cxd5 exd5 14. a3
O-O 15. Rb1 15... Bxd2 {Showing his preference for Knights over Bishops} 16.
Bxd2 Rfe8 17. Kf1 17... b5 {Steinitz had shown that the way to fight against
Knights is to deprive them of their best squares.} 18. Bb4 {White threatens Pf3
} (18. f3 18... Nb6 19. -- Nc4) 18... g5 19. h3 (19. f3 Nf8 20. Kf2 Ne6 21. e3
21... g4 {annoying}) 19... Ne4 20. Bf3 $1 {Tartakower adopts a new tack} 20...
g6 21. Kg2 Kg7 22. e3 f5 23. Rh1 Re6 24. Rbg1 $1 {
Finally White's plan clarifies: he is going to open a file on the Kingside}
24... Kf7 25. g4 Rh8 (25... fxg4 26. Bxg4 Rf6 27. f3 $16 (27. Bxd7 $4 27...
Rxf2#)) 26. Kf1 Ndf6 (26... f4 27. exf4 gxf4 28. h4 b6) 27. gxf5 gxf5 28. Bxe4
$1 28... Nxe4 29. f3 Nf6 30. Rxg5 Rxe3 31. Rxf5 $1 31... Kg6 (31... Ke6 {
this depends on this finesse} 32. Kf2 $1 (32. Rf4 Nh5) 32... Rd3 33. Re5+) 32.
Rf4 $1 (32. Kf2 Rhe8) 32... Kg5 $2 33. Bd6 Re6 (33... Rhe8 34. Rg1+ Kh5 35.
Rf5+ $18) 34. Rg1+ {
White now takes advantage of the Black King's exposed position} 34... Kh5 35.
Rf5+ Kh6 (35... Kh4 36. Bg3+ Kxh3 37. Rg5 $1 37... -- 38. Rh1#) 36. Bf4+ Kh7
37. Be5 Rf8 38. Rf4 $1 {Some idea of the strength of the opposition here is
that Sultan Khan won this match 6.5-5.5} 1-0

[Event "match"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1910.??.??"]
[Round "?"]
[White "Mieses"]
[Black "Teichmann"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "A00"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "58"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{37. TEICHMANN (1868-1925)  Although Teichmann was generally admitted to be an
outstandingly capable player he seldom achieved the great things that were
expected of him. The explanation was certainly not a lack of talent or of
theoretical knowledge, but almost entirely in a casual attitude towards chess
competition. Teichman was lazy and all to ready to draw, but a mighty man if
he ran into difficulties  } 1. d3 d5 2. Nd2 e5 3. e4 c6 4. Qe2 Bd6 5. f4 {
A poor choice psychologically. this was just the king of move to goadTeichmann 
out of his natural laziness} 5... exf4 6. exd5+ Ne7 7. dxc6 {
Otherwise, White will be a pawn down for nothing} 7... Nbxc6 8. Ne4 O-O 9. Qf2
Nd5 10. Bd2 (10. Be2) 10... Ne3 $1 {
Showing the drawbacks of White's opening play} 11. Bxe3 fxe3 12. Qxe3 (12. Qf3
Nd4 13. Qd1 {would only appeal to Steinitz}) 12... Re8 13. O-O-O f5 14. Nf3
fxe4 15. dxe4 Qe7 16. Bc4+ 16... Kh8 $1 (16... Be6 17. Bxe6+ Qxe6 18. Ng5 Qxa2
19. Rxd6 Qa1+ 20. Kd2 Qxh1 21. Qb3+ Kh8 22. Nf7+ Kg8 23. Nh6+ Kh8 24. Qg8+ Rxg8
25. Nf7#) 17. Ng5 Ne5 18. Bb3 Bg4 19. Rd5 h6 20. h4 Rf8 21. Nh3 {
Now the rest is easy} 21... Be6 22. Rdd1 Bxb3 23. Qxb3 Rac8 24. g3 {One may ask
why White is playing on. Perhaps Mieses had in mind the game Teichman-Burn,
Osten 1905, in which Teichmann was virtually presented with the Exchange, yet
lost in the end by dilatory play - assuming that game would win itself (he
must have forgotten Tarrasch's dictum that there is nothing so hard to win as
a won game)} 24... Nc4 25. Rhe1 Be5 26. Nf4 26... Rxf4 $1 {Direct and powerful}
27. gxf4 Bxf4+ 28. Kb1 Nd2+ 29. Rxd2 Bxd2 0-1

[Event "match"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "1886.??.??"]
[Round "2"]
[White "Steinitz"]
[Black "Zukertort"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "C47"]
[Annotator "49: Personal Style"]
[PlyCount "92"]
[Source "Hays Publishing"]
[SourceDate "1964.01.01"]

{38. ZUKERTORT (1842-1888)  Zukertort played thousands of games with the great
Anderssen. This must have been an excellent education in the realms of
combinative play in so far as he needed any educating in the art. Zukertort
was indeed a tremendously talented combination plyaer; morever, he avoided the
common error of his day, which was to play too wildly. From the positional
point of view, however, Zukertort never reached teh same heights. In both his
matches with Steinitz he was consistently outplayed in this sphere. His
failure was in finding of a plan appropriate to this requirements of the
positions. But once on the right plan, he was dangerous even to Steinitz  } 1.
e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 exd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 Bb4 6. Nxc6 bxc6 7. Bd3 d5 8.
exd5 cxd5 9. O-O O-O 10. Bg5 c6 11. Ne2 Bd6 12. Ng3 (12. -- Bxh2+ 13. Kxh2
13... Ng4+) (12. Nd4) 12... h6 13. Bd2 $2 13... Ng4 14. Be2 (14. f3 Nxh2 15.
Kxh2 15... Qh4+ $19) 14... Qh4 15. Bxg4 Bxg4 16. Qc1 Be2 17. Re1 Ba6 18. Bc3 f5
(18... -- 19. Bxg7 19... Kxg7 20. Nf5+) (18... d4 19. Re4 {
Steinitz held that White had a good game at this point}) 19. Re6 Rad8 20. Qd2
20... d4 $1 (20... f4 21. Qd4) 21. Ba5 Rd7 22. Rxd6 Rxd6 23. Bb4 Qf6 24. Rd1 $2
(24. Nxf5 Re6 25. Bxf8 Qxf5) (24. Re1) 24... Rd5 25. Bxf8 Qxf8 26. Nh5 Qe8 27.
Nf4 Re5 28. h4 c5 29. h5 $2 (29. b4 {
Steinitz claimed White still had a good position}) 29... Re4 30. c3 30... Qb8 {
This was the last move before time control} (30... Qe5 31. Nd3 Qd6 32. f3 Re3
33. Nf2 Rxf3 34. gxf3 Qg3+ 35. Kh1 35... Bb7) 31. g3 (31. Nd3 31... Rh4 32. g3
Rxh5 33. Nxc5 33... Qa8 $1) 31... Qe5 32. Ng6 Qd6 33. Nf4 33... d3 $1 {
Zukertort continues to work with tactical finesse} 34. b3 (34. Nxd3 Bxd3 35.
Qxd3 35... Re1+ $1) 34... c4 35. Rb1 Kh7 36. Kh2 (36. Kg2) 36... Qb6 37. Kg1 (
37. -- 37... Re2 38. Nxe2 Qxf2+ 39. Kh3 Bb7) 37... Bb7 38. Rb2 Qc6 39. f3 Qc5+
40. Qf2 (40. Kh2 Re2+ 41. Nxe2 Qf2+ 42. Kh3 42... Qxf3 $1 $19) 40... Re1+ 41.
Kh2 $2 (41. Kg2 41... Re3 42. Ne6 $1 42... Bxf3+ 43. Qxf3 43... Rxe6 {Steinitz}
) 41... Qxf2+ 42. Rxf2 Bxf3 43. g4 (43. Rxf3 43... d2 $19) (43. Ng2 Bxg2 44.
Kxg2 cxb3 45. axb3 Rc1 46. c4 Rc2 47. Kf1 d2 48. Ke2 d1=Q+) 43... Be2 44. Ng2
d2 45. Ne3 cxb3 46. axb3 Bxg4 0-1

